NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
551 M.F. Jhocson Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines
S.Y. 2024-2025
Chapter 3
Review of Related Literature
3.1. Biophilic Design Patterns and Universal Design Principles Application in the Long-Term
Residential Care Centers for the Elderly
3.1.1. Introduction
Biophilic design has been shown to develop mental and physical well-being further, boost creativity, and
lessen elders' stress by incorporating natural elements into built environments. Biophilic is rooted in the word
“biophilia,” which means humans have a deep connection with nature. This design approach improves users' social,
psychological, and physiological well-being. The study has shown its therapeutic effects on people, specifically in
providing care to the elderly, where introducing elements in connection with nature can make them better, happier,
and healthier. The “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design” by Browning provides clear and practical guidelines for
implementing these concepts in the design process. Also, the Universal Design (UD) focuses on inclusiveness by
creating an environment that can accommodate various people with different demands, ages, and health issues. The
universal design gives clever and comprehensible solutions for all generations by considering the users' various life
stages. Acknowledging human needs and situations as they evolve throughout time guarantees that the surroundings
remain inclusive and functional.
3.1.2. Findings
This study tackles the descriptions, effects, and applications of Browning's “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design”
and the main principles of Universal Design to long-term residential care for older people.
Starting with “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design” by Browning, the 14 patterns are divided into three categories:
nature in the space patterns, natural analog patterns, and nature of the space patterns. It presents an understanding of
a framework that allows careful integration of various strategies into the built environment.
The first category of biophilic design pattern is nature in the space patterns, which is nature's direct, tangible,
and ephemeral presence within an area. This includes vegetation, fauna, water, wind, noise, and other elements of
nature. It comprises seven (7) biophilic design patterns: visual connection with nature, non-visual connection with
nature, non-rhythmic sensory stimuli, thermal and airflow variability, presence of water, dynamic and diffuse light, and
connections with natural systems. These seven patterns involve using five (5) sensory systems of a person–olfactory,
auditory, gustatory, visual, and tactile systems—to create a strong and deep connection with nature in architectural
spaces. Natural elements like natural light, soundscapes, floral aroma, and organic textures can enhance and improve
the users' emotional well-being and cognitive performance. These design patterns maximize the use of natural
environmental elements in the spaces and create an inviting and appealing ambiance.
Secondly, natural analogy patterns are nature's organic, intangible, and indirect evocations. This is where the
patterns, materials, and shapes are primarily found in nature. For instance, there is a resemblance of shells and leaves,
organic shapes of furniture, and modified natural materials. This category focuses on three (3) biophilic design
patterns: biomorphic forms and patterns, material connection with nature, and complexity and order. These three
patterns mainly discuss blending materials, spatial planning, and nature’s beauty into architectural spaces. Aside from
visual effects, these patterns give the users quantifiable benefits. These organic materials, patterns, textures, and forms
have been shown to improve concentration levels, memory restoration, and the comfort of older people.
The last category is the nature of the space, which is the natural space configuration. It comprises the instinct
and desires of people to see beyond what surrounds them, as well as the curiosity of people to the unknown. It
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