Iransotmel.

8.1 Introduction
discussed about various performance characteristics of anan
Uptill now we have are self starting due to
phase induction motors
induction motor. The three draw very high current the
field. But the motors show tendency to
current and can d time
. eofof
magnetic to eight times the rated
current can be five limit such bick he
starting. Such a device which can
should be certain
motor winding. Hence there limits high starting current is called a starter 6
current. Such a device which various methods of starting an induchor
starters and
chapter, the various types of certain applications, to control the speed t
for
are discussed. In practice, it is necessary induction motor is constant speed motor, so
an
an induction motor. Though basically an induction motor are also discussed in hi.
of
methods of controlling the speed
chapter.
detail why starter is required for an induction motor.
Let us study in July-05, 06, 09, Jan.-07, 10, 12
8.2 Necessity of Starter
phase induction motor, the magnitude of an induced e.m.f. in the rotor
In a three motor. This induced e.m.f. effectively
slip of the induction
circuit depends on the rotor current in the running condition is
decides the magnitude of the rotor current. The
given by, sE
/R} +(s X, )?
of the motor is zero and slip is at its maximum i.e. unity. So
But at start, the speed rotor conductors are shot
at start. As
magnitude of rotor induced e.m.f. is very large
the large induced e.m.f. circulates very high current through rotor at start.
circuited,
condition is exactly similar to a transformer with short circuited secondary. Suct
The very high current throug
a transformer when excited by a rated voltage, circulates
secondary. As secondary current is large, the primary also draws e
short circuited
high current from the supply.
current is high, consequ of
Similarly in a three phase induction motor, when rotor current can be of the order
the stator draws a very high current from the supply. This
5 to 8 times the full load current, at start. of the
of damage dro
Due to such heavy inrush of current at start there is possibility line
voltage
spikes
large
motor winding. Similarly such sudden inrush of current causes
subjected to voltage curret
Thus other appliances connected to the same line may be the
to limit hgh
is necessary usedto limit
which may affect their working. To avoid such effects, it
drawn by the motor at start. The starter is a device which is basically starting.Sut
of
starting current by supplying reduced voltage to the motor at the time accelerated.ful
gets
a reduced voltage is applied only for short period and once rotor
normal rated voltage is applied.
 Motor:
Noronly the limits the starting current but also
starter
provides the protection to th
nduction motor against overloading and low voltage
sngle phasing is
also provided by the situations. The protection agains
starter. The induction motors having
hp. can withstand starting currents hence such rating below
such motors also need overload, single
motors can be started directly on
line
ROided by a starter.
phasing and low voltage protection which is
Thus all the three phase
induction motors need some or the other type of starter.
Review Question
1. Explain the necessity of starter in a three phase
induction motor.
July-05, 06, 09, Jan.-07,10, 12, Marks 4
8.3 Types of Starters for Three Phase Induction Motor
July-05, 06, 09, 12, Dec.-10, Jan.-07, 10, 12, 13
From the expression of rotor
controlled by reducing E, which current can be seen that the
is possible by current at start can be
nKreasing the rotor resistance R, at start. The supplying reduced voltage at start or by
sip ring induction
motors. The various types second method is possible only in
methods of reducing the starting of case of
starters based
current are, on the above two
Stator resistance starter
JAutotransformer starter
B,Star-delta starter
4. Rotor resistance starter
oDirect on line starter

Let us study the details of each of these starters.,

3.3.1 Stator Resistance Starter

In order to apply the reduced voltage to the stator of the induction
Tesistances are added in series with each phase of the stator winding. motor, three
resistances Initially
are kept maximum in the circuit. Due to this, large voltage gets dropped
the
dCross the resistances. Hence reduced voltage gets applied to the stator which red
ie high starting current. The schematic diagram showing stator resistances is shown in
the Fig. 8.3.1.
When the motor starts running, the resistances are gradually cut-off from the stator
i.e. rheostats in
Cuit. When the ressistances are entirely removed trom the stator circuit
runs with normal
ON position then rated voltage gets applied to the stator. Motor
Speed.
thust for knowtedae
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 Transformers and Induction Machines 8-4 Starting and Speed Control of
Three Phase
The starter simple
Induction Motors
in construction and
cheap. It can be used
for both star and delta 3Phase
A.C. O
connected stator. But
supply
there are large power
losses due to
resistances. Also the Squicagerrel
RUN START
rotor
starting torque of the Stator of
motor reduces due to Starting induction motor
resistance
reduced voltage applied Fig. 8.3.1 Stator
to the stator.
resistance starter
8.3.1.1 Relation between T and TL.
We knoW, P, = Tx 0,
where T is torque produced and P, is the
rotor input at N.
T « P,
But
P, P. where
S P. =Total copper loss

31, R,
S

But rotor current ,, and

action. stator current are related to each
other through transo

where I, = Stator current

At start,
S = 1,
and I =Lt
...(8.31)
When stator
say x<1. The resistance starter is used, the factor by which stator voltage reducesis
starting current is
current drawn under the normal
proportional
full rated voltage to this factor x. So if Lc is
condition at start then, (8321

..
(833

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cansformers and Induction Machines 8-5 Starting and Speed Control of Three Phase Induction
Motors
where s, = Full load slip ...(8.3.4)
S

Taking ratio of (8.3.3) and (8.3.4).

T;L.

Key Point As x < 1, it can be seen that the starting torque reduces by the
fraction x due to
starter.
ie stator resistance

A3.2 Autotransformer Starter

to reduce the voltage
A three phase star connected autotransformer can be used starter. The schematic
autotransformer
anlied to the stator. Such a starter is called an
am of autotransformer starter is shown in the Fig. 8.3.2.
Three phase star connected
autotransformer

Change over
switch Stator winding

Start
4/ 5 6
Three
phase
supply

Squirrel
cage
rotor
Run

Fig. 8.3.2 Autotransformer starter

It consists of a suitable change over switch.

with reduced
When the switch is in the start position, the stator winding is supplied
iage. This can be controlled by tappings provided with autotransformer.
Ine reduction in applied voltage by the fractional percentage tappings x, used for an
totransformer is shown in the Fig. 8.3.3.
thrown into
en notor gathers 80% of the normal speed, the change over switch is
un position.
Due to this, rated voltage gets applied to stator winding. The motor starts rotating
normal Speed. Changing of switch is done automatically by using relays. The

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 8-b
Transfomers and Induction
Machines
Uucton Moto
Induction motor
Autotransformer
Is(Motor) x=% tappings
on auto-transformer

