Lesson 8.
Animal Reproduction and
Development
General Biology 2
1/2
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Animals,
alongside plants,
are among the
most successful
organisms on
the planet due
to the diversity
of their
adaptations.
2
The alternation
between the
reproduction and
development in
animals
significantly
contributes to
their survival for
many
generations.
3
Diverse forms of
reproductive
mechanisms exist
in the animal
kingdom, all of
which allows the
next generations
to inherit the
genetic material of
the species. 4
How does the life cycle of an
animal begin?
5
Learning Competency
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:
Compare and contrast reproduction and
developmental processes in plants and
animals (STEM_BIO11/12 -IVa-h-1).
6
Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:
● Describe the life cycle of animals.
● Discuss the processes involved in animal
reproduction.
● Describe the stages of animal development
7
General Animal Life Cycle
Embryo
Embryogenesis Organogenesis
Zygote Young
Fertilization Maturation
Gametogenesis
Gametes Adult
8
General Animal Life Cycle
Fertilization
Embryogenesis
Gametogenesis
Organogenesis
Maturation
9
Metamorphosis: Atlas moth (Attacus sp.)
Larva Adult
Metamorphosis is a feature in some organisms that involves a rapid
change from an immature larvae and juvenile to a sexually mature adult.
10
Metamorphosis: Sea stars
Juvenile Adult
Metamorphosis is a feature in some organisms that involves a rapid
change from an immature larvae and juvenile to a sexually mature adult.
11
Metamorphosis: Lady bugs
Larva Adult
Metamorphosis is a feature in some organisms that involves a rapid
change from an immature larvae and juvenile to a sexually mature adult.
12
Complete Metamorphosis
Complete metamorphosis
(holometabolous) is characterized
by distinct larval and pupal stages.
13
Complete Metamorphosis
Complete metamorphosis
(holometabolous) is characterized
by distinct larval and pupal stages.
The larval stage does not resemble
the adult individual.
14
Complete Metamorphosis
Complete metamorphosis
(holometabolous) is characterized
by distinct larval and pupal stages.
The larval stage does not resemble
the adult individual.
The larval stages also undergo
several molting stages.
15
Complete Metamorphosis
Complete metamorphosis
(holometabolous) is characterized
by distinct larval and pupal stages.
The larval stage does not resemble
the adult individual.
The larval stages also undergo
several molting stages.
The pupa stage is a period when
drastic changes occur.
16
Complete Metamorphosis
European Stag Beetle (Lucanus cervus)
Larva Pupa Adult
17
Complete Metamorphosis
Mosquito (Aedes albopictus)
Larva Pupa Adult
18
Complete Metamorphosis
Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus)
Larva Early pupa Late pupa Adult
19
Incomplete Metamorphosis: Hemimetabolous
Incomplete metamorphosis
(hemimetabolous) is characterized
by an aquatic juvenile stage.
20
Incomplete Metamorphosis: Hemimetabolous
Incomplete metamorphosis
(hemimetabolous) is characterized
by an aquatic juvenile stage.
The larval stage somehow
resembles the adult stage.
21
Incomplete Metamorphosis: Hemimetabolous
Incomplete metamorphosis
(hemimetabolous) is characterized
by an aquatic juvenile stage.
The larval stage somehow
resembles the adult stage.
The larval stages also undergo
several molting stages.
22
Incomplete Metamorphosis: Hemimetabolous
Incomplete metamorphosis
(hemimetabolous) is characterized
by an aquatic juvenile stage.
The larval stage somehow
resembles the adult stage.
The larval stages also undergo
several molting stages.
The pupa stage does not exist in
the individual’s life cycle.
23
Incomplete Metamorphosis: Hemimetabolous
Dragonflies
Naiad Adult
24
Incomplete Metamorphosis: Paurometabolous
Incomplete metamorphosis
(paurometabolous) is characterized
by a terrestrial juvenile stage.
25
Incomplete Metamorphosis: Paurometabolous
Incomplete metamorphosis
(paurometabolous) is characterized
by a terrestrial juvenile stage.
The larval stage somehow
resembles the adult stage.
26
Incomplete Metamorphosis: Paurometabolous
Incomplete metamorphosis
(paurometabolous) is characterized
by a terrestrial juvenile stage.
