EC-307
RF and Microwave Engineering
Unit 4 Microwave Passive Components: Low-frequency parameters: Impedance,
Admittance, ABCD parameters; High-Frequency parameters-S parameters,
Formulation, and Properties of S parameters, Reciprocal and lossless
Network
Unit 5 E-plane, H-plane Tees, Magic Tee, Hybrid rings, Directional couplers,
Power dividers, Attenuators, Phase shifters, Circulators, and Isolators
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Microwave Network Analysis
Circuit dimensions are small
Circuit operating at low-frequency
relative to the wavelength.
➢ Treated as an interconnection of lumped passive or active components.
➢ Unique voltages and currents are defined at any point in the circuit.
➢ There is negligible phase delay from one point in the circuit to another.
➢ The fields can be considered TEM fields supported by two or more conductors.
➢ Quasi-static type of solution to Maxwell’s equations and to the well-known
Kirchhoff voltage and current laws and impedance concepts of circuit theory.
Impedance Matrix Admittance Matrix
Scattering Matrix Transmission (ABCD) Matrix
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Benefits of Circuit Analysis:
➢ Much easier to apply simple and intuitive ideas of circuit analysis to a microwave
problem than it is to solve Maxwell’s equations for the same problem.
➢ Very easy to modify the original problem, or combine several elements together
and find the response, without having to reanalyze in detail the behavior of each
element in combination with its neighbors.
Benefits of Field Analysis:
➢ Gives us much more information about the particular problem under
consideration than we really want or need. That is because the solution to
Maxwell’s equations for a given problem is complete, it gives the electric and
magnetic fields at all points in space.
➢ There are situations, however, in which such circuit analysis techniques are an
oversimplification and may lead to erroneous results.
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Equivalent Voltages & Currents: TEM
➢ At microwave frequencies, voltage or current measurement is difficult (or
impossible), unless a clearly defined terminal pair is available.
➢ Such a terminal pair may be present in the case of TEM-type lines (such as
coaxial cable, microstrip line, or stripline).
➢ But does not strictly exist for non-TEM lines (such as rectangular, circular, or
surface waveguides).
5 Fig: Electric and magnetic field lines for
an arbitrary two-conductor TEM line.
Equivalent Voltages & Currents: non-TEM
➢ The situation is more difficult for waveguides.
➢ Thus it is seen that this voltage depends on the position, x, as well as the length
of the integration contour along the y direction.
➢ There is no “correct” voltage in the sense of being unique or pertinent for all
applications.
6 Fig: Electric field lines for the TE10
mode of a rectangular waveguide.
Equivalent Voltages & Currents: non-TEM
➢ There are many ways to define equivalent voltage, current, and impedance for
waveguides since these quantities are not unique for non-TEM lines, but the
following considerations usually lead to the most useful results:
➢ Voltage and current are defined only for a particular waveguide mode, and are
defined so that the voltage is proportional to the transverse electric field and the
current is proportional to the transverse magnetic field.
➢ In order to be useful in a manner similar to voltages and currents of circuit theory,
the equivalent voltages and currents should be defined so that their product gives
the power flow of the waveguide mode.
➢ The ratio of the voltage to the current for a single traveling wave should be equal
to the characteristic impedance of the line. This impedance may be chosen
arbitrarily but is usually selected as equal to the wave impedance of the line, or
else normalized to unity.
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Equivalent Voltages & Currents: non-TEM
➢ There
8 are
Concept of Impedance
➢ The term impedance was first used by Oliver Heaviside in the 19th century to
describe the complex ratio V/I in AC circuits consisting of resistors, inductors, and
capacitors.
➢ In the 1930s, S. A. Schelkunoff recognized that the impedance concept could be
extended to electromagnetic fields in a systematic way, and noted that
impedance should be regarded as characteristic of the type of field, as well as of
the medium.
➢ In addition, in relation to the analogy between transmission lines and plane wave
propagation, impedance may even be dependent on direction.
Intrinsic Impedance of the medium
Wave Impedance
Characteristic Impedance
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Impedance & Admittance Matrices
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Impedance & Admittance Matrices
❖ If the network is reciprocal (not containing any active devices or nonreciprocal
media, such as ferrites or plasmas):
❖ Impedance and admittance matrices are symmetric.