R
V. xV
Rotor
Y

Stator
B O

reduce voltage at start

Fig. 8.3.3 Use of autotransformer to
less in this type of starting. It can be used for both star and dl,.
power loss is much
than stator resistance starter.
connected motors. But it is expensive
8.3.2.1 Relation between Tst and TL
x be the fractional percentage tappings used for an autotransformer to appl;
Let
reduced voltage to the stator.
voltage
So if, I = Starting motor current at rated

and I = Starting motor current with starter

motor side ... (8.3.5)
then
+ (supply)
But there exists a fixed ratio between starting Ro 0000
Stator
current drawn from supply I (supply) and
motor currentI (motor) due to Yo0000 s(motor)
starting
autotransformer, as shown in the Fig. 8.3.4.
Bo- r0000
Autotransformer ratio x= I,(supply)
I (motor) Fig. 8.3.4
..(836)

L, (supply) = x I (motor)
Substitute I,, (motor) from equation (8.3.5), . . .(83

I, (supply) = x x Ie = x Ie
Now
Tst 1 (motor) « x 1
and
TEL. S

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fransformers and Induction Machines 8-7 Starting and Speed Control of Three Phase Induction Motors
Cey PointThus starting torque reduces by x where x is the transformation ratio.

Crample 8.3.1 A squirrel cage induction motor has a full load slip of 5 %. The motor
starting
current at rated voltage is 6 times its full load current. Find the tapping on the
autotransformer starter which would give full load torque at start. What would then be the
supply starting current.
Solution : Starting current at rated voltage = Ie
e =6 II and s =5% = 0.05
Let X = Tapping on autotransformer
TL = T

1= x 0.05

X = 0.7453

Thus 74.53 % tapping is required

Now L, (supply) - xI (motor) = x x L,] = x?L
= xx 6 Ig = 3.33 IL.
Thus supply starting current is 3.33 times the full load current.
8.3.3 Star - Delta Starter
This is the cheapest starter of all arnd hence used very commonly for the induction
motors. It uses Triple Pole Double Throw (TPDT) switch. The switch connects the stator
winding in star at start. Hence per phase voltage gets reduced by the factor 1/W3. Due
to this reduced voltage, the starting current is limited.
When the switch is thrown on other side, the winding gets
connected in delta, across
the supply. So it gets normal rated voltage. The windings are connected in delta
when
motor gathers sufficient speed.
The arrangement of star-delta starter is shown in the Fig.
8.3.5.
Ihe operation of the switch can be automatic by
notor will not start with the switch in Run position. using relays which ensures that
The cheapest of all and
antenance free operation are the two important advantages of this starter. While its
mitations are, it is suitable for normal delta connected motors and the
Voltage changes is 1/N3 which can not be factor by which
changed.
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 Transformers and Induction
Machines 8-8 Stariig dn Ope
Vase nducton Motors
3 Phase supply

Stator
winding

Run
delta

TPDT
switch
Start
Star

Squirrel
cage rotor
Fig. 8.3.5 Star-delta starter
8.3.3.1 Ratio of Tst to TeL.
We have seen in case of autotransformer that if x is the factor by which the voltage is
reduced then,

T.L.
Now the factor x in this type of starter is 1/N3.
2

TeL
where = Starting phase current when delta
connection with rated vOte
Ip.. = Full load phase current
when delta
Example 8.3.2 Athree phase induction motor has aconnection.
ratio of muximum torque tofull lod
torque as 2.5 : 1. Determine the ratio of starting torque to full load torque if star-deltu
starter is used. The rotor Q and 4
2
respectively. resistance and standstill reactance per phase are 04

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 Machines Starting and Speed Control of Three Phasa Induction Motors
Tansformers and Induction
8-9

ratio is, Tm = 2.5

Solution : The given TE

are, R, = 0.4 Q. X, = 4Q
The rotor values
kE
Now 2X,
Tm kE} kE? ... (8.3.8)
TL = 25 5X, 20

T =
k E}R,
Now R} +X}
With star-delta starter, E, =

(8.3.9)
RË +X3
Taking ratio of (8.3.9) and (8.3.8),

20 20x 0.4
= 0.165
TEL. R{ + X3 k E? 3[(0.4)² +(4)2 ]

8.3.4 Rotor Resistance Starter

To limit thg rotor current which consequently reduces the current drawn by the
motor from the supply, the resistance can be inserted in the rotor circuit at start. This
addition of the resistance in rotor is in the form of 3 phase star connected rheostat. The
arrangement is shown in the Fig. 8.3.6.

Ro Slip ring

Brush

Bo

External
rheostat
Stator Slip ring rotor
Fig. 8.3.6 Rotor
resistance starter
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Transformers and Induction Machines 8-10 Starting and Speed Control of Three Phase
The external resistance is inserted in each phase of the
rotor
Induction Motors
winding
ring and brush assembly. Initially maximum resistance is in the
circuit. As
speed, the resistance is gradually cutoff. The operation may be manual
or
tmotor
hroughgathsipers
We have seen that the starting torque is
proportional to the rotor automatic.
important advantage of this method is not only the starting currentresistance.
starting torque of the motor also gets improved. The only is liice Hence
it can be used only for slip ring limitation of the starter t
induction motors as in squirrel cage motors, the rot:
parmanently short circuited.
8.3.4.1 Calculation of Steps of Rotor Resistance Starter
The calculation of steps of rotor
resistance starter based on the
1. The motor starts
against a constant torque that, assumptions
2. The rotor current
fluctuates between two fixed values, a
minimum, denoted as Izmax and Izmin" maximum and a
The Fig. 8.3.7, shows a
single phase of a three phase
rheostat to be inserted in the
rotor. The starter has n steps, rn-aln-i/ Sip ring
equally divided into the Studs
section AB. The contact point R
after each step is called stud.
The total Rn2 Rotor
resistances upto
Rxt phase
each stud fromn the star
of star
point Rn-1
connected rotor are
denoted as R, Rg .. K-1:
Star point
It consists of rotor
R2
resistance r, and the
external
resistances R Ry etc. At
the time of R4
reaching
next step, current is
to the
Fig. 8.3.7 Steps of rotor resistance
hmar Then motor mnaximum starter
speed, slip reduces and gathers
hence while leaving a stud, the
Let
E, = current is l2min"
When ha.adle is moved to
Standstill rotor e.m.f. per phase
stud 1, the current is
2max
maximum given by
R+(s, X,)?
where S = Slip at start = 1
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 Machines 8.11
Cansformers and induction Starting and Speed Control of Three
Phase Induct1n h.-.
While moving to stud 2, the current reduces to 2min given by,
E,
lgmin = where S< S1
+X}
, reaching to stud 2, the current again increases to ,may as the part of external
cut off.
resistance K gets
E

current again reduces to,

While leaving stud 2, the slip changes to s, and
E
l2min =

to stud 3, R gets cut off completely and current again increases

while just reaching
to,
Ez
Izmax = 2

maximum current is,

Hence at the last nth stud, the
E,
I2max
+X;
running condition
where S, = Slip under normal
in series with rotor.
At nh stud no external resistance is
E,
E
l2max =
+X$

... (8.3.10)
R = ...
 Transformers and Induction Machines 8- 12 Starting and Speed Control of Three Phase Induction
E E, Motors
And l2min = =
=...

