Specific Learning
Disorder
Dyslexia, Dysgraphia, Dyscalculia
Presented by
Kaaba khan mspsy-2023-18
Alina mspsy-2023-02
Ayesha Amjad mspsy-2023-42
maria mspsy-2023-45
lubna arshad mspsy-2023-19
Samia Walyat mspsy-2023-23
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a common learning
difficulty that mainly causes
problems with reading, writing
and spelling. Dyslexia is not
due to problems with
intelligence, hearing or vision.
Most children with dyslexia
can succeed in school with
tutoring or a specialized
education program. Emotional
support also plays an
important role.
Etiology
Dyslexia results from individual differences in the
parts of the brain that enable reading. It tends to run
in families. Dyslexia appears to be linked to certain
genes that affect how the brain processes reading and
[Link] can be genetic and research has
suggested that a number of inherited genes may
predispose someone to develop this brain disorder .It
is strongly associated with chromosome 6 in people
with dyslexia.
School Age
Reading well below the expected level for age
Symptoms of Dyslexia
Problems processing and understanding what
is heard
Difficulty finding the right word or forming
answers to questions
Problems remembering the sequence of things
Difficulty seeing (and occasionally hearing)
similarities and differences in letters
Before School
Late talking
Learning new words slowly
Problems forming words correctly
Problems remembering or naming letters,
numbers and colors
Teens and Adults
Difficulty learning nursery rhymes or
Difficulty reading, including reading aloud
playing rhyming games
Slow and labor-intensive reading and writing
Mispronouncing names or words, or problems
retrieving words
Difficulty summarizing a story
Difficulty spelling
Avoiding activities that involve reading
TReatment
How to help kids with dyslexia
1. Multi-sensory instruction in decoding
skills.
2. Repetition and review of skills.
3. Small group or individual instruction.
4. Teaching decoding skills.
5. Drilling sight words. Drilling is asking
over and over repeatedly, multiple
times per day.
Dysgraphia
Writing disability
Dysgraphia is a neurological disorder
characterized by writing disabilities.
Specifically, the disorder causes a
person's writing to be distorted or
incorrect. In children, the disorder
generally emerges when they are first
introduced to writing.
Etiology
If dysgraphia appears in childhood, it’s usually the result of
a problem with orthographic coding. This is an aspect of
working memory that allows you to permanently remember
written words, and the way your hands or fingers must
move to write those words.
When dysgraphia develops in adults, the cause is usually a
stroke or other brain injury. In particular, injury to the
brain’s left parietal lobe may lead to dysgraphia. You have
a right and left parietal lobe in the upper part of your brain.
Each is associated with a range of skills, such as reading
and writing, as well as sensory processing, including pain,
heat, and cold.
Symptoms of Dysgraphia
incorrect spelling and capitalization.
mix of cursive and print letters.
inappropriate sizing and spacing of letters.
difficulty copying words.
slow or labored writing.
difficulty visualizing words before writing them.
unusual body or hand position when writing.
treatment
Occupational therapy may be helpful in
improving handwriting skills. Therapeutic
activities may include:
holding a pencil or pen in a new way to
make writing easier
working with modeling clay
tracing letters in shaving cream on a desk
drawing lines within mazes
doing connect-the-dots puzzles
dyscalculia
Mathematics Disability
Dyscalculia is a specific and persistent
difficulty in understanding numbers which
can lead to a diverse range of difficulties
with mathematics.
Etiology
Here are two possible causes of dyscalculia:
Genes and heredity: Dyscalculia tends to run in
families. Research shows that genetics may also
play a part in problems with math. Brain
development: Brain imaging studies have shown
some differences between people with and without
dyscalculia.
Symptoms of Dyscalculia
Have difficulty recognizing numbers.
Be delayed in learning to count.
Struggle to connect numerical symbols
(5) with their corresponding words (five)
Have difficulty recognizing patterns and
placing things in order.
Lose track when counting.
Need to use visual aids — like fingers —
to help count.
Treatment
Treatment usually takes the form of one-
on-one learning programs.
The programs are symptom-specific and
focus on what a child struggles with most.
For adults, the focus is on helping them
compensate for dyscalculia using
technology or other methods.
For acquired dyscalculia, there are
possible treatments.
Any
questions
Thank you
very much
