Chapter 14
Metallic elements
& Alloys.
Lesson 14.1 The
properties of
metals.
Lesson 14.2 Uses
of metals.
Lesson 14.3 Alloys.
Table Of Contents
01 Introduction
02 Physical properties of metals
Chemical properties of metals
03
04 Uses of metals 05 Alloys
Introduction
• Most of the elements ( 70 out of 118
elements)can be classified as metals .
• Metals are positioned to the left of the
periodic table.
• Metallic character decreases as we go
across the periodic table(from left to
right).
• The metals form a group of elements
whose structures are held together by
metallic bonding.
Introduction
• Non-metals lie to the right of the periodic
table.
• They tend to have properties opposite to
that of metals.
• Non-metals form either a simple molecular
covalent structures as(H2 , O2, CO2, H2O,
NH3, CH4,……) or giant structures like
carbon in the form of diamond & graphite .
Physical property Metals Non-metals
Melting point & Boiling point. • Metals are usually solids (except for • Many non-metals are solids or gases
mercury which is liquid at room at room temperature(except for
temperature). bromine which is liquid at room
• Many metals have high melting temperature).
&boiling points. • Their melting & boiling points are
very low.
Electrical conductivity. • All metals are good conductors of • Non-metals are poor conductors of
electricity. electricity(except for graphite)(They
tend to be insulators).
Thermal conductivity. • Metals are good conductors of heat. • Non-metals are generally poor
conductors of heat.(except
diamond)
Malleability & Ductility. • The shape of a piece of metal can • Non-metals are not malleable(They
be changed by are brittle & break easily when hit).
hammering(malleable).
• They can be stretched into wires
(ductile).
Strength & hardness. • Metals are usually strong& dense. • They are softer than metals(but
diamond is very hard) & densities
are often low.
Ability to produce a sound. • Metals usually make a ringing • Non-metals are not sonorous).
sound when struck(They are
sonorous).
Colour & appearance. • Metals are grey in colour (except • Non-metals vary in colour . They
for gold & copper). often have a dull surface when
solid.
Metals
Physical properties of Metals
• All metals have these physical properties:
• Malleable(They can be bent into sheets
without breaking).
• Ductile (They can be stretched into
wires).
• Conductors (They are good conductors
of electricity & heat).
Physical properties of Metals
• Some metals have these physical properties:
• They are shiny when polished( except
group 1).
• They are strong(except group 1).
• They have high melting &
boiling points(except group 1).
• They have high density (except group
1).
• They are solids(except mercury).
State the names of the following:
A non metal that
conducts electricity.
• Graphite.
• Sodium & Potassium.
Two metals that are soft. • Mercury.
• Diamond.
A metal that is liquid at
room temperature.
A non metal that
conducts heat well.
Chemical properties of Metals
• Metals are reducing agents.
The valency of metal ion
• They react with oxygen to
Metals react by losing is the same as the group form oxides.
electrons forming number except transition • Metal oxides are bases , they
positive ions. metals which have more neutralise acids forming salts
than one valency. & water.
• Metals react with non-metals
forming ionic compound.
Chemical properties of Metals
• Many metals react with oxygen to form basic oxides.
• For example;
• Magnesium burns in air or oxygen forming basic oxide ( a white powder of
magnesium oxide).
• The basic oxide produced dissolves slightly in water.
Chemical properties of Metals
• Many metals react with oxygen to form basic
oxides.
• For example;
• Iron burns in oxygen & the basic oxide
produced doesn’t dissolve in water.
Corrosion or rusting
When metal is attacked by water &
air frequently , it corrodes.
The corrosion in case of iron &
steel is named rusting.
Aluminium doesn’t corrode due to
formation of thin single protective
layer of Aluminium oxide that
protects it from corrosion.
• Rust is reddish brown flaky solid , it is
hydrated iron(Ⅲ) oxide (Fe2O3.X H2O).
Corrosion or rusting
Sea water, acid
rain increases the
rate of corrosion.
Pure oxygen
increases the rate
of corrosion.
Chemical properties of Metals
• Reaction of metal with water / steam.
• Reactive metals like sodium, potassium& calcium react
with cold water to produce the metal hydroxide &
hydrogen gas.
• Metal + water Metal hydroxide+ Hydrogen.
• Magnesium only reacts very slowly in cold water . However, a much more vigorous reaction takes place if
steam passed over heated magnesium. The magnesium glows brightly to form hydrogen & magnesium
oxide. The hydrogen given off can be burnt when lit with a splint.
Chemical properties of Metals
• Zinc & iron will react in a similar way if steam is passed over the heated metal.
Metal + Cold water Metal hydroxide+ Hydrogen.
Metal+ Steam Metal oxide+ Hydrogen.