+X}
ie.
R, R R
S S Sn ... (8.3.11)
From (8.3.10) and (8.3.11) we can write,
S2 S3 S4 R2 R3 K4 =... = = K
S S R, R R Rn-1 ... (8.3.12)
where K= Constant

From equation (8.3.11),

R, = but s, =l at start
S

2
R, = ... (8.3.13)
Once R, is known, other resistances can be
calculated.
R, = KR, Rg = K R = KKR, = K² R,
R = KR, ... ... I, = Kn-1R
From last expression of I
n-1
K -(s,)/n-t where n = Number of starter studs
Thus the resistances of
various sections can be obtained as,
Ry1 = R- R, = R- KR, = (1 -
K) R
Ry2 = Rz - Rz = KR, - K»R, =
K(1 - K) R = K R7I
R,3 = K´ R
In this way
the various steps of
Example 8.3.3 The following data are, rotor resistarnce starter can be calculated.
for a 3-phase
Maximum starting
Full load slip = 3 %current Full-load current slip-ring induction moror
=
Rotor resistance per phase =
Calculate the steps in a 5-step0.025
rotor
ohm
resistance starter.
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 Transformers and Induction Machines 8- 14 Starting and Speed Control of Three
Phase Induction
S.3.5 Direct On Line Starter (D.0.L.) Motors
In case of small capacity motors having rating less than 5 h.p., the
not very high and such motors can withstand such
starting current without any
starting current is
Thus there is no need to reduce applied voltage, to
control the starting current
motors use a type of starter which is used to connect stator
without any reduction in voltage. Hence the starter is known asdirectly to the supply lines
direct on line startor
Though this starter does not reduce the applied voltage, it is used
the motor from
because it prokeot
various severe 3 Phase supply
abnormal conditions
like over loading, Fuse
Thermal overload relay
low voltage, single
Magnetising coil
phasing ete
The Fig. 8.3.9
shows the
arrangement of NO
various components
in direct on line Contactor NO = Normally open start
NC =Normally closed stop
starter. NC
Stator
Contact to keep
The NO contact coil energised
1S normally open
and NC is normally
closed. At start, NO
is pushed for Squirrel cage rotor
fraction of second
due to which coil Fig. 8.3.9 D.O.L. starter
gets energised and
attracts the contactor. So stator directly gets supply. The additional contact provided,
ensures that as long as supply is ON, the coil gets supply and keeps contactor in ON
position. When NC is pressed, the coil circuit gets opened due to which coil gets
de-energised and motor gets switched OFF from the supply.
Under over load condition, current drawn by the motor increases due to
whicn t
is an exCessive heat produced, which increases temperature
beyond limit. Thermal
get operned due o high temperature, protecting the motor from
overload conditions.
Example 8.3.4 Determine approximately the starting toraue of a three phase induction mo
in terms of full load torque when started by ) Star-delta starter. i) An autotransjorm
with 50 %% tapping. The short circuit current of the motor is 5 times the full
and full load slip is 5 percent. load c

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wsormerSand|Induction Machines 8- 15 Starting and Speed Control of Three Phase Induction Motors

The given values are lsc =5I, S = 5% = 0.05

aT'sing star-delta starter

I
T 'xo05 =04t6
I, = 41.66 % Te
=The autotransformer is having 50 % tapping.
K = 0.5, K² = 0.25

T K*=(05)° ()°(oa5) =03125

I, = 31.25 % T
mple 8.3.5 A 3-phase, 6-pole, 50 Hz induction motor takes 60 A at full load speed of
940 rpm develops a torque of 150 N-m. The starting current at rated voltage is 300 A.
What is starting torque ? Ifa star/delta starter is used determine the starting torque and
starting current.
tion : The given values are, I;L = 60 A, P = 6 pole
N= 940 r.p.m., T = 150 N-m
Ise= 300 A

lave,

120 f_120 x50

N, = 60 =1000 r.p.m.

Sf = N,-N_1000-940 =0.06
N, 1000
2

situting 50 300 )
60 (0.06) =1.5
T, = 1.5 x 150 = 225 N-m

star-delta starter is used,

T
-1)-05
T = 0.5-T = 0.5 x 150 = 75 N -m

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Transtormers and i Induction Machines 8- 20 Starting and Speed Control of Three
Phase Induction Motors
next 60". The cycle is repeated. Each triac conducts for 120°, once fired.
thyristor is fired, it conducts and correspondingly voltage is avaiable to the As long% as
by controlling the firing angle, the voltage applied to the motor can bestator. Thus
steplessly. The rotor induced e.m.f. E, depends on the stator voltage while
depends on E. Thus by controlling stator voltage smoothly, the torouergue control ed
controlled smoothly while speed also gets controlled smoothly from ean be
subsynchronous speed. Due to reduced voltage applied the starting current issthe
need of the starter is elliminated. Hence the arrangement is called soft starter.
A three phase saturable reactor in series with a stator also can be used for sof .
The saturable reactor has d.c. control winding. The reactance of the saturable ro
depends on the current through the d.c. control winding. Thus by smoothly controlin
the current through the d.c. control winding, the reactance of saturable reactor can h
controlled smoothly. When the reactance is very high at start, starting torque is almost
zero. Increasing the control winding current, the reactance decreases and the torque
increases. Thus the motor starts without any jerk and soft stepless starting of motor is
achieved.

8.4.1 Advantages of Soft Start

The various advantages of soft start are,
1. Absence of torque pulsations hence no jerks while starting.
2. Motor accelerates smoothly.
3. Due to use of electronic devices like thyristors the weight, size and cost is low.
4. The simpler control is possible.
5. The efficient operation is possible.
Review Question
Jan.-06, Marks 5
1. Write short note on : Electronic starters for 3-phase induction motors.

