電磁學(一)
Electromagnetics (I)
課程編號： EE2010 班次：02
授課教師：林晃巖
時間： (一) 3-4 / (二)7
地點：電機二館 106
CHAPTER3
Maxwell’s Equations in Differential Form,
and Uniform Plane Waves in Free Space
Midterm
• The integral forms of Maxwell’s equations contain all the information
pertinent to the interdependence of the field and source quantities
over a given region in space. (Ch 2)
• Derive Maxwell’s equations in differential form by applying Maxwell’s
equations in integral form to infinitesimal closed paths, surfaces, and
volumes, in the limit that they shrink to points.
• The differential forms of Maxwell’s equations apply directly to the field
vectors and source densities at a given point.
3.1 FARADAY’S LAW AND AMPÈRE’S CIRCUITAL LAW
Faraday’s law, special case
aˆ y aˆ y 0
aˆ x aˆ x 1
(差分
方程)
(微分方程)
Faraday’s law in differential form for
the simple case of E given by (3.2)
Faraday’s law, general case
Difference Eqs. useful for numerical sol.!
aˆ y aˆ y
the space derivatives are all lateral derivatives
the curl of E or del cross E
• Maxwell’s equation in differential form corresponding to Faraday’s
law
• At a point in an electromagnetic field, the curl of the electric field
intensity is equal to the time rate of decrease of the magnetic flux
density
• For a static vector field to be realized as an electric field, the
components of its curl must all be zero.
• It is independent of the coordinate system since (3.1) is independent
of the coordinate system.
The Expression of Curl in Different Coordinates
Ampère’s circuital law, general case
the displacement current density
x
• Maxwell’s equation in differential form corresponding to Ampere’s
law
• At a point in an electromagnetic field, the curl of magnetic field
intensity is equal to the sum of the current density due to flow of
(free) charges and the displacement current density
• For a static vector field to be realized as an magnetic field, the
components of its curl must all be equal to
• (a) zero, at source-free points
• (b) those of current density, at the point with current density.
• It is independent of the coordinate system.
Ampère’s circuital law, special case
a magnetic field directed everywhere in the y-direction and
uniform in planes parallel to the xy-plane.
Ampère’s circuital law in differential form for
the simple case of H given by (3.23).
Hy
Hy
Lumped circuit theory approximations (Low Freq.)
• In the strictest sense, every physically realizable pair of time-varying
electric and magnetic fields must satisfy simultaneously both laws as given
by (3.17) and (3.21). (Chap. 3,4)
• Under the low-frequency approximation, it is valid for the fields to satisfy
the laws with certain terms neglected in one or both laws.
• Lumped-circuit theory is based on such approximations.
• The terminal voltage-to-current relationship for an inductor
• (Faraday’s law)
– by ignoring the time-varying electric field term in Ampère’s circuital law.
• The terminal current-to-voltage relationship for a capacitor
• (Ampère’s circuital law)
– by ignoring the time varying magnetic field term in Faraday’s law.
• The terminal voltage-to-current relationship for a resistor
– by ignoring the effects of both time-varying electric field and time-
varying magnetic field.
• Electromagnetic wave propagation phenomena and transmission-line
(distributed circuit) theory are based on the simultaneous application of the
two laws with all terms included, that is, as given by (3.17) and (3.21). (Chap. 6~)
Simultaneous satisfaction of Laws
Faraday’s law
Ampère’s circuital law
Iteration can’t solve the problem!
It’s not an EM wave!
Faraday’s law
Please check that E & B can also satisfy Ampere Law (special case)!
E & B can satisfy Faraday and Ampere Laws (special cases) simultaneously!
Faraday + Ampere Laws Wave Equation (Sec. 3.4)
E & B is an plane EM wave solution! (Sec. 3.4)
Stationary loop in a time-varying magnetic field
Ampère’s law Faraday’s law
Faraday
Ampere
• Radiation from antenna
• the time-varying current generates
a time-varying magnetic field H(t),
which surrounds the wire.
• Time-varying electric and magnetic
fields, E(t) and H(t), are then
produced in succession, thereby
giving rise to electromagnetic
waves.
? Iteration
• Applying Ampère’s circuital law,
• From Gauss’ law for the electric field,
(by symmetry)
• From the law of conservation of charge I
• The same result holds for any contour C lying in any
plane passing through the origin and surrounding the
point charge Q(t) and the wire in the right-hand sense Q(t)
as seen looking along the positive z-axis.
Iteration is OK! Ampère’s circuital law and Gauss law are consistent!
