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Periodic Table

The document provides an overview of the periodic table, detailing its structure with groups and periods, and describing the characteristics of different groups such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases, and transition elements. It explains the properties, reactivity, and oxidation states of these elements. Additionally, it defines oxidation state and its significance in understanding chemical behavior.

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25 views4 pages

Periodic Table

The document provides an overview of the periodic table, detailing its structure with groups and periods, and describing the characteristics of different groups such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases, and transition elements. It explains the properties, reactivity, and oxidation states of these elements. Additionally, it defines oxidation state and its significance in understanding chemical behavior.

Uploaded by

sridhkrish
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Grade 7 Chemistry

Periodic table

Periodic table

 A table of elements arranged in order of increasing proton number (atomic


number to show the similarities of the chemical elements with related electronic
configurations.

Groups

 Vertical columns of the periodic table containing elements with similar


chemicals properties
 Elements in group have same outer electron numbers, and usually the same
valency.

Periods

 The horizontal rows are called periods.


 The number of valency electrons increases across the period but the number of
occupied energy levels (i.e. shells) stays the same.

Group I II III IV V VI VII VIII (0)

Electrons in the 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
outer shell

Charge +1 +2 +3 +4/-4 -3 -2 -1 0

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Group 1 – Alkali metals

All Group 1 elements:

 Are soft (can cut with knife), solid, shiny and


good conductors of heat and electricity.
 Are highly reactive and are stored in oil to
prevent them reacting with the oxygen and
water vapour in the air.
 Have 1 valence electron.
 Form cations with a charge of +1
 Form white ionic compounds.
 Low melting and boiling point and density.

Group II – The alkali earth metals:

 These metals have two electrons in their


outermost shell and hence they have oxidation
state +2.
 They have higher melting and boiling point than
group I.
 They are harder and less reactive than Group 1.
 They are silvery –grey in colour when pure and
clean.
 They are good conductors of heat and electricity.

Group 7 – Halogens

 Halogens are a collection of diatomic non-metals –


each molecule contains 2 atoms. Examples: F2, Cl2,
Br2 and I2.
 Halogens means ‘salt marker’ – halogens react
with most metals to make salts.
 Halogens have 7 electrons on their outermost
shell.
 They exhibit oxidation state -1.

Group 0 – Noble gases

 Noble gases are inert gases because they have a


valency of 0 and their outer electron shell is

2
already complete. They don’t need to gain, lose or share electrons to achieve
stability.
 Monatomic and colourless.

Transition elements

These are metallic elements placed in the middle of the periodic table and include
iron, copper, zinc and chromium.

 They have higher densities.


 They are also harder and stronger.
 They are lustrous.
 They conduct heat and electricity.
 They form ions with different charges. E.g. Iron forms Fe2+ and Fe3+ ion.
 They form coloured compounds. Example: Copper forms blue copper sulphate.

Oxidation state

 The oxidation state (also called oxidation number) is a number assigned to an


atom or ion in a compound which indicates the degree of oxidation.
 It is written as a +/- sign followed by a number.
 The oxidation number of a monatomic ion equals the charge of the ion. For
example, the oxidation number of Na+ is +1

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