8.5ntroduction to Speed Control of Induction Motor 13

July-05, 07, 08, 09, 10, 12, Jan.-07.09, 10, 12,
shunt
motor like a d.c.
Athree phase induction motor is practically a constant speed
motor. But the speed of d.c. shunt motor can be varied smoothly just by ustst
shunt motor.
But in
in
rheostats. This maintains the speed regulation and efficiency of d.c. speed control
case of three phase induction motors it is very difficult to achieve smooth induction
performance of the
And if the speed control is achieved by some means, the
motor in terms of its power factor, efficiency etc. gets adversely affected.
For the induction motor we know that,
N= N, (| - s)
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 Transfomers and Induction Machines 8-21 Starting and Speed Control of Three Phase Induction Motors

motor can be
Erom this expression it can be seen that the speed of the induction
hanged either by changing its synchronous speed N, or by changing the slip s.
Similarly torque produced in case of three phase induction motor is given by,
sE} R,
R; +(s X,)
for
So as the parameters like R, , E, are changed then to keep the torque constant
constant load condition, motor reacts by change in its slip. Effectively its speed changes.
two methods :
Ahus speed of the induction motor can be controlled by basically
1. From stator side and
2. From rotor side
From stator side, it includes following methods :

@) Supply frequency control to control N, called V/f control.

(6, Supply voltage control.
c. Controlling number of stator poles to control Ng
d.) Adding rheostats in stator circuit.
From rotor side, it includes following methods :
a.) Adding external resistance in the rotor circuit.
b. Cascade control.

c. Injecting slip frequency voltage into the rotor circuit.

Let us discuss all these methods in brief.

B.5.1 Supply Frequency Control or Vif Control

The synchronous speed is given by,
120f
N, = P

Thus by controlling the supply frequency smoothly, the synchronous speed can be
Cmtrolled over a wide range. This gives smooth speed control of an induction motor.
But the expression for the air gap flux is given by,

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 Machines Motors
Transfoners and Induction

e.m.f. equation of a transformer where,

This is according to the constant
K, = Stator winding
phase
Tphi = Stator turns per
V = Supply voltage
f = Supply frequency
seen from this expression that if the supply frequerncy f is changed
It can be may result into saturation of
stt
flux also gets affected. This
value of air gap (magnetisation) no
rotor cores. Such a saturation leads to the sharp increase in the
of the motor. Hence it is necessary to maintain air gap Hux constant when
current
supply frequency f is changed. expression that along with f, V also
Io achieve this, it can be seen from the above
constant. This ensures constant air gap Auy
must be changed so as to keep (V/) ratio the motor. Hence this method
performance of
giving speed control without affecting the
is called V/f control.
required is variable voltage
Hence in this method, the supply to the induction motor
variable frequency supply Variable V
and can be achieved by an A.C. variable Stator
Input D.C. of
electronic scheme Converter Inverter
using constantV A.C.Supply I.M.
converter and inverter constant f

circuitry. The scheme is

Fig. 8.5.1 Electronic scheme for VIf control
shown in the Fig. 8.5.1.
The normal supply available is constant voltage constant frequency a.c. supply. Ihe
converter converts this supply into ad.c. supply. This d.c. supply is then given to at
inverter. The inverter is a
for f
device which converts d.c. f, <f
supply, to variable voltage T
variable frequency a.c.
supply which is rer.u to
Tmt
keep V/f ralio constant. By
selecting the proper
frequency and maintaining
V/f constant, smooth speed
Control of the induction
motor is possible.
is the normal
working frequency then the Slip
Fig. 8.5.2 shows the S= 1 s=0
Sm
torque-slip characteristics variable f
Fig. 8.5.2 Torque-slip characteristics with
and constant (Vit)
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Transformers and Induction
Machines 8-23 Starting and Speed Control of Three Phase Induction Motors
below the normal
ioe the frequency t, > t and t, < f i.e. for frequencies above and
frequency.
Another disadvantage of this method is that the supply obtained can not be used to
only other devices which require constant voltage. Hence an individual scheme for a
costly.
separate motor is required which makes it
8.5.2 Supply Voltage Control
We know that, sE} R,
Toc
R; +(s X,)?
Now E, the rotor induced e.m.f. at standstill depends on the supply voltage V.
E, « V
Also for low slip region, which is operating region of the induction motor,
(sX, )² <<R, and hence can be neglected.
T o c s V² for constant R,
R
Now if supply voltage is reduced below
rated value, as per above equation torque
With normal
produced also decreases. But to supply the voltage
same load it is necessary to develop same
torque hence value of slip increases so that With
reduced
torque produced remains same. Slip increases voltage
means motor reacts by running at lower speed,
to decrease in supply voltage. So motor
produces the required load torque at a lower Torque
speed. The speed-torque characteristics for the Tm
motor using supply voltage control are shown Fig. 8.5.3 Speed-torque curves for
in the Fig. 8.5.3. motor with voltage control
But in this method, due to reduction in
voltage, current drawn by the motor increases. Large change in voltage for
In speed is required is the biggest small change
disadvantage. Due to increased current, the motor
may get overheated. Additional voltage
changing equipment is necessary. Hence this
method is rarely used in practice. Motors driving fan
type of loads use this method of
Speed control. Due to reduced voltage, E,
torque too. decreases, decreasing the value of maximum

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Transformers and Induction Machines 8- 28 Starting and Speed Control of Three Phase
Induction Motors

1_n
2 r
In this case P, gets suppressed and we get poles P, = P- PM = 4.
This method is advantageous as it reduces the size to a great extent and hence coet t
the machine.

The limitation that it can be used only for squirrel cage motors still continues.
Key Point Practically the rectangular wave is used for modulation. This is achieved bu
dividing stator coil into PM groups and then by dropping alternate group, other groups are
connected in series opposition.
Example 8.5.1 A 50 Hz induction motor uses a pole amplitude modulation method to control
the speed. The stator has 16. poles while the pole modulating function has 4 poles. At what
two speeds motor can run ?
Solution : P= 16 and PM = 4
Let n = 1 and r =4

Now
r

and

Thus as first equation with negative sign is satisfied, the P,

two possible speeds of motor are poles are suppressed. So
corresponding to P = 16 and P, = P+ Py = 20.
120f 120 x50
N, = P = 375 r.p.m.
16
and 120 f 120 ×50
N, = = 300 r.p.m.
20

8.5.4 Adding Rheostats in

Stator Circuit
We have seen that the reduced
rheostats in the stator circuit. The voltage canis be annlied to the stator by adding ue
voltage gets dropped acrOss the arrangement shown in the Fig. 8.5.6. The part o
stator. resistances and reduced voltage gets applied acros
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ansoIersand Induction
Machines 8-29 Starting and Speed Control of Three
Phase Induction Molors
The reduction in stator voltage causes
R Y B
rductionin the speed. The rheostats can be
yaried as per the required change
speed.
Butthe entire line current flows through the
sheostats and hence there
are large power Rheostat
lxges, method is not efficient from speed
antrol point of view hence used as a starter
ather than as a speed control method.
Stator