𝒁𝒊𝒋 = 𝒁𝒋𝒊 𝒀𝒊𝒋 = 𝒀𝒋𝒊
❖ If the network is lossless:
❖ Impedance and admittance matrices are purely imaginary.
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Reciprocal Networks
ഥ𝒂, 𝑬
Let 𝑬 ഥ𝒃, 𝑯
ഥ 𝒂, 𝑯
ഥ 𝒃 the fields anywhere in the network due to two independent sources, 𝑎 and 𝑏,
located somewhere in the network. Then the reciprocity theorem states that
❖ If the boundary walls of the network and transmission lines are metal,
❖𝑬 ഥ 𝒕𝒂𝒏 = 𝟎 on these walls (assuming perfect conductors.
❖ If the network or the transmission lines are open structures, like microstrip line or slotline,
❖ the boundaries of the network can be taken arbitrarily far from the lines so that 𝑬 ഥ 𝒕𝒂𝒏 = 𝟎
is negligible.
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Reciprocal Networks
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Lossless Networks
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Lossless Networks
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Scattering Matrix
❖ The difficulty in defining voltages and currents for non-TEM lines.
❖ A practical problem exists when trying to measure voltages and currents at microwave
frequencies
❖ Because direct measurements usually involve the magnitude (inferred from power) and phase of a
wave traveling in a given direction or of a standing wave.
❖ Thus, equivalent voltages and currents, and the related impedance and admittance matrices,
become somewhat of an abstraction when dealing with high-frequency networks.
❖ A representation more in accord with direct measurements, and with the ideas of the incident,
reflected, and transmitted waves, is given by the scattering matrix.
❖ Like the impedance or admittance matrix for an N-port network, the scattering matrix provides
a complete description of the network as seen at its N ports.
❖ The impedance and admittance matrices relate the total voltages and currents at the ports.
❖ The scattering matrix relates the voltage waves incident on the ports to those reflected from the
ports.
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Scattering Matrix
❖ For some components and circuits, the scattering parameters can be calculated using network
analysis techniques.
❖ Otherwise, the scattering parameters can be measured directly with a vector network analyzer.
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Scattering Matrix
❖ The incident waves on all ports except the 𝑗𝑡ℎ port are set to zero, which means that all ports
should be terminated in matched loads to avoid reflections.
❖ Thus, 𝑆𝑖𝑖 is the reflection coefficient seen looking into port 𝑖 when all other ports are
terminated in matched loads, and 𝑆𝑖𝑗 is the transmission coefficient from port 𝑗 to port 𝑖 when
all other ports are terminated in matched loads.
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Scattering Matrix
The total voltage and current at the nth port can be written as
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Reciprocal Networks
❑ The scattering matrix for a reciprocal network is symmetric, and the scattering matrix for a
lossless network is unitary.
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Lossless Networks
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Lossless Networks
A matrix that satisfies this condition is called a unitary matrix.
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A Shift in Reference Planes
❑ Because scattering parameters relate amplitudes (magnitude and phase) of traveling waves
incident on and reflected from a microwave network, phase reference planes must be
specified for each port of the network.
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A Shift in Reference Planes
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The Transmission (ABCD) Matrix
❑ The ABCD matrix of the cascade connection of two or more two-port networks can be
easily found by multiplying the ABCD matrices of the individual two-ports.
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The Transmission (ABCD) Matrix
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ABCD Parameters of Some Two-Port Circuits
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E-plane TEE
❖ An E-Plane Tee junction is formed by attaching a simple waveguide to the broader dimension
of a rectangular waveguide, which already has two ports.
❖ The arms of rectangular waveguides make two ports called Collinear Arm/Ports.
❖ The new one, Port-3 is called Side Arm or E-Arm. This E-plane Tee is also called Series Tee.
❖ The axis of the side arm is parallel to the electric field, this junction is called the E-Plane Tee
Junction. This is also called a Voltage or Series Junction.
❖ Ports 1 and 2 are 180° out of phase with each other.
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Properties of E-Plane Tee
1. It is a square matrix i.e. 3×3 matrix as there are 3 possible inputs and 3 possible outputs.
2. Scattering coefficients 𝑆13 and 𝑆23 are out of phase by 180° with an input at port 3.
3. The port is perfectly matched to the junction.
4. From the symmetric property,
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Properties of E-Plane Tee
Considering equations 3 & 4, the [S] matrix can be written as,
5. Considering Lossless property / Unitary Property,
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Properties of E-Plane Tee
Substituting the values from the above equations in [S] matrix, we get,
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H-plane TEE
❖ An H-Plane Tee junction is formed by attaching a simple waveguide to a rectangular
waveguide with two ports.
