Test 1 Questions Final Part I (5/2024)
DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE
UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE (1) YANGON
Answer all questions.
Ten marks for each question.
1. What do you understand about (a) Mens Rea and (b) Actus Reus? Describe the factors needed to
consider for intention to kill in Murder cases.
2. What are the objectives of an autopsy? List the types of deaths in which forensic autopsy should be
done.
3. List modified forms of rigidity. How would you differentiate cadaveric spasm from rigour mortis?
4. Define "Hanging" and "Strangulation". How would you differentiate between hanging and
strangulation?
5. Define "Grievous Hurt" (M.P.C. section 320) and explain in detail the last clause.
6. How would you differentiate a split lacerated wound from an incised wound? List the types of
lacerated wounds. Describe the medico-legal importance of lacerated wounds.
7. List the four categories of bodily injury resulting in death. Describe about "Volitional power" after
injury.
8. Explain how to differentiate between entrance and exit wounds of a single missile firearm.
9. What are the purposes of investigation of death from burn? List agents responsible for causing burn
lesions? Describe the possible causes of death from burn.
10. Write short notes on:
(A) Maceration
(B) Traumatic asphyxia
(C) Effects of lightning on human body
UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE, MANDALAY
Date: 24.7.2024
Answer all questions.
1. Define "Forensic medicine". How would you prove that a person has intention to kill in a case of
murder so as to prove the law?
2. What do you understand about medical confidentiality? Describe the conditions where strict medical
confidentiality can be breached.
3. When may a doctor issue a death certificate? What are the practical points that should be
considered in writing a Medical Certificate of Cause of Death?
4. List the types of deaths in which forensic autopsy should be performed. Describe the different types
of autopsy technique for evisceration of organs.
5. Define death. Discuss the immediate signs of death.
6. Write a short account on hypostatic staining including its medico-legal importance.
7. How would you identify the sex and age from an intact human skull bone which was brought to you
by a police officer?
8. Define "drowning". Describe the post-mortem features of a case of death from drowning.
9. Discuss briefly about manual strangulation.
10. Write short notes on
(a) Medical evidence
(b) Medico-legal importance of clothing
(c) Sexual asphyxia
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Test 1 Questions Final Part I (5/2024)
UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE (2), YANGON
Answer all questions.
Ten marks for each question.
1. Describe briefly how Forensic Medicine can help trial court to prove certain points of law in cases of:
a) murder, b) rape, c) age assessment, d) criminal abortion. and e) hurt.
2. State and explain the common types of autopsy. Enumerate the types of death in which forensic
autopsy should be performed.
3. List the all possible changes in the human body after death. Briefly explain "cadaveric spasm".
Summarise the usual process of decomposition after death.
4. What are the characteristics used for personal identification in Forensic Medicine? How would you
differentiate sex of an individual from the pelvic girdle?
5. Write a complete medico legal report regarding age assessment of a Myanmar girl of age between
16-17 years.
6. Define "Drowning". Describe the specific postmortem features to diagnose death from drowning.
Classify the conditions where the lungs are relatively dry at autopsy even though it is a case of
drowning.
7. Mention the types of asphyxia caused by other than pressure around the neck. Explain "choking" in
asphyxia.
8. Discuss the routine procedure for examination of a medical witness in court.
9. Outline the legal procedure after the death of a person. When may a doctor issue the death
certificate? What are the objectives of issuing a death certificate? Give each example of causes of
death, recorded in correct sequence, regarding: a) accident, b) suicide, c) homicide, d) natural
disease, and e) Covid-19
10. Write short notes on:
a) Autopsy techniques of evisceration
b) Diagnostic tests for brainstem death
c) DNA in personal identification
UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE, MAGWAY
Answer all questions.
Ten marks for each question.
Date: 22.07.2024
1. Describe the definition of 'Forensic Medicine'. Enumerate the roles of 'Forensic Medicine'. Explain
about 'The knowledge of forensic medicine can be used (a) as a piece of circumstantial evidence
and (b) to check the correctness of the statement of a witness.'