Rotor
resistance control
Fig. 8.5.6 Stator

8.5.5 Adding External Resistance in Rotor Circuit

We know, To sE} R,
R} +(s X,)7
region (sX,)² << R, and can be neglected and for constant supply voltage
For low slip
E, is also constant.
s Ra

Thus if the rotor resistance is increased, the

the load With normal R2
torque produced decreases. But when Speed
on the motor is same, motor has to supply (N)4
reacts
motor
same torque as load demands. So N
in
by increasing its slip to compensate decrease With R',
T due to R, and maintains the load torque
(R,> Rg)
constant. So due to additional rotor resistance
R,, motor slip increases i.e. the speed of the
motor decreases. Thus by increasing the rotor
resistance R,, speeds below normal value can
Torque
be achieved. Another advantage of this method Tst Tst1 (T)
is that the starting torque of the motor increases
proportional to rotor resistance. Fig. 8.5.7
The Fig. 8.5.7 shows the torque-speed curves
tor rotor resistance control.

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Transtormers and induction Machines 8- 30 Starting and Speed Control of Three Phase Induction
Motore
But this methot has following disadvantages :
1. The lange sped changes are not possible. This is because for large speed chanes
large nesistance is required to be introduced in rotor which causes large ro
opper loss to reduce the efficiency.
2 The method can not be used for the squirrel cage induction motors.
3 The speeds above the normal values can not be obtained.
4 Lange power losses occur due to large 1°R loss.
5. Sufficient cooling arrangements are required which make the external rheostats
bulky and expensive.
6. Due to large power losses, efficiency is low.
Thus the method is rarely used in the practice.
Example 8.5.2 The rotor of a 4-pole, 50 Hz slip ring IM has a resistance of 0.25 2 per phase,
rotor standstill reactance of 2 S2 and runs at 1440 r.p.m. at full load. Calculate the
external resistance per phase which must be added to lower the speed at 1200 r.p.m., the
torque being the same as before. Jan.-07, Marks 10
Solution : P=4, f = 50 Hz, R: = 0.25 S2, NË = 1440 r.p.m., N: = 1200 r.p.m., X2 = 2 S2
N, = 120 f 120 x 50
= 1500 r.p.m.
P 4

S = N, - NË 1500-1440
0.04
N, 1500

S, =
N, - N, 15001200
= 0.2
N, 1500
Now let R, be the external resistance added so that R, = R, + R,
for N, = 1200 r.p.m.
sR,
R; +(s X,)
S,R, (R;)² +(s, X,)²
R; +(5, X,)² s, R;
= 1 ... as T, = T;
0.040.25 ((R)² +(0.2× 2)²| = [(0.25) +(0.04 x 2) ]x0.2xR,
0 01(R$)' -0.01378 R,
But R Can
+l.6x10 R, = 1.25 S2, 0.128 S2
notbe less than R, hence R, 1.25 2
R. R
R, = 1.25 0,25 1Q
Example 8.5.3 A 4 pole, 3-phuse, 50 Hz
Sij ring type induction motor has a roto
resistance of 025 12 per phase and rotor reactance
It is running at 1455 r of 2 9 er phase at
p.m. speed. Calculate the standstill conditton
reauired in the rotor cirCutt to redue the speed value external resistance per P
of
17 %. Assume load torque constant.
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 Transformers and Induction Machines 8-30 Starting and Speed Control of Three Phase
Induction Motors
But this method has following disadvantages
1. The large speed changes are not possible. This is because for
large speed change,
large resistance is required to be introduced in rotor which
causes large rotor
copper loss to reduce the efficiency.
2. The method can not be used for the squirrel cage induction motors.
3. The speeds above the normal values can not be obtained.
4. Large power losses occur due to large 'R loss.
5. Sufficient cooling arrangements are required which make the
external rheostats
bulky and expensive.
6. Due to large power losses, efficiency is low.
Thus the method is rarely used in the practice.
Example 8.5.2 The rotor of a 4-pole, 50 Hz slip ring IM has a resistance of 0.25 2 per
rotor standstill reactance of 2 S2 and runs at 1440 phase,
rp.m. at full load. Calculate the
external resistance per phase which must be added to lower the
speed at 1200 r.p.m., the
torque being the same as before. Jan.-07, Marks 10
Solution:P=4, f = 50 Hz, R = 0.25 2, Ni = 1440 r.p.m., N =
1200 r.p.m., X2 = 22
120 f 120 x50
N, = = 1500 r.p.m.
P 4
N,- N 1500-1440
= 0.04
N, 1500
S, = -N 1500 -1200
N, = 0.2
1500
Now let R, be the external
resistance added so that R, = R, + R, for N, =
sR, 1200 r.p.m.
R} +(sX,)?

R+(s, X,) ,(R;)² S,+(s,R, X,)? =1 as T, = T,

0.04x 0.25 {(R, )² + (0.2x 2)2} =
0.01(R,)' [(0.25)² +(0.04 >x2)² ]x0.2x R>
But R can not be-0.01378 R, +1.6x103
less than R, R, = 1.25 S2,0.128 S2
hence R, = 1.25 S2
R, = R -R, = 1.25 -
Example 8.5.3 A 4pole, 3-phase, 50 Hz 0.25 - 12
resistance of 0.25 2 per
is phase and rotor SIip ringof 2type induction motor has a rotor
running at 1455 r.p.m. speed. reactance S2 per phase at standstill condition.
required in the rotor Calculate the value of external
circuit to reduce the phase
speed by 17 %.
Assume load resistance per
constant.
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 fanstormersand|Induction Machines 8-31 Starting and Speed Control of Three Phase Induction MoBors

Solution:P=4,f=,50 Hz, Ra = 0.25 2, X2 =22, N =1455 r.p.m.

