SCAD INSTITUTE

Transforms OF TECHNOLOGY,
and Partial DifferentialPALLADAM
Equations
QUESTIONS AND ANSW ERS
SEMESTER - III

UNIT - I PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PART-A

1. Form the p.d.e from (x-a)2 + (y-b)2 + z2 = r2

Solution:
Given that (x-a) 2+(y-b) 2+z2 = r2 ---------- (1)
d.p.w.r to x,

2(x-a) + 2z =0 [ z is a fun of x and y]

 (x-a) + zp = 0 ---------- (2)

d.p.w.r. to y, p=

2 (y-b) + 2z =0 q=

= (y-b) + zq = 0 ---------- (3)

Eliminating a and b from 1, 2 and 3
2  x – a = -zp
3  y – b = -zq
(1)  (-zp) 2+(-zq) 2+z2 = r2
 z2p2 + z2q2 + z2 = r2
 z2 (p2+q2+1)=r2
which is the required p.d.e

2. Find the p.d.e of all spheres having their centres on the z-axis (AU Dec 2012, N/D 2011)
Solution:
Let the Centre of the sphere be (0, 0, c) point on the Z –axis and ‘r’ it’s radius.
(x-0) 2+(y-0) 2+(z-c) 2=r2 [Since centre lies on Z axis]
ie, x2+y2+(z-c) 2 = r2 ------- 1
d (1) p.w.r. to x, [c&r arbitrary constants]

2x + 2(z-c) =0

 x + p (z – c) = 0 ---------(2)
 d (1) p.w.r. to y,

2y + 2(z-c) =0

 y + q (z – c) = 0 ---------(3)
From( 2) and (3)
(2)  z – c = - x/p
(3)  z – c = -y/q
-x/p = - y/q
 qx = py, which is the required p.d.e
3. Form the p.d.e by eliminating the constants a and b from z= (x2+a2) (y2+b2)
Solution:
G.T. z=(x2+a2) (y2+b2) ----------- (1)

d (1) p w.r to x = p = 2x (y2+b2)  = y2 + b2 ----------- (2)

d (1) p w.r to y, = q = 2y (x2+a2)  = x2 + a2 ----------- (3)

Substitute
(2) & (3) in (1)
z=  pq = 4xyz

4. Eliminate the arbitrary function ‘f’ from z = f(y/x) and form a p.d.e
Solution:
Given that z =f(y/x) -----------(1)

d 1 p.w. r to x, p = = f1 (y/x) (-y/x2) ---------- (2)

d 1 p.w.r to y, q = =f1(y/x) (1/x) -----------(3)

Now,
( )
 =
( )

 =

 =

 px = -qy
is, px + qy = 0 is the required p.d.e.
5. Form the p.d.e by eliminating the arbitrary function from z2-xy = f(x/z)

Solution:
G.T z2 – xy = f(x/z) -------- (1)
d (1) p.w.r. to x

2z -y = f1 (x/z) ⌈ ⌉

2z p-y = f1(x/z) ⌈ ⌉ -------------(2)

d (1 ) p.w.r. to y

2z -x = f1(x/z) ⌈ ⌉

2z q-x = f1(x/z) ⌈ ⌉ -------------(3)

 (-xq) (2zp-y) = (2zq-x)(z-xp)

 -2xzpq + xyq = 2z q – 2xzpq – xz + x p
2 2

 xyq = 2z2q – xz + x2p

 x2p + 2z2q – xyq = xz
 x2p –(xy – 2z2)q = xz is the required p.d.e
6. Form the p.d.e of all planes cutting equal intercepts from the x and y axes

Solution:
The equation of such plane is
x/a + y/a + z/b = 1 --------- 1 (x and y have equal intercepts)
p.d.w.r. to x

, p= - -------------------- 2

p.d.w.r. to y
 q= - -------------------- (3)

From (2) and (3)

p=q
p –q = 0 is the required p.d.e.
7. Find the complete integral of p + q – pq
Solution:
Given p + q = pq --------------(1)
It is of the form F (p,q) = 0 --------------(2)
Hence the trial saln is
z = ax + by + c ---------------(3)
To get the complete integral of solution 3 we have to eliminate any one of the
arbitrary constants.