2. Outline the medico-legal death investigation procedure. Mention the types of deaths in which
forensic autopsy should be necessary.
3. State the definition of 'Death'. What do you understand the term 'Somatic death'? Describe about
'Immediate signs of death'.
4. List the late changes after death. Describe the medico-legal importance of hypostatic staining. How
would you differentiate 'Hypostatic staining' from 'Bruise'?
5. Describe the medico-legal importance of personal identification. How would you determine sex from
a skull bone and a mandible?
6. Define 'Drowning'. List the possible causes of death in drowning. Explain about 'Dry lung drowning'.
Describe the conditions where the lungs are relatively dry at post-mortem examination.
7. Define 'Hanging'. Mention the possible causes of death in hanging. How would you describe the
ligature mark in a case of death with a ligature mark over the neck?
8. Describe briefly about conduct of a medical witness in trial court.
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Test 1 Questions Final Part I (5/2024)
9. State the legal procedure following a death. When may a doctor issue the death certificate? Explain
about 'Important points' in the medical certificate of cause of death.
10. Write short notes on
(A) Heat stiffening
(B) Medico-legal importance of clothing
(C) Duty of a doctor regarding summons
UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE, TAUNGGYI
Answer All questions.
Date - 22.7.2024
1. List the various branches of forensic medicine. Describe the following: (A) How Forensic Medicine
can be used to check the correctness of a witness in court? (B) How a medical witness can assist
the court in differentiating accident, suicide or homicide in a suspicious death?
2. Enumerate the types of death in which forensic autopsy should be done.
3. Define death. List the different types of death. Describe the diagnostic tests for brainster death and
mention the diagnosis of brain death.
4. Describe the medico-legal importance of hypostatic staining. How would you differentiate between
hypostatic staining and bruise?
5. How would you determine the sex and age from a skull bone including mandible brought to you by
the police?
6. Define 'Drowning'. Describe postmortem features to diagnose death from drowning?
7. List the various types of asphyxia caused by other than Pressure over Neck. Describe "Traumatic
asphyxia" and "Postural asphyxia".
8. Describe the legal procedure for attendance of a medical witness in a trial court.
9. Discuss briefly the components of "Medico-legal report". What are the duties of a medical officer
regarding Medico-legal reports?
10. Short notes on;
(a) Maceration
(b) Precipitin test
(c) Cross examination
3
Test 1 Questions Final Part I (5/2024)
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE (1) YANGON
Date -24-7-2024
Answer any six questions
1. List the causes of pancytopenia. Discuss the aetiology, clinical features, blood and bone marrow
features of aplastic anaemia.
2. Define and classify haemolytic anaemia. Discuss on laboratory diagnosis of thalassaemia.
3. Classify acute myeloid leukaemia. Discuss the clinical features, blood film and bone marrow
features of acute myeloid leukaemia.
4. Discuss the clinical features, and laboratory diagnosis of multiple myeloma. What are the causes of
death in multiple myeloma?
5. List the common congenital coagulation disorders. Discuss briefly on haemophilia.
6. List the acute complications of blood transfusion. Discuss haemolytic transfusion reaction.
7. Discuss briefly on differential diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy in a 45 year old man.
8. Add notes on
A. Myeloid leukemoid reaction
B. Coomb's test
UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE, MANDALAY
Date: 22-7-2024
Answer any Six questions.
1. Define Thalassemia. Discuss on clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of beta thalassemia
major.
2. What are the causes of a patient with normocytic normochromic anaemia? Discuss the mechanisms
of anaemia, peripheral blood film, bone marrow examination and diagnosis of them.
3. Enumerate the complications of blood transfusion reaction. Discuss the immune- mediated blood
transfusion reactions.
4. Classify acute leukaemia. Discuss clinical features, peripheral blood film and bone marrow pictures
of acute leukaemia.