❖ The arms of rectangular waveguides make two ports called Collinear Arm/Ports.
❖ The new one, Port-3 is called Side Arm or H-Arm. This H-plane Tee is also called Shunt Tee.
❖ As the axis of the side arm is parallel to the magnetic field, this junction is called the H-Plane
Tee Junction. This is called the Current Jjunction, as the magnetic field divides itself into
arms.
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Properties of H-Plane Tee
1. It is a square matrix i.e. 3×3 matrix as there are 3 possible inputs and 3 possible outputs.
2. Scattering coefficients 𝑆13 and 𝑆23 are out of phase by 180° with an input at port 3.
3. The port is perfectly matched to the junction.
4. From the symmetric property,
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Properties of H-Plane Tee
Considering equations 3 & 4, the [S] matrix can be written as,
5. Considering Lossless property / Unitary Property,
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Properties of H-Plane Tee
Substituting the values from the above equations in [S] matrix, we get,
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E-H Plane TEE
❖ An E-H Plane Tee Junction is formed by attaching two simple waveguides one parallel and
the other series, to a rectangular waveguide that already has two ports. This is also called a
Magic Tee, or Hybrid or 3dB coupler.
❖ The arms of rectangular waveguides make two ports called Collinear Arm/Ports.
❖ Port-3 is called H-Arm or Sum Port or Parallel Port.
❖ Port-4 is called E-Arm or Difference Port or Series Port.
Characteristics of Magic Tee
▪ If a signal of equal phase and magnitude is sent to port 1 and
port 2, then the output at port 4 is zero and the output at port 3
will be the additive of both ports 1 and 2.
▪ If a signal is sent to E−arm then the power is divided between
ports 1 and 2 equally but in opposite phases, while there would
be no output at H-arm. Hence, 𝑆34 = 0.
▪ If a signal is fed at H-arm, then the power is divided between
ports 1 and 2 equally, while there would be no output at E-arm.
Hence, 𝑆43 = 0.
▪ If a signal is fed at one of the collinear ports, then there appears
no output at the other collinear port, as the E-arm produces a
phase delay and the H-arm produces a phase advance. So,
𝑆12 = 𝑆21 = 0.
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Properties of E-H Plane Tee
1. It is a square matrix i.e. 3×3 matrix as there are 4 possible inputs and 4 possible outputs.
2. As it has an H-plane Tee section and an E-plane Tee section both.
3. Ports 3 and 4 are perfectly matched to the junction.
4. From the symmetric property,
5. The E-Arm port and H-Arm port are so isolated that the other won't deliver an output if an
input is applied at one of them. Hence, this can be noted as
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Properties of E-H Plane Tee
Considering equations 3 & 4, the [S] matrix can be written as,
5. Considering Lossless property / Unitary Property,
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Properties of E-H Plane Tee
Substituting the values from the above equations in [S] matrix, we get,
Application of Magic Tee
▪ E-H Plane junction is used to measure the impedance − A null detector is connected to the E-Arm port
while the Microwave source is connected to the H-Arm port. The collinear ports together with these ports
make a bridge and the impedance measurement is done by balancing the bridge.
▪ E-H Plane Tee is used as a duplexer − A duplexer is a circuit that works as both the transmitter and the
receiver, using a single antenna for both purposes. Port 1 and 2 are used as receivers and transmitters
where they are isolated and hence will not interfere. An antenna is connected to the E-Arm port. A matched
load is connected to the H-Arm port, which provides no reflections. Now, there exists transmission or
reception without any problem.
▪ E-H Plane Tee is used as a mixer − The E-Arm port is connected to an antenna and the H-Arm port is
connected to the local oscillator. Port 2 has a matched load which has no reflections and port 1 has the mixer
circuit, which gets half of the signal power and half of the oscillator power to produce IF frequency.
▪ In addition to the above applications, an E-H Plane Tee junction is also used as a Microwave bridge,
Microwave discriminator, etc.
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Comparison of E-plane, H-Plane Tee, and Magic Tee
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Hybrid Ring
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