The larval stage somehow
resembles the adult stage.
The larval stages also undergo
several molting stages.
27
Incomplete Metamorphosis: Paurometabolous
Incomplete metamorphosis
(paurometabolous) is characterized
by a terrestrial juvenile stage.
The larval stage somehow
resembles the adult stage.
The larval stages also undergo
several molting stages.
The pupa stage does not exist in
the individual’s life cycle.
28
Incomplete Metamorphosis: Paurometabolous
Grasshoppers
Nymph Molting adult
29
Asexual Reproduction
Fission
Fragmentation
Asexual
Reproduction
Budding
Parthenogenesis
30
Asexual Reproduction
Fission
Fragmentation
Asexual
Reproduction
Budding
Parthenogenesis Fission involves the splitting of the
parent individual into two
approximately equal halves.
31
Asexual Reproduction
Fission
Fragmentation
Asexual
Reproduction
Budding Fragmentation involves breaking body
parts into fragments. Thereafter, each
fragment will regenerate into fully
functional individuals.
Parthenogenesis
32
Asexual Reproduction
Fission
Fragmentation
Asexual
Reproduction
Budding Fragmentation involves breaking body
parts into fragments. Thereafter, each
fragment will regenerate into fully
functional individuals.
Parthenogenesis
33
Asexual Reproduction
Fission
Fragmentation
Asexual
Reproduction
Budding
Budding involves an outgrowth or bud
Parthenogenesis forming in the body of an adult.
Eventually, it will detach to develop as a
complete individual.
34
Asexual Reproduction
Fission
Fragmentation
Asexual
Reproduction
Budding
Budding involves an outgrowth or bud
Parthenogenesis forming in the body of an adult.
Eventually, it will detach to develop as a
complete individual.
35
Asexual Reproduction
Fission
Fragmentation
Asexual
Reproduction
Budding
Parthenogenesis Parthenogenesis involves the
development of an embryo from an
unfertilized egg.
36
Sexual Reproduction
Requires two parents from Requires fusion of the egg
each of the two sexes cell and the sperm cell
Sexual
Reproduc
tion
Relies highly on the Enhances genetic variation
efficiency of gametogenesis in biological populations
37
Sexual Reproduction
External Fertilization Internal Fertilization
38
Sexual Reproduction
External Fertilization Internal Fertilization
Usually involves the release of Sperm cells are usually deposited
gametes into the surroundings into the female reproductive tract
39
Sexual Reproduction
External Fertilization Internal Fertilization
Usually involves the release of Sperm cells are usually deposited
gametes into the surroundings into the female reproductive tract
The developing embryos are The young may be nourished in the
usually nourish externally or may female’s body or eggs are laid after
immediately land on a substrate fertilization
40
Sexual Reproduction
External Fertilization Internal Fertilization
Usually involves the release of Sperm cells are usually deposited
gametes into the surroundings into the female reproductive tract
The developing embryos are The young may be nourished in the
usually nourish externally or may female’s body or eggs are laid after
immediately land on a substrate fertilization
Common in aquatic organisms Common among higher animals such
such as fishes and corals as birds, reptiles and mammals
41
Sexual Reproduction
External Fertilization Internal Fertilization
42
Variations in Internal Fertilization
Oviparous Ovoviviparous Viviparous
Eggs are laid and the embryo Embryos are nourished in
Embryos are nourished by
obtain its nourishment from eggs, which remain in the
the placenta until the mother
the stored yolk nutrients. parent’s body until they hatch.
gives birth to live young.
43
Variations in Internal Fertilization
Oviparous Ovoviviparous Viviparous
Eggs are laid and the embryo Embryos are nourished in Embryos are nourished by
obtain its nourishment from eggs, which remain in the the placenta until the mother
the stored yolk nutrients. parent’s body until they hatch. gives birth to live young.
44
Variations in Internal Fertilization
Oviparous Ovoviviparous Viviparous
Eggs are laid and the embryo Embryos are nourished in Embryos are nourished by
obtain its nourishment from eggs, which remain in the the placenta until the mother
the stored yolk nutrients. parent’s body until they hatch. gives birth to live young.