Now (3) =>

=> b - ab = - a
=> b(1-a) = -a
=> b = -a / 1-a
Hence the complete soln is
z=

8. Solve : pq = x
Solution:
It is of the form f1 (x,p) = f 2 (y,q)
Let p/x = 1/q = k
=> p/x = k => p = kx

z=∫

=∫ ∫
 z=k

9. Solve : (D-D1)3 z = o
Solution:
The A.E. is (m-1)3=0
m = 1, 1, 1
The C.F = f1 (y+x) + x f2(y+x) + x2f3(y+x)

10. Solve: (D3-2D2D1) Z = 0

Solution:
The A.E. is m3 – 2m2 = 0
=>m2 (m-2) =0
= >m =0, 0, 2
z = f1(y+0x) + xf2(y+0x) + f3(y+2x)
= f1(y) + xf2(y) + f3(y+2x)
 PART – B

1.(i) Form the p.d.e by eliminating the arbitrary function  from

  x 2 +y2 +z 2 ,ax+by+cz   0

Solution:

Given   x 2 +y2 +z 2 ,ax+by+cz  =0 ---------1

Let u = x 2 +y2 +z2 ---------2

v = ax+by+cz ---------3

Eqn (1)    u,v =0 ---------4

Elimination of  from (4) gives

u v
x x
=0 --------5
u v
y y

u v
  2x+2zp  =a+cp
x x
--------6
u v
 2y+2zq =b+cq
y y

Now (6) in (5) 

2x+2zp a+cp
=0
2y+2zq b+cq

  2x+2zp b+cq  -  a+cp 2y+2zq  =0

 2  x+zp  b+cq  -  a+cp  2  y+zq   =0

 2  x+zp  b+cq  -  a+cp  y+zq   =0

  x+zp b+cq  - a+cp  y+zq  =0

 bx+cqx+zpb+zcpq-ay-azq-cpy-cpzq=0
  p(zb-cy)+q(cx-az)=ay-bx

1.(ii) Solve : (mz-ny)p+(nx-lx)q=y-mx (AU N/D 2010, 2012)

Solution:
Pp +Qq =R

P=mz-ny, Q=nx-lz, R = ly-mx

dx dy dz
The Lagrange’s subsidiary equations are = =
P Q R

dx dy dz
ie, = =
mz-ny nx-lz 1y-mx

Using lagrangian multipliers as l, m, n each of ratio is equal to

ldx+mdy+ndz ldx+mdy+ndz
=
l (mz-ny)+m(nx-lz)+n(ly-mx) 0

ldx+mdy+ndz=0

Integrating , lx+my+nz=C1

Choosing another set of multipliers x, y, z

xdx+ydy+zdz xdx+ydy+zdz
=
x(mz-ny)+y(nx-lz)+z(1y-mx) 0

 xdx+ydy+zdz=0

2
C2
+y
2 2
Integrating, x +z =
2 2 2 2

 x 2 +y2 +z2 =C2

 The general solution

  x 2 +y 2 +z 2 , lx+my+nz  =0 (  is arbitrary)
2.(i) Solve: x2 (y-z)p+y2 z-x  q=z 2 x-y  (AU N/D 2010 / M/J 2012)

Solution :
x 2 (y-z)p+y2 (z-x)q = z2 (x-y) ---------1
Lagrange’s equation is
Pp +Qq =R
Here P  x2  y-z  ,Q  y2  z-x  ,R  z2  x-y
dx dy dz
The S.E is = =
P Q R
dx dy dz
 2 = 2 = 2
x  y-z  y (z-x) z  x-y 
1 1 1
Choosing 2 , 2 , 2 as multipliers each ratio is equal to
x y z
dy d2
dx 2 dz dx 2 + dy 2 +
x 2 = y = z2 = x y z2
y-z z-x x-y y-z+z-x+x-y
 dx 2 + dy + dz =0
x y2 z2

Integrating we have
1 1 1
x 2
dx  
y 2
dy   2 dz=0
z

x dx   y -2 dy   z -2 dz  0
-2

x -2 +1 y-2+1 z -2+1
 + + =C1
-2+1 -2+1 -2+1

 - 1 - 1 - 1 =C1
x y z

 1 + 1 + 1 =C1  u= 1 + 1 + 1
x y z x y z

Similary choosing 1 + 1 +1 as Lagrange’s multipliers we get

x y z

v=x y z

x y
 1 + 1 + 1 , xyz =0
z 
  2 3
2.(ii) Solve : D3 +D2 D1 +4DD1 +4D1 z=cos(2x+y) 
Solution:

The A.E is m3+m2+4m+4=0

(m+1) (m2+4) =0
 m=-1, m = ±2i

synthetic division

1
1 1 4 4
0 -1 0 -4
C.F= 1  y-x   2  y+2ix   3  y-2ix 
1 0 4 0

Now,
1
P.I= 2 3 cos  2x+y 
D3 +D2 D1 +4DD1 +4D1
1
= cos  2x+y  D3is D2.D
-4D-4D -4D-4D1
1

= -
1 1
8 D+D1
Cos(2x+y) Re place D 2
 4, D12  1, DD 1  2

1 D Cos (2x+y)
- (X and ÷ by D)
8 D(D+D1 )

1 D Cos (2x+y)
=-
8 D 2 +DD1

1 -2 sin (2x+y)
=-
8 -4-2

2 sin (2x+y)

48

=  1 24 sin(2 x  y)

 z  1  y-x   2  y+2ix   3  y-2ix   1 sin(2x+y)

24
3.(i) Solve the p.d.e. x( y  z) p  y( z  x)q  z ( x  y)

Solution :
Lagrange’s type Pp+Qq=R
P  x(y-z)
The S.E is dx P = dy Q = dz R Q  y(z-x)
R  z(x-y)

dx dy dz
 = =
x(y-z) y(z-x) z(x-y)

Choosing 1,1,1 as lagrange’s multipliers, each of above ratio is equal

to

dx+dy+dz dx+dy+dz
=
xy-xz+yz-yx+zx-zy 0

 dx+dy+dz=0

Integrating,  d(x+y+z)=0  x+y+z =c1  u=x+y+z

1 1 1
choosing , , as Lagrange’s multipliers
x y z

1 1 1 1 1 1
dx+ dy+ dz dx+ dy+ dz
x y z x y z
=
y-z+z-x+x-y 0

 dx + dy + dz =0
x y z

Integrating, log x +log y +log z =log C2

 l og(xyz)=logC2
 (xyz)=C2  v=xyz

  x+y+z, xyz  =0
3.(ii) Solve :  x-2z  p+  2z-y q = y-x

Solution:
Pp+Qq=R
The equation is of the form Pp+Qq=R
P = x-2z, Q = 2z-y, R=y-x
dx dy dz
The S.E = =
P Q R

dx dy dz
ie , = =
x-2z 2z-y y-x

Using multipliers as 1,1,1

dx+dy+dz dx+dy+dy
Each ratio = =
x-2z+2z-y+y-x 0

ie, dx+dy+dx=0 Integrating x+y+z =C1  u = x+y+z

Next, using multipliers as y, x, 2z

ydx+xdy+2zdz
Each ratio =
yx-2yz+2xz-xy+2yz-2xz

ydx+xdy+2zdz
ie
0

ie, ydx+xdy+2zdz=0
d(xy)+2zdz =0
2
integrating , xy+ 2z 2 =C2

 xy+z2 =C2  v =xy+z2

 (x+y+z, xy+z2 )=0

4.(i).  x 2  yz  p   y 2  zx  q  z 2  xy

Solution:
The equation is of the form Pp+Qq=R
P = x 2 -yz,Q=y2 -zx,R=z2 -xy
Lagrange’s subsidiary equations are
dx = dy = dz
P Q R

dx dy dz
ie, 2
= 2 = 2
x -yz y -zx z -xy

Using lagrange’s multipliers x,y,z we have

xdx+ydy+zdz dx+dy+dz
3 3 3
= 2 2 2
x +y +z -3xyz x +y +z -xy-yz-zx

xdx+ydy+zdz

 x+y+z  (x 2 +y2 +z 2 -xy-yz-zx)
dx+dy+dz

x +y 2 +z 2 -xy-yz-zx
2

xdx+ydy+zdz dx+dy+dz
 =
x+y+z 1
 xdx+ydy+zdz=(x+y+z)(dx+dy+dz)

x 2 + y + z2 =  x+y+z 
2
2
Integrating 2 2 2 2

x 2 +y2 +z2 =x 2 +y2 +z2 +2xy+2yz+2zx

 2(xy+yz+zx)=0

u=xy+yz+zx=C1

u (x,y,z) = xy+yz+zx -------------1

 Now,
dx-dy dy-dz
= 2
 x -yz  -  y -zx   y -zx  -  z2 -xy 
2 2

dx-dy d  y-z 
 =
 x 2 -y2  +z(x-y)  y+z  y-z  +x  y-z 
d(x-y) d(y-z)
 =
 x-y  (x+y+z) (y-z)(x+y+z)
d(x-y) d(y-z)
 x-y

y-z

 log (x-y)=log(y-z)+logC2

 x-y 
 log   =logC2
 y-z 

x-y x-y
=C 2 , ie, v=
y-z y-z

 x y
The general solution is   xy  yz  zx, 0
 yz 

4(ii). Solve : x(y 2 -z 2 )p+y(z 2 -x 2 )q=z  x 2 -y 2 

Solution:
It is of the form Pp+Qq=R
Here P=x  y 2 -z 2  , Q=y  z 2 -x 2  , R= z (x 2 -y 2 )

