DAYA

WATI
MODI
ACAD
EMY

Season: 2024-25
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
Simple and compound microscope

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Rajeev Saxena Mohd. Mustafa

Class: “C”
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my immense
gratitude to My Physics teacher
Rajeev Saxena for the help and guidance he
provided for completing this project.

I also thank my parents who gave their ideas

and inputs in making this project.

Most of all I thank our school

management, for providing us the
opportunity to do this project.

Lastly, I would like to thanks my classmates

who have helped me in this project their
support made this project fruitful.

 Mohd. Mustafa
 C E R T I F ICAT E
This is to certify that
Mohd. Mustafa
Has successfully completed his Physics
project titled
Simple and Compound Microscope’s
Under the supervision and guidance of

Rajeev Saxena
In the partial fulfillment of the Chemistry practical
Assessment conducted during
The academics year
2024-2025

EXAMINER TEACHER
 INDEX
1. Introduction to Microscopes
2. Simple Microscope
 What is a Simple Microscope?
 Components of a Simple Microscope
 How Simple Microscopes Work
3. Complex Microscope
 What is a Complex Microscope?
 Types of Complex Microscopes (e.g., Light, Electron)
 Components of a Complex Microscope
 How Complex Microscopes Work
4. Comparison Between Simple and Complex Microscopes
5. Conclusion
1. Introduction to Microscopes
A microscope is a scientific instrument used to view
objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.
These devices have been essential in various fields like
biology, medicine, and materials science, allowing us to
study cells, microorganisms, and the structure of
materials. The word "microscope" comes from the Greek
words "mikros," meaning small, and "skopein," meaning
to look or examine.
The first compound microscope was developed in the
late 16th century by Zacharias Janssen, though it
became widely used in the 17th century. Scientists like
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek made significant discoveries
with early microscopes, including the observation of
bacteria and blood cells.
Today, microscopes range from simple magnifiers to
complex instruments like electron microscopes, which
can magnify objects millions of times. They have
revolutionized our understanding of the microscopic
world and continue to play a crucial role in advancing
scientific research.
This project will explore both simple and complex
microscopes, their components, how they work, and
their applications in science.
 2. Simple Microscope

A simple microscope is a magnifying glass that has a

double convex lens with a short focal length. The
examples of this kind of instrument include the hand
lens and reading lens. When an object is kept near the
lens, then it’s principal focus with an image produced,
which is erect and bigger than the original object. The
formed image is virtual and cannot be projected on a
screen like a real image.
Following are the parts of the simple microscope with
their functions:
Eyepiece: It is the lens that is used to study the samples and is
placed at the top. It has a magnification of 10X to 15X.
Base: This provides support to the microscope.
Tube: This is used to connect the eyepiece to the objective lenses.
Objective lenses: These are found with the magnification of 10X,
40X and 100X and are colour coded. The lower power lenses are
the shortest lens and the highest power lenses are the longest
lens,
Revolving nose-piece: This is also known as the turret. It is used
for holding of other objective lens and can be rotated while
viewing the samples
Diaphragm: It is used to control the amount of light that passes
through the stage
Stage: It is the platform used for placing the slides with samples.
Stage clip: These are used to hold the slides in the proper place.
Coarse adjustment knob: It is used to focus on scanning.
Fine adjustment knob: It is used to focus on oil.
Arm: It is used to support the tube and connects to the base of the
microscope
Power switch: The main power switch used to tum on or off the
microscope
Condenser: It is used to focus the light on the sample and 400X
power ensues are used.
 3. Compound Microscope
Real and magnified images of minuscule particles or objects can
be achieved using a combination of lenses. A compound
microscope is an intricate gathering of a combination of lenses
that renders a highly maximized and magnified image of
microscopic living entities and other complex details or tissues
and cells.
Parts of Compound Microscope:-
The parts of the compound microscope can be categorized into:
Mechanical parts
Optical parts

(A) Mechanical Parts of a Compound Microscope

1.Foot or base

It is a U-shaped structure and supports the entire weight of

the compound microscope.

2.Pillar

It is a vertical projection. This stands by resting on the base

and supports the stage.

3.Arm

The entire microscope is handled by a strong and curved

structure known as the arm.

4.Stage

The flat and rectangular plate that is connected to the

arm's lower end is called the stage. The specimen is
placed on the stage for studying and examining the
various features. The center of the stage has a hole
through which light can pass.

5.Inclination joint

It is a joint, wherein the arm is fastened to the compound

microscope's pillar. The microscope can be tilted using the
inclination joint.
6.Clips

The upper part of the stage is connected to two clips. The

slide can be held in its position with the help of the clips.

7.Diaphragm

The diaphragm is fastened below the stage. It controls and

adjusts the intensity of light that passes into the microscope.

The diaphragm can be of two types:

 Disc diaphragm
 Iris diaphragm

8. Nose piece
A space is circular and rotating metal part that is
connected to the body tubes lower end. The nose
piece has three holes wearing the objective lenses
are embedded.
9. Body Tube
The upper part of the arm of the microscope com-
prises a hollow and tubular structure known as
the body tube. the body tube can be Shifted up
and down using adjustment knobs.
10. Fine adjustment knob
It is the smaller knob, which is used for sharp and
fine focusing on the object. For accurate and sharp
focusing, this knob can be used.
11. Coarse adjustment knob
It is a very large knob that is used for moving the
Tube down and up for bringing the object to exa-
mined under exact focus.
(B) Optical parts of compound microscope
1. Eyepiece lens or Ocular

At the top of the body tube, a lens is planted which

is known the eyepiece. On the rim of the eyepiece, there are

certain markings such as

5X, 10X, 15X, etc. Which indicates the magnification power.

The object’s magnifed image can be observed with the help
of an eyepiece.

2.Mirror

A mirror is found attached wither to the pillar or the lower

end of the arm. It consists of a concave mirror on one side
and a plain mirror on the

Other side. It can be used for reflection of light rays into the
microscope

3.Objective lenses

At the bottom of the body tube, there are two objective

lenses, which are connected to the revolving nose piece. The
three objective lenses

Are as follows:

.Oil immersion objective – 100X

•High power objective -45X

-Low power objective- 10X

4. Comparison Between Simple and Complex Microscopes

Simple
Feature Complex Microscope
Microscope
Low (up to
Magnification High (up to millions of times)
10x or 20x)
Number of 1 (single
Multiple lenses
Lenses lens)
Visible light (light
Type of Light
Natural light microscope) or electron
Used
beams (electron microscope)
Viewing
Viewing cells, viruses, and
Uses larger
other minute objects
objects
Cost Low High

5. Conclusion
In conclusion, microscopes have played a pivotal role in
advancing science and our understanding of the world. Simple
microscopes, with their basic structure and low magnification,
are suitable for examining relatively larger objects, while
complex microscopes offer much higher magnification and are
used in specialized scientific research to explore the
microscopic world in greater detail.