120f 120 x50
N, = P = 1500 r.p.m.
4

S, = N1500-1455 0.03
N, 1500
reduced by 17 %
... speed
N, = N, -0.17 N,
= 0.83 N, = 1207.65 r.p.m.
N,-N, 1500-1207.65 0.1949
S =
N, 1500

To
sE} R,
Vow, R} +(s X,)? torque
constant
as load
I, I,
R, + Rex
R, = Rotor resistance =
And for l
R)² +($2 X)'_1
s, E, (R;)
R+(6, X;1"1
X,)²] = s, R, [(R)? +(s, X,)²1
s,R,) (R; +(s, 0.03x(0.25) x[(R, )² +(01949x)²]
(0.03x 2)2] =
0.1949 (R,) [(0.25) + +1.1395x10-3
7.5x10- (R,)
0.0128(R) =
R, + 0.1519 - 0
(R,)2 - 1.7067
1.7067 t (1.7067)2-4x0.1519 Q
= 0.094 2, 1.6124
R, = 2
less than R,.
glecting lower value as
l.6124 S2
R, = R, + Rer =
R = 1.6124 -
0.25 = 1.3625 Q
the rotor.
his is the extra resistance per phase required in

B56 Cascade Control

induction
called concatenation or tandom operation of the
Ihis method is also
Botors.
two
mounted on the same shaft. One of the
is method, two induction motors are second motor is called
main motor. The
Smust be of slip ring type which is called

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 Starting and Speed Control of Three Phase
Transformers and Induction Machines 8-32 lnduction
auxiliary motor. The arrangement is shown in the Fig. 8.5.8. The auxiliary motor can be
Motors
slip ring type or squirrel cage type.
Three phase
supply
Auxiliary motor Slip rings
Stator Slip ings
Shaft
(ROTOR
ROTOR)
Stator

Main
motor

Fig. 8.5.8 Cascade control of two induction motors

the
The stator of the main motor is connected to the three phase supply. While
of the
supplv of the auxiliary motor is derived at a slip frequency from the slip rings
maun motor This is called cascading of the motors. If the torques produced by both act
produced are
n the same direction, cascading is called cumulative cascading. If torques
in opposite direction, cascading is called differential cascading.
Now let. PA = Number of poles of main motor
P = Number of poles of auxiliary motor

f= Supply frequency
N= Speed of the set
120 f
NsA PA
The speed N is same for both the motors as motors are mounted on the same shat.

NsA
Nom f Frequency of rotor induced e.m.f. of motor A
... As f, = st
The supply to motor B is at frequency fa ie. f, = fa
120 f% 120 f 120 s, f 120 (NA -N) f
D,xNA
synchronous
its
Now on no load, the speed of the rotor Bie. Nis almost qual to
speed N
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 Machines 8-33 Starting and Speed Control of Three Phase Induction Motors
andInduction
gstrmers

Ncg N
N= 1 2 0 :f 120f
P -

N =
120f.x ]
120f
PA
1201-0
Pg

120 f

N1P P

120 f
N=
PA + Pg
decided by the total number of poles equal to
N of the set is
Key Point Thus the speed cumulatively cascaded motors.
This is possible for rotating
P+P-
terminals of motor B, the reversal of direction of
interchanging any two differentially cascaded set. And in
If by then the set runs as
agnetic field of B is achieved
are PA -PB:
ch a case effective number of poles
are possible as,
Thus in cascade control, four different speeds
A independently,
a. With respect to synchronous speed of
120 f
Ng = PA
main motor is
b. With respect to synchronous speed of B independently with
disconnected and B is directly connected to supply,
120 f
Ns =
Pp
c. Running set as cumulatively cascaded with,
N=
120 1
PA +PB
Running set as differentially cascaded with,
120 f
N=

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Transformers and Induction Machines 8-34 Starting and Speed Control of Three Phase

This method is also rarely used due to following disadvantages :

Induction Motors
1. It requires two motors which makes the set expensive.
2. Smooth speed control is not possible.
3. Operation is complicated.
4. The starting torque is not sufficient to start the set.
5. Set cannot be operated if PA = Pp
Example 8.5.4 A 4-pole induction motor and a 6-pole induction motor are conected iu
cumulative cascade arrangement. The supply frequency is 50 Hz while he frequeney in
rotor circuit of 6-pole motor is 1 Hz. Determine the slip of each machine and combined
speed of the set.
Solution : The arrangenment is
shown in the Fig. 8.5.9.

Let f, = Rotor frequerncy of

motor A

fp = Rotor frequency of 6 pole

motor B =1 Hz A

PA = Poles of A = 4 4 pole

PR = Poles of B=6
The set is cumulatively coupled. f= 1Hz
Hence the synchronous speed
of the set can be obtained as, Fig. 8.5.9

120f 120 x50

= 600 r.p.m.
P + Pg 4+6
Now,

and S = N-N
N
= slip of the set ie. 1 =
600 N
x50
600
12 = 600 - N i.e.
N= 588 r.p.m.
This is the combined
speed of the set
120f 120x50
NsA = = 1500 r.p.m.
P 4

SA=00-588
1500 0.608 i.e. 60.8 %

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Transformers and lnduction Machines
7-6 Circle Diagram and Specal
Mack

7.4.1 No Load Test

without any load i.e, no
In this test, the motor is made to run load
speed of the motor is very close to the synchronous
speed but less than the condition.
synchronous
inputline
speed. The rated voltage is applied to the stator. The
current
wattmeter method is used to
and
measure the total input
power is measured. The two total input
in the Fig. 7.4.1.
power. The circuit diagram for the test is shown
W.

0000
3 phase Vo No load
ac. o000 Stator
on motor
supply
Fig. 7.4.1 No load test

As the motor is on no load, the power factor is very low which is less than 0s,
one of the two wattmeters reads negative. It is necessary to reverse the current coil or
pressure coil connections of such a wattmeter to get the positive reading. This readine
must be taken negative for the further calculations.
The total power input Wo is the algebraic sum of the two wattmeter readings. The
observation table is,

Vo volts h Amp Wo = W+W

Rated line voltage No load current (Algebraic sum) in watts

The calculations are,

Wo = V3 Vo , cos 0
cOs O = Wo where Vo, Lo are line values

This is no load power factor.