45
Mechanism of Fertilization
1. Contact with the jelly
layer or the zona pellucida
2. Digestion by the
acrosomal enzymes
3. Species-specific fusion
of gamete membranes
(fast-block)
1
4. Cortical reaction
2 5. Formation of fertilization
envelope (slow-block)
3
4 5 46
Mechanism of Fertilization
1. Contact with the jelly
layer or the zona pellucida
2. Digestion by the
acrosomal enzymes
3. Species-specific fusion
of gamete membranes
(fast-block)
1
4. Cortical reaction
2 5. Formation of fertilization
envelope (slow-block)
3
4 5 47
Mechanism of Fertilization
1. Contact with the jelly
layer or the zona pellucida
2. Digestion by the
acrosomal enzymes
3. Species-specific fusion
of gamete membranes
(fast-block)
1
4. Cortical reaction
2 5. Formation of fertilization
envelope (slow-block)
3
4 5 48
Mechanism of Fertilization
1. Contact with the jelly
layer or the zona pellucida
2. Digestion by the
acrosomal enzymes
3. Species-specific fusion
of gamete membranes
(fast-block)
1
4. Cortical reaction
2 5. Formation of fertilization
envelope (slow-block)
3
4 5 49
Mechanism of Fertilization
1. Contact with the jelly
layer or the zona pellucida
2. Digestion by the
acrosomal enzymes
3. Species-specific fusion
of gamete membranes
(fast-block)
1
4. Cortical reaction
2 5. Formation of fertilization
envelope (slow-block)
3
4 5 50
Animal Development: Cleavage and Blastulation
During embryogenesis, the zygote
undergoes repeated cell division and
cell reorganization.
51
Animal Development: Cleavage and Blastulation
During embryogenesis, the zygote
undergoes repeated cell division and
cell reorganization.
Cleavage refers to the rapid cell
divisions that the zygote undergoes.
52
Animal Development: Cleavage and Blastulation
During embryogenesis, the zygote
undergoes repeated cell division and
cell reorganization.
Cleavage refers to the rapid cell
divisions that the zygote undergoes.
Continuous division forms the
solid ball of cells called morula.
53
Animal Development: Cleavage and Blastulation
During embryogenesis, the zygote
undergoes repeated cell division and
cell reorganization.
Cleavage refers to the rapid cell
divisions that the zygote undergoes.
Continuous division forms the
solid ball of cells called morula.
The cells are then organized into a
hollow ball of cells called blastula.
54
Animal Development: Gastrulation
Gastrulation involves extensive cell migration and rearrangement,
which forms the three embryonic germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm,
and endoderm. 55
Animal Development: Organogenesis
Organogenesis is
marked by the
neurulation or the
formation of the
neural tube through
the folding of the
ectodermal neural
plate.
56
Animal Development: Organogenesis
Each of the three embryonic germ layers gives rise to specific
tissues and organs in the developing embryo.
57
Check Your Understanding
Determine the accuracy of each of the following
statements. Write true if the statement is correct and
false if otherwise.
1. Gastrulation refers to the rearrangement of the cells in
the blastula.
2. The layers of a gastrula include the ectoderm,
endoderm, and mesoderm.
3. After fertilization, the fertilized will begin a series of
rapid cell divisions.
58
Check Your Understanding
Complete the Venn diagram by comparing and
contrasting the given terms below.
Blastula Gastrula
59
Let’s Sum It Up!
● The life cycle of an animal usually starts from the
fusion of the male (sperm) and the female (egg
cell) gametes during the fertilization process.
● Metamorphosis is a biological feature in the life
cycle of some organisms. It can either be
complete or incomplete, depending on whether a
pupa stage is present.
60
Let’s Sum It Up!
● The fertilized egg will undergo active cell division
and cell differentiation to form the developing
embryo during embryogenesis.
● The embryo will undergo organogenesis, where
it starts to form several types of tissues that will
lead to the formation of the organs and organ
systems.
61
Let’s Sum It Up!
● Once an individual is formed, this will grow and
mature into an adult, which will be capable of
reproducing and forming another generation
of individuals.
62
Let’s Sum It Up!
The general pattern of the development of a fertilized egg into an adult
organism
63
Challenge Yourself
Do you think the reproduction
process in animals is more
complicated than in plants?
Explain your answer.
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