5. Name the disorders associated with paraproteinaemia. Describe clinical features and laboratory
diagnosis of multiple myeloma.
6. Classify thrombocytopenia. Discuss on immune thrombocytopenic purpura.
7. Name the hereditary coagulation disorders. Write a short account on Hemophilia A.
8. Add notes:
a. G6PD deficiency
b. DIC
UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE (2), YANGON
Date 22.7.2024
Answer any six.
1. Name ABO blood groups, antigens in red cells and antibodies in serum of each. Describe clinical
significance of hemolytic disease of newborn.
2. Name disorders causing hemorrhagic diathesis. Describe pathogenesis of hemorrhagic tendency
due to coagulation abnormalities.
3. Classify causes of thrombocytopenia. Compare the characteristic of newly diagnosed or acute ITP
versus persistent and chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.
4. Describe clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of beta thalassaemia major.
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Test 1 Questions Final Part I (5/2024)
5. What are the causes of pancytopenia? Describe clinical features, complete blood picture and bone
marrow picture of aplastic anaemia.
6. What is a leukemoid blood picture? Describe the differences between leukemoid reactions and
leukaemia.
7. Describe Ann Arbor staging of lymphomas. Outline laboratory investigations required for staging of
lymphoma.
8. Add notes on;
(a) Direct antiglobulin test
(b) Red cell indices
UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE, MAGWAY
Answer six questions.
Date: 26.7.24
1. What are the differential diagnosis of hypochromic microcytic anaemia? Discuss the pathogenesis &
causes, and clinical features of iron deficiency anaemia.
2. Describe clinical features and complications, haematological, biochemical and additional
investigations of beta thalassemia major.
3. Discuss clinical and laboratory diagnosis of acute leukaemia.
4. List the disorders associated with paraproteinemia. Mention about pathophysiology and clinical
features of multiple myeloma.
5. List the complications of blood transfusion. Discuss briefly about immunological complications.
6. Write a short account on disseminated intravascular coagulation.
7. Discusses on Hodgkin lymphoma.
8. Short notes:
(a) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
(b) Bone marrow examination
UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE, TAUNGGYI
Answer any six questions
Date: 26.7.2024
1. Define anaemia. List the common causes of hypochromic microcytic anaemia. Describe clinical
features and laboratory diagnosis of megaloblastic anaemia due to Vitamin B12 deficiency.
2. List the causes of pancytopenia. Describe briefly on aplastic anaemia.
3. Classify acute leukaemia according to FAB classification. Discuss peripheral blood film and bone
marrow pictures of acute myeloid leukaemia.
4. A 6 year old male admitted to the hospital with chief complaints of multiple petechiae or
ecchymoses spontaneously occurred on the arms, legs and upper part of the chest. What is your
differential diagnosis? What investigation would you do to come to a most probable diagnosis?
5. List the congenital coagulation disorders. Discuss inheritance and diagnosis of haemophilia A.
6. Discuss briefly on acute immunologic complications of blood transfusion.
7. Discuss the differential diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy. Discuss on nodular sclerosis type of
Hodgkin lymphoma.
8. Add notes on
a. Lymphoid leukemoid reaction
b. Packed cell volume (PCV)
5
Test 1 Questions Final Part I (5/2024)
DEPARTMENT OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE
UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE 1, YANGON
Date: 22-7-2024
Question number 1 is compulsory.
1. (a) What do you understand about the terms of "Preventive Medicine" and "Public Health"? What
was the finding of epidemiological investigation by John Snow, during the cholera outbreak in 1845?
What are the roles of Preventive Medicine and Public Health for prevention and control of
communicable disease? (15mks) (b) Describe the levels of prevention. (10mks) (OR) (a) Define
Environmental Health. Mention the wider aspects of environmental issues which are more and more
complex for attainment of the healthy environment. (10mks) (b)What is safe and wholesome water?