Thus we are now in a position to obtain magnitude and phase angle of no lo0
current l, which is required for the circle diagram.
From the knowledge of Lh and on, the parameters of the eguivalent circuit can
obtained as,

I, = lh cos = Active component of no load current

In = sin = Magnetising component of no load current
Vo (per phase)
Ry = = No load branch resistance
I. (per phase)
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 Wachines 7-7
Croie Dagram and Soeca
Machnes
Vo(per phase) = No
load branch reactance
Im (per phase)
UweT input W, consists of folowing losses,

Oper loss ie. 3 1; RË where , is no load per phase

curent and R, is
phase.
stator resistance per
- 07 core loss ie. iron loss
:Ficton and windage loss.
-. no load roto CuTent is very Smal and
hence rotor copper loSs
i1 The totor irequency i5 5 imes supply frequency and on no load it negligibly
is verv small.
ioT osses are proportonal to this frequency and
hence are negligibly small.
ie no load condition, h is also very smal and
in many
oated. Thus W, consists of stator iron loss and friction and practical cases it is also
ans ior all load conditions. Hence W, is said to give windage loss which are
fixed losses of the motor.
W, = no load power input

W, = Fxed loss
Neglecting stator copper loss
7A11 Separating No Load Losses
Ihe no load losses are the constant
sses which indude core loss and
and windage oss. The P
eparaion between the two can be
aTed out by the no load test Extrapolation
Conducted from variable voltage, rated
quency supply. Ficion
and windage
When the voltage is decreased loss
i0W the rated value. the core loss Vrates V
reduces as nearly Square of voltage. Fig. 7.4.2
ite slip does not increase
significanti
te friction and windage loss almost
Temains constant
** voltage is continuouslr decreased till the machine slip suddeniy begins to
increase and the motor tends to stall. At no load. this takes place at a sufficiently
losses P1 versus V as shown in the
teduced voltage. The graph showing no load loss as iron or core
windage
Fig. 642 is extrapolated to V = 0 which gives friction and
Os5 is zeTO at zero
voltage.
Transformers and Induction Machines 7-8 Circle Diagram and
Special Machite
7.4.2 Blocked Rotor Test
allowed to rotate. Thus
In this test, the rotor is locked and it is not
the slip s
and R = R, (1 - s)/s is zero. If the motor is slip ring induction
motor then =1
windings are short cireuited at the slip rings.
The situation is exactly similar to the short circuit test on transformer.
circuit condition, if primary is excited with rated voltage, a large short under shon
can flow which is dangerous from the windings point of view. So similar current
t
circuit
transtormer short circuit test, the reduced voltage (about 10 to 15 %of rated
just enough such that stator carries rated current is applied. Now the applied voltage)
V. the input power Wand a short circuit current Is are measured. voltage
As R; = 0, the equivalent circuit is exactly similar to that of a transformer and
the calculations are similar to that of short circuit test on a transformer.
V = Short circuit reduced voltage (line value)
I = Short circuit current (line value)
We = Short circuit input power
Now Wc .. Line values

cos se = Wsc
W3Vslsc
This gives us short circuit power factor R1e
of a motor. 0000
S=1
Now the equivalent circuit is as shown R=0
in the Fig. 7.4.3.
Fig. 7.4.3
We = 3(4 Rye
where rlase value

Rj. = Wsc
31)
This is equivalent resistance referred to stator.
Ze = V (Per phase) =
Ie (Per phase) Equivalent impedance referred to stator
Xje = Z-R. =Equivalent
reactance referred to stator
During this test, the stator carries
rated is also
dominant. Similarly the rotor also carriers current hence the stator copper loss
short circuit current to produce dominant
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 nduction Machines 7-9 Circle Diagram and Special Machines

As the vollage is
reduced, the iron loss which is proportional to
small. The motor is at standstill hence mechanical loss i.e. friction
Hence we can write,
is absent.
Rotor copper Joss
W= Stator copper loss +
necessary to
obtainshort circuit current when normal voltage is applied to
is possible. But the reduced voltage test results can be
This is practically not
,tind current lsN
Which is short circuit current if normal voltage is applied.
value)
V, = Normal rated voltage (line
value)
V.. = Reduced short circuit voltage (line

thert

Short circuit current at reduced voltage

where

Thus, IN = Short circuit current at normal voltage

Now power input is proportional to square of the current
WsN = Short circuit input power at normal voltage
This can be obtained as,

But at normal voltage core loss can not be negligible hence,

WGN = Core loss + Stator and rotor copper loss
Review Questions
1. Which tests are required to be performed to obtain the data for the circke diagram ? Hov thes
tests are performed ?
osciss lhe procedure for no load test and blocked rotor test on a 3 phase induction motor.
w re the parameters of equivalent circuit determined from test results
?
Jan.-06, July-07. 10, Marks 10

5 July-06, 07, 11, 12, Aug-01,09,

Construction of the Circle Diagram
Jan.-06, 07, 09,11, 12, 13, Aug.-09,
Sept.-2000, June-10, Dec.-10, 11,
By using blocked rotor test, the circle
the data obtained from the no load test and the
diagram can be drawn using the following steps
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Transformers and Induction Machines 7-10 Circle Diagram and
Special Machine
Step 1: Take reference phasor V as vertical (Y-axis).
Step 2 : Select suitable currernt scale such that diameter of circle is about 20.
30 cm.

Step 3 : From no load test, Lo and o are obtained. Draw vector l

angle o: This is line OO as shown in the Fig. 7.5.1. (See lagging
Fig.
Vby
next page) 75.1 on
Step 4: Draw horizontal line through extremity of o i.e. O', parallel to
axis. horizontal
Step 5: Draw the current IcN calculated from I with the same scale,
angle o.r from the origin O. This is phasor OA as shown in thelagging
Vby
Fio 781
Step 6: Join 'A. the line O'A is called Output line.
Step 7: Draw a perpendicular bisector of O'A. Extend to meet line O'B at point
C. This is the centre of the circle.
Step 8 : Draw the circle, with C a centre and radius equal to 0C. This meets
the horizontal line drawn from O' B as shown in the Fig. 7.5.1.
Step 9: Draw the perpendicular from point A on the horizontal axis, to meet O»B
line at F and meet horizorntal axis at D.

Step 10 : Torque line

The torque line separates stator and rotor copper
losses.
Note that as voltage axis is vertical, all the vertical
active components of currents or power inputs, if measured at
distances are proportional to
appropriate scale.
Thus the vertical distance AD represents power input at
short circuit i.e. Wey, which
consists of core loss and stator, rotor copper losses.
Now FD = 0G = Fixed loss
where OG is drawn perpendicular from 0' on horizontal axis. This
input on no load ie. fixed loss. represents power
Hence AF Sum of
stator and rotor copper
loSses
Then point E can be located as,
AE Rotor copper loss
EF
Stator copper loss
The line O»E under this
condition is
called torque line.
Power scale : As AD
voltage, the power scale canrepresents
be
WsN ie. power nput
obtained aS
on short circuit at normal

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nduction Machines 7-11 Circle Diagram and Special Machines

torque
Maximum
=
Maximum
oMN=

loss
Fixed
copper
TOSS

OUTPUT LITORQUE
NE

line
torque
Parallel
t

ofO'tor
A
endicul

O
from
circle
Tangent
tO
SN

Fig. 7.5.1
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Transformers and Induction Machines 7-12 Circle Diagram and
Special Mach
Mechines
Power scale = WSN W/cm
I(AD)

where I(AD) = Distance AD in cm

Location of Point E In a slip ring induction motor, the stator

resistance per phase
R, and rotor resistance per phase R, can be easily measured. Similarly by
ammeters in stator and rotor circuit, the currents I; and l, also can be measured introducing
K = I= Transformation ratio

Now
AI Rotor copper loss R2 1
EF Stator copper loss 1R RK?
R
But R, = = Rotor resistance referred to stator
K?
AE R2
EF Rj

Thus point E can be obtained by dividing line AF in the ratio R, to R,.