Chemical properties of Metals
• Reaction of metal with dilute hydrochloric acid:
Metal + Dil. Hydrochloric acid Metal chloride+ Hydrogen.
Uses of metals
Uses of aluminum
Aluminum in the manufacture of aircrafts due to low density
Aluminum has low density due to its lightweight atoms, making it an ideal for
manufacturing structures.
Aluminum in the manufacture of electrical cables because of its low density
& good electrical conductivity.
Low density as it is light weight & easy to move around.
Good electrical conductivity-delocalized electrons are free to move around &
carry charge.
Aluminum in food containers because of its resistance to corrosion.
Resistant to corrosion, forms an aluminum oxide layer to reduce further
oxidation.
Uses of metals
Uses of copper
Copper in electrical wiring because of good electrical conductivity &
ductility.
Good electrical conductivity (delocalized electrons are free to move around &
carry charge).
Ductility (able to be stretched & drawn out through a wire without breaking)
Copper in cooking utensils(Saucepans)
Good conductor of heat –High melting point-Unreactive, so corrosion resistant.
Copper in pipes
Copper in making alloys
Brass (alloy of copper & zinc)-Bronze(alloy of copper &tin)
Uses of metals
Uses of zinc
Zinc in galvanizing
Sacrificial protection
Battery (cell)
Coinage
Galvanization/The process of
Sacrificial protection/A more reactive
applying a protective zinc coating to
element (Mg / Zn ) is attached to iron
iron or steel to prevent
& it corrodes instead of it.
rusting.(Dipping iron into molten zinc)
Uses of metals
Alloys
Alloys are metal compounds made by
combining a metal with other elements. This process is carried out to give the
material greater strength or resistance to
They are made by melting metals together,
corrosion & increase the range of uses.
then cooled.
Alloy is a mixture of An alloy can conduct
elements, it is not a The only non-metal in electricity but less
compound(not alloys is carbon. efficient than pure
chemically combined) metal.
Alloys
Alloys generally have greater strength & hardness than pure metals,
meaning their utility in the manufacture of other materials is more varied.
Stainless steel is much harder than pure iron, which is very soft.
Structure of alloys
The atoms in a pure metal are arranged in a regular layers .
When a force is applied , the layers can slide over each other .
When an alloy is made using a
mixture of metals or a metal
with non metal , the alloy is not
simply a mixture of different
crystal regions but the atoms of
the second element form part of
the overall crystal lattice.
Uses of alloys
Brass
• Alloy of copper & zinc.
• Used to make musical instruments , doorknobs , door knocker,
ornaments & electric connections.
Bronze
• Alloy of copper & tin
• Used to make statues & machine parts.
Uses of alloys
Mild steel
• Alloy of iron(99.75⸓) & carbon(0.25⸓)
• Used to make car bodies, machinery & nails.
Hard steel
• Alloy of iron(99⸓) & carbon(1⸓)
• Used to make bridges, railway lines , building constructions, knives
&hammers.
Uses of alloys
Stainless steel
• Alloy of iron, chromium ,nickel& carbon(0.5⸓).
• Used to make cutlery, kitchen sinks , pipes , surgical tools &
chemical plants(factories).
(mainly chromium) not
Stainless steel is by excluding oxygen) A protective oxide
prevented from • The transition metals layer on their surface
rusting by mixing it chromium & nickel are & so are resistant to
with other metals similar to aluminium in corrosion.
that they form
Structure of alloys
Summary questions
Answer/ C
Answer/ B
Summary questions
Answer/ A
Answer/ A
Summary questions
Answer/ A
Answer/ C
Summary questions
Answer/ B
Answer/ C
Summary questions
Answer/ A
Answer/ A
Summary questions
Answer/ A
Answer/ D
Summary questions
Answer/ D
Answer/ B
Summary questions
Ductile
Electrons
(s) 2 (L) (aq) H2 (g)
Summary questions
MetallicAnswer/
bonding
Lighted splint
Pop sound
Summary questions
MetallicAnswer/
bonding
Lighted splint
Pop sound
Summary questions
MetallicAnswer/
bonding
Pop sound
Ferrous
Lighted splint Hydrogen
chloride
Good conductors of electricity
Malleable(Can be hammered without breaking)
Ductile(Can be stretched into wires)
Summary questions
Doesn’t conduct
Doesn’t conduct
It has low density
Summary questions
It has low density
It is a good conductor of electricity
Periodic Table Of The Element
1 2
H He
Alkaline Earth
Alkali Metals Non Metals Lanthanides
Metals
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be Post Transition B C N O F Ne
Transition Metals Metalloids Nobel Gases
Metals
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Actinides Unknown Properties
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 E 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba 51-71
Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Au Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 E 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra 89-103
Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Re Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Lr Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
