GIS&RS
PRESENTATION PRESENT
BY
BRIJLATA SHARMA
[Link].
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPT
BRIJLATA JECRC JAIPURProffesor
SHARMA(Assistant
JECRC, Jaipur)
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
an introduction…
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
Photog Photogrammetry is the technique of measuring
objects (2D or 3D) from photographs
Its most important feature is the fact, that
the objects are measured without being
touched.
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
• objects are measured WITHOUT TOUCHING.
• It is a REMOTESENSING technique.
• It is a close range method of measuring objects.
• It is a 3-dimensional coordinate measuring
technique that uses PHOTORAPHS as the
fundamental medium for measurement
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
Brief History of Photogrammetry
• 1851: French officer Aime Laussedat develops the
first photogrammetrical devices and methods. He
is seen as the initiator of photogrammetry.
• 1858: The German architect A. Meydenbauer
develops photogrammetrical techniques for the
documentation of buildings and installs the first
photogrammetric institute in 1885 (Royal
Prussian Photogrammetric Institute).
• 1885: The ancient ruins of Persepolis were the
first archaeological object recorded
photogrammetrically.
• 1889: The first German manual of
photogrammetry was published by C. Koppe.
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
• 1911: The Austrian Th. Scheimpflug finds a way to
create rectified photographs. He is considered as the
initiator of aerial photogrammetry, since he was the
first succeeding to apply the photogrammetrical
principles to aerial photographs
• 1913: The first congress of the ISP (International
Society for Photogrammetry) was held in Vienna.
• 1980ies: Due to improvements in computer
hardware and software, digital photogrammetry is
gaining more and more importance.
• 1996: 83 years after its first conference, the ISPRS
comes back to Vienna, the town, where it was
founded. BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
!!PRINCIPLE!!
• The main principle is “TRIANGULATION”.
• Eyes use the principle of TRIANGULATION
to gauge distance (depth perception).
• TRIAGULATION is also the principle used
by theodolites for coordinate measurement.
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
TRIANGULATION
By taking photographs from at least two
different locations, so-called "lines of sight"
can be developed from each camera to
points on the object. These lines of sight
(sometimes called rays owing to their
optical nature) are mathematically
intersected to produce the 3-dimensional
coordinates of the points of interest
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
Aerial photogrammetry
Cameras fit to a machine that flies take pictures, and
with the system, these pictures are used to generate
measurements. In this case, at least two photos of the
same object or surface have to be taken for statistical
comparison. Specially designed planes are used for
this kind of photography.
The planes are made to fly over predetermined piece of
land, pointed with specific landmark edifices. The
camera speed is regulated according to the speed of
the plane. Also, the height of the aircraft from the land
is known. Stereos plotters are used to create the base
contour of the surface being photographed.
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
Terrestrial photogrammetry
In this kind of photogrammetry, a camera
is used in a stationary position. The
camera is positioned on an elevated
level. The tilt and other specifications of
the camera are all controlled.
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
The difference
a) Aerial photogrammetry requires a high-end
infra support: specially designed and
programmed planes being just one of them.
Terrestrial photogrammetry comparatively needs
much less investment and technical skill to carry
out.
b) The aerial kind of photogrammetry is suitable
when we are trying to map a large piece of land.
That is longitudinal knowledge and calculations
are an integral part of this photogrammetry
operation.
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
c) Security processes benefit from aerial
photogrammetry in many cases. Finding
archaeological sites also benefits from the fact that
we get to see a large piece of land at one go.
Terrestrial photogrammetry is more suitable for
movement related issues on a land mass that is
relatively smaller than that covered in the other kind.
d) Urban planning takes advantage of both the
methods. Using aerial photogrammetry, planners and
designers collaborate on the best possible perspective
for a specific project. An aerial view of the proposed
project along with its surroundings helps to generate
a clear idea about the right perspective.
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
Terrestrial photogrammetry, on the other hand,
helps to see the interrelation between urban
constructions, security issues, disaster
management and many other issues benefit
from this kind of analysis.
USE:-Using both kinds of photogrammetry can
create a data set that will help us generate the
most efficient and effective plan for any
construction project.
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
scale of photograph
• Unit Equivalent - For example 1cm= 1km
• Representative Fraction- Expressed as a unit-
less ratio, 1:25,000 or 1/25,000. This is the
most common way scale is expressed in aerial
photographs.
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
Large scale photographs cover smaller areas
in greater detail.
Small scale photographs cover larger areas
in less detail.
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
Distortion and Displacement
Distortion-shift in the location of an object,
which changes the perspective characteristics
of the photo.
Displacement- shift in the location of an object
in a photo, which does not change the
perspective characteristics of the photo.
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
Types of Displacement
1. Curvature of the Earth – negligible effect*
[Link] Displacement – radial from the nadir
3 Tilt Displacement – radial from the isocenter
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
Relief Displacement
Relief displacement is
the radial distance
between where an
object appears in an
image to where it
actually should be
according to a
Planimetric coordinate
system
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
Tilt Displacement
is the shift in an object's
image position on
a tilted photo from its
theoretical position on a truly
vertical photo. This results
from the photo plane
being tilted with respect to
the datum plane at the time
of exposure. This effect is
demonstrated in the diagram
below
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
What is stereoscopy?
‘Stereoscopy’ derives from the Greek stereos
meaning ‘firm’ or ‘solid’ and skopeō meaning
‘to look’ or ‘to see’ = seeing something firm,
solid, three-dimensional or 3D.
In general life, it is known as 3D Imaging.
It is the technique used to create the illusion
of depth in an offset image by presenting
two slightly different perspectives of the
same object to the eyes of the viewer.
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
Stereoscopic Vision
Stereoscopic vision is also called space vision or
plastic vision, is a characteristic, possessed by most
persons of normal vision and is important for ability
to conceive objects in three dimensional effects and
to judge distances
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
Project Planning
After the product selection process,
– Planning the aerial photography
– Planning the ground control
– Selecting instruments and procedures necessary
to achieve the desired results
– Estimating costs and delivery schedules
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
Flight Planning
• Success of photogrammetric project depends on
acquisition of good quality pictures
• Due to weather and ground conditions, time
frame for photography is limited
• Reflights are expensive and causes long delays on
project
• Mission must be carefully planned and executed
according to flight plan
• Consists of flight map, (where photos should be
taken) and specifications
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
Specifications
• Camera requirements
• Film requirements
• Scale
• Flying height
• End laps, side laps
• Tilt and crab tolerances
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
Maps and Map substitutes and their
uses
MAP:- A diagrammatic representation of an area
of land or sea showing physical features,
cities, roads, etc.
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
Thank you
BRIJLATA SHARMA(Assistant Proffesor
JECRC, Jaipur)