List the diseases associated with water pollution. Describe the water purification process on a small
scale. (15mks)
2. Define the term "Food safety". What are the hazards of food adulteration and food preservation?
Draw schematic diagram of food sanitation process. Describe the importance of food sanitation and
milk sanitation in times of food-borne disease outbreak. (15mks)
3. Illustrate the sanitary barrier with the flow diagram. Explain the different types of sanitary excreta
disposal which can be used in urban and rural areas in different regions in Myanmar. (15mks)
4. What is a disaster? List disasters according to aetiology. Describe the roles of community and
health sectors during and after a flash flood. (15mks)
5. What is the ergonomics in occupational health? List the agricultural hazards encountered by
agricultural workers. Outline the prevention of occupational hazards and diseases in general.
(15mks)
6. Define epidemiology. What are the uses of epidemiology? Write in detail about morbidity
measurements. A program evaluates person-time units (years) at risk of a hypothetical population of
10 individuals in a 5-year cohort study for disease X as the following: Two persons developed the
disease after 1.5 years. Three persons showed the disease symptoms after 3 years. Another two
persons suffered from the disease after 3.5 years. One person lost to follow after 4 years. The rest
did not develop the disease during the 5-year study period. Calculate the incidence rate of that
disease X per 1000 person-years.
7. Write short notes on any three of the followings: (5 marks for each)
a) Iceberg phenomenon
b) Disinfection and disinfestation
c) Lifestyle influencing health
d) Healthy City
e) Quality of life
UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE, MANDALAY
Date : 26-7-2024
Answer six questions. Question number (1) is compulsory.
1. (a) What do you understand about health, disease, illness and sickness? (5 marks) (b) Discuss the
changing concepts of disease causation. (10 marks) (c) Describe the important determinants of
health. (10 marks)
2. Define social medicine and socialisation. (4M) Describe aspects of social medicine. (6M) Explain the
help seeking behaviour. (5m)
3. (a) Define health indicators and describe the characteristics of health indicators. What are the
indicators of social and mental health? (8) marks (b) List the diseases included in the current
immunisation schedule in Myanmar. Describe the measures for prevention of adverse events
following immunization. (7 marks)
6
Test 1 Questions Final Part I (5/2024)
4. (a) What is food? List the food-borne diseases. Draw a schematic diagram of the food sanitation
process. (7 marks) (b) Describe the role of the health sector in times of disaster. (8 marks)
5. What are the water pollutants? List the diseases associated with water pollution. Describe the
methods for disinfection of water. (15 marks)
6. (a) Define epidemiology and list the uses of epidemiology. (5 marks) (b) A new screening test for
colorectal cancer is being evaluated with the following characteristics: Prevalence of Colorectal
Cancer: 5%, Sensitivity: 78%, Specificity: 88%, Number of Individuals Screened: 1,000. Calculate
the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) of the test. Interpret the
PPV and NPV in the context of the screening test. (10 marks)
7. Write short notes on any three of the following. (5 marks each)
a. Sanitation barrier
b. Housing and Health
c. Management of fairs and festivals
d. Occupational hazards
e. Emerging diseases
UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE (2), YANGON
Answer Six questions. Question Number (1) is compulsory.
Date: 24-7-2024
1. What are the characteristics of "Randomised Control Trial"? Write a short account of RCT. (4M)
Discuss the "Tools of Trade in Epidemiology."(7M) Write a short account of the preventive potential
of disease occurrence. (7M)) Briefly discuss the strengths and weaknesses of analytical studies.