In a squirrel cage motor, the stator resistance can be measured by conducting
resistance test.

.. Stator copper loss = 3 1N R where lsN is phase value

Neglecting core loss, Ws = Stator Cu loss + Rotor Cu loss
:. Rotor copper loss = WsN -3 1 R
AE WsN -3IsN RÊ
EF
3N R
Dividing line AF in this ratio, the pointE can be obtained and hence OF repree
torque line.

7.5.1 Predicting Performance from Circle

Diagrams
Let motor is running by taking a current OP The var
as shown the Fig. 7.5.1. conditon
performance parameters can be obtained from the circle diagram at that load
Draw perpendicular from point P to meet output line at @torque line at R. the
line at S and horizontal axis at T.
We know the pOwer scale as obtained earlier.
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 Induction Machines 7-13 Circle Diagram and Special Machines
farstormersand

the power Scale and various distances, the values of the performance
('sing
be obtained as,
rameler can
PT x Power scale
motor input =
Fixed lOss = ST x Power scale

copper loSs = SR x Power scale

: Stator
loss = QR x Power scale
Rotor copper
Total loss = QT x Power scale
Rotor output = PQ x Power scale
Rotor input = PQ + QR = PRx Power scale
Rotor Cu loss QR
Slip s =
Rotor input PR

PT
Power factor cos =
OP

Output PQ
10. Motor efficiency = Input PT

!1. Rotor efficiency = Rotor output PQ

Rotor input PR

12 Rotor output PQ
Rotor input = 1-s =N PR
The torque is the rotor input in synchronous watts.

7.5.2 Maximum Quantities

The maximum values of various
parameters can also be obtained by using circle
diagram.
1. Maximum output: Draw a line parallel O'A and is also tangent to the circle
at point M. The point M can also be obtained by extending the
drawn from C on 0'A to meet the circle at M. Then the maximum
perpendicular
output is
given by l(MN) at the power scale. This is shown in the Fig. 7.5.1.
Maximum input : It occurs at the highest point on the circle i.e. at point L. At
spoint, tangent to the circle is horizontal. The maximum input is given l(LLO
at the power scale.
Maximum torque : Draw a line parallel to the torque line and is also tangent to
tne circle at point J. The point J can also be obtained by drawing perpendicular
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 7-14 Circle Diagram and Special
Transformers and Induction Machines Machine.
extending it to meet circle at point J.
from C on torque line and The 0K)
watts at the power Scale.
represents maximum torque in synchronous This torque
is also called stalling torque or pull out torque.
4. Maximum power factor : Draw a line tangent to the circle from the origin
meeting circle at point H. Draw a perpendicular from H on horizontal axis till it
meets it at point I. Then angle OHI gives angle corresponding to
power factor angle. maximum
:. Maximum p.f. = cos [Z OHI]
HI
OH
5. Starting Torque: The torque is proportional to the rotor input. At s = 1, rotor
input is equal to rotor copper loss i.e. 1(AE).
Tstart = l(AE) × Power scale In synch°onous watts

7.5.3 Full Load Condition

The full load motor output is given on the name plates in watts or hp. Calculate the
distance corresponding to the full load output using the power scale.
Parallel to
Then extend AD upwards from Voltage output line
A onwards, equal to the distance
corresponding to full load output, Full load output
Full load to power scale
say A'. Draw parallel to the output point
line O'A from A' to meet the circle
at point P. This is the point
corresponding to the full load Output
line
condition, as shown in the Fig. 7.5.2.
Once point P' is known, the other
performance parameters can be D
obtained easily as discussed above. Fig. 7.5.2 Locating full load point

Example 7.5.1 Draw the circle diagram for a 20 HP, 50 Hz, 3 phase, star connected
induction motor with the following data.
No load test :400 9 A, 0.2 pf.
Blocked rotor test : 200 V, 50 A, 0.4 p.f. lagging
lagging
Determine the line curent, efficiency and slip for full load condition from July-12,
the circleMarks
diagram.
14
Solution: From no load test, cos = 0.,2. on = 78.46°
From S.C. or blocked rotor test, cos. = 0.4. oe = 66.42° Ie = 50 A

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 andlnductio Machines 7-15 Circle Diagram and Special Machines

400
=100 A
IsN = 200
S3Vlc COS sc V3x 200x 50x 0.4= 6928.203 w

= 27712.81 W
WSN

WSN = V3VLI_N COS se =3x400x 100× 0.4 =27712.81 W

Choose current
scale say 1 cm =5 A
1. Draw vector O0=In =9A ie. 1.8 cm as per scale at an angle of 78.46° w.r.t.
voltage axis.
Draw horizontal line trom O parallel to X-axis.
Dew vector OA = I_N = 100 A ie. 20 cm as per scale at arn angle of 66.4° with
respect to voltage axis.
4, Join O' A, this is output line.
s Draw perpendicular bisector of OA to meet horizontal line drawn from 0' at
point C. This is centre of circle.
6 With C as centre and CO as radius draw semicircle to meet
horizontal line from
O' at point B.
7. Draw perpendicular from A on the X-axis to meet it at D.
I(AD) = 8.2 cm = WsN
. Power scale = WSN27712.81
I(AD) 8.2 3379.61 W/cm
8. Full load output is 20 HP i.e. 20x 735.5= 14710 W

As per scale, full load output 14710

3379.61 4.35 cm
Draw AA' such that AA' = 4.35 cm to locate full
load point.
9. Draw parallel to the output line
from A' to meet circle at point P. This is full
load point.
(OP) = Full load line current
= 6 cm= 6x5=30 A
p.f. = cos (angle made by OP with
voltage axis)
cos(30) = 0.866 lag
10. Draw vertical line fromP to intersect output line at Q, base
at S. line at R and X-axis

Efficiency,n = Output-x100 = PQx100 = t.20

Input PS 52 y100 = 80.75 %
QR = 10,4 %
Slip PR

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 7- 16 Circle Diagram and
Transfomers and Induction Machines Special
Machines

oltage

Fig. 7.5.3

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