The S.E is dx p = dy Q = dz R

dx dy dz
 = =
x(y -z ) y  z -x  z  x 2 -y2 
2 2 2 2

Use lagrange’s multipliers x,y,z

xdx+ydy+zdz xdx+ydy+zdz
Each ratio = =
x 2 (y2 -z2 )+y2 (z2 -x 2 )+z2  x 2 -y2  0
 2
integrating, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a 2
2 2
ie, xdx +ydy+zdz =0

 x 2 +y2 +z2 =a ie, u=  x 2 +y 2 +z 2 

1 1 1
Similarly, taking , , as L.M we get
x y z

1 1 1
dx  dy  dz
x y z
Each ratio = 2 2 2 2 2 2
y z z x x y

1 1 1
dx  dy  dz
x y z
=
0

1 1 1
ie, dx  dy  dz  0 , integrating, logx+logy+logz = log b
x y z

ie, log (xyz) = logb  b=xyz ie, v=xyz

 (x 2 +y2 +z2 ,xyz)=0

5(i). (D3-2D2D1)z = 2e2x+3x2y

Solution:
The A.E is m3-2m2 =0  m2 (m-2) =0
m=0,0, 2
C.F = 1 (y+ox)  x2 (y+ox)  3 (y+2x)

2e2x+oy
P.I1 =
D3 -2D2 D1

1
= 2e 2x a=2, b=0
8-0

e 2x D2
= Replace
4 D1  0

1
P.I2 = 3x 2 y
D -2D2 D1
3
 1
= .3x 2 y
 D -2D D 
3 2 1
D3  
 D3 

3
 .x 2 y
 2D  1
D3 1 
 D 
-1
3  2D1  2
= 3 1- D  x y
D  

3  2D1 4D12  2
=
D3 1+ D + D1 +.... x y
 

3  2 2x 2 
  x y+ D 
D3  

3 1
=  x 2 y  +6 4 (x 2 )
3 
D D

x5 x6
 y. 6
60 360

x5 y x6
= +
60 60

e2x x 5 y x 6
z=f1  y+ox  +xf 2  y+ox  +f3  y+2x  + + +
4 60 60
5(ii).Solve z=px+qy+ p 2 +q 2 +1

Solution:

Given that z=px+qy+ p 2 +q 2 +1

It is of the form z = px+qy+f(p,q) (Clairaut’s form)

Hence the complete integral is z=ax+by+ a 2 +b2 +1

(a and b are arbitrary constants)

To find singular solution:

z=ax+by+ a 2 +b2 +1 --------1

d (1) p.w.r. to a,
a -a
o=x+  x= --------2
2 2
a +b +1 a +b2 +1
2

d (1) p .w.r. to b,
b -b
o=y+  y= --------3
2 2
a +b +1 a +b2 +1
2

a 2 +b 2
 x 2 +y 2 =
1+a 2 +b 2

a 2 +b 2
 1-  x 2 +y 2  =1-
1+a 2 +b 2

1
 1-x 2 -y 2 =
1+a 2 +b 2

1
 1-x 2 -y2 = ---------i
1+a 2 +b2

1
 1+a 2 +b2 = --------ii
1-x 2 -y2
(2)  x=-a 1-x 2 -y 2 by (i)

(3)  y=-b 1-x 2 -y 2 by (ii)

-x -y
Now a= 2 2
, b=
1-x -y 1-x 2 -y2

Substitute in (1)
-x 2 y2 1
z= - + by(ii)
2 2 2 2
1-x -y 1-x -y 1-x 2 -y 2

1-x 2 -y 2
=
1-x 2 -y 2

 z= 1-x 2 -y 2  z 2 =1-x 2 -y 2

 x 2 +y2 +z2 =1 is the singular solution

To find the general integral

Put b =  (a) in (1),

z=ax+ (a)y+ 1+a 2 +  (a)

2
-------------4

d. (4) p.w.r to ‘a’

 2a+2 (a) 1 (a) 
o=x+ '(a)y+ -------------5
2 1+a 2 +  (a)
2

Eliminate ‘a’ between (4) and (5) we get the general solution