(7M)
2. (a) What do you understand about Social Medicine, Socialised Medicine, Socialization, and
Society? (6M) (b) Discuss the psychosocial concept of health, social dimensions, and influence of
socioeconomic factors in health and disease. (9M)
3. (a) Briefly discuss climate change adaptation and mitigation. (6M) (b) Outline the fundamental
aspects of disaster with a disaster cycle diagram. (5M) (c) Why do communicable diseases increase
during a disaster? (4M)
4. (a) Describe the suitable sanitary excreta disposal method/s, and refuse disposal method for rural
communities. Draw a sketch diagram whenever necessary. (10M) (b) What do you understand
about food fortification, food additives, and food adulteration? (5M)
5. (a) Define epidemiology.(2M) What are the uses of epidemiology? (5M) (b) Mention the chains of
infectious diseases. (2M) Briefly describe the mode of transmission with examples. (6M)
6. (a) What do you understand about the terms of "Preventive Medicine" and "Public Health"? (3M)
Briefly discuss the roles of "Preventive Medicine" and "Public Health" for the Prevention and Control
of communicable diseases? (6M) (b) What are the uses and characteristics of health indicators?
(6M)
7. Write short notes on any Three of the following. (5M each)
a) Indices of Quality of Life
b) Epidemic Curve
c) Health Promotion vs. Specific health protection
d) Disinfection vs. Disinfestations
e) Incidence vs. Prevalence
7
Test 1 Questions Final Part I (5/2024)
UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE MAGWAY
Date : 24.7.2024
Answer only Six questions. Question Number (1) is compulsory.
1. Define Preventive Medicine and Social Medicine. What are the characteristics of ideal health
indicators? Explain how the natural history of diseases and levels of prevention are correlated with
using diagrams. (25 marks)
2. What is a disaster? List the types of disaster. Briefly discuss preparation for flood by local health
personnels in disaster management. What are the possible consequences of floods and reasons of
severe diarrhoea outbreak after floods. (15 marks)
3. (a) How can you prevent occupational diseases in general? Discuss briefly Ergonomic - hazards. (b)
Describe the most suitable method for electronic waste disposal. (15 marks)
4. (a) List the occupational agents causing environmental air pollution. How does air pollution impact
human beings and the environment? (b) Discuss the influence of lifestyle on the health status of the
community and mention how you measure quality of life. (15 marks)
5. What are the factors influencing the selection of a type of latrine? Mention the requirements of
sanitary excreta disposal. Describe the features of ventilation improved latrine with diagrams. (15
marks)
6. (a) What do you understand about adaptation and mitigation measures of climate change? (b)
Discuss about sanitary management of Shwe -Set -Taw fair and festival. (15 marks)
7. Write short notes on any Three of the followings: (5 marks each)
a) Socialisation
b) Management of food safety by Food and Drug administration Department
c) Chlorination of shallow well
d) Criteria for healthful housing
e) Types of disinfection
UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE, TAUNGGYI
Date: 24.7.2024
Answer only SIX questions. Question No. 1) is compulsory.
1. (a) Define preventive medicine and social medicine. Describe the aspects of social medicine. (10
marks) (b) Define family. Describe the types of the family. (5 marks) (c) Discuss the role of family in
health and disease. (10 marks)
2. (a) Briefly describe the natural history of the disease. (7 marks) (b) How would you intercept the
progression of diseases at each period of natural history? Explain the mode of intervention. (8
marks)
3. (a) Discuss the criteria for healthful housing. (7 marks) (b) Discuss the steps involved in the
purification of water on a small scale. (8 marks)
4. (a) Describe the major air pollutants, their sources, and adverse effects. (5 marks) (b) How would
you prevent the agricultural hazards encountered among agricultural workers? (10 marks)
5. (a) Define disaster. Give the reasons why disaster can increase the transmission of communicable
diseases. (5 marks) (b) Draw the disaster cycle and describe the health sector's role in times of
disaster. (10 marks)
6. (a) Describe the factors that influence the health status of a community. (7 marks) (b) Enumerate
the uses and characteristics of health indicators. Briefly describe the mortality indicators. (8 marks)
7. Write short notes on any Three of the following. (5 marks each)
a) Iceberg phenomenon
b) Spectrum of health
c) Physical quality of life index (PQLI)
d) Sanitation barrier
e) Types of disinfection
8
