INTRODUCTION TO TRAVEL

The meaning of terms as used in the travel industry

 Travel: Travel is the physical transportation of a person from one point to
another
It can also be defined as movement from one point to another with or without
returning back to the original departure point.
 Trip : Trip is defined as each time a person goes to a place at least 100
miles away from home and returns
 Tour: Tour is defined as a form of travel from one place to another with
multiple features that can be packaged and sold a single unit.
 Excursion: An excursion is a trip by a group of people, usually made for
leisure or educational purposes. It is often an adjunct to a longer journey or a
visit to a destination for less than 24 hours
 Tour package: Is a holiday vacation which comprises elements of transport,
commotion, sightseeing, airfare, meals and entertainment
 Tour operator: A tour operator typically combines tour and travel
components to create a holiday. The most common example of a tour
operator's product would be a flight on a charter airline plus a transfer from
the airport to a hotel and the services of a local representative, all for one
price.
 Travel agent: Travel agent is a defined as a business or a person selling
travel industry’s individual parts or a combination of the parts to the
consumer. Travel agent may also act on behalf of a client making arrangement
with suppliers of travel products such as airlines, tour operators etc and
receiving a commission from the suppliers.
 TIM: Travel information manual, Tim-describes travel formalities affecting
international travelers.
 OAG: Official airline Guide

Describing travel Motivators

MOTIVATION FOR TRAVEL

 In history motivation for travel has been religion, trade, war, escape from hostility
and migration.
  In modern world the most form of motivation for travel is leisure.

 The basic travel motivators can be divided into four categories.

PHYSICAL MOTIVATIONS

They are related to physical relation and rest sporting activities, beach recreation and specific
medical treatment.

They are connected with individuals body health and wellbeing e.g., to get away from routine of
life, to have a good time away from home, to have a strange experience etc.

SOCIAL/INTERPERSONAL MOTIVATORS

They are related to the desire to visit friends and relatives or to escape from one’s family,
workmates, neighbors, or to meet new people and forge new friendship or to simply escape from
routine of everyday life e.g., to go to places where ones family comes from, to visit places where
friends and family lived in the past.

1. CULTURAL MOTIVATORS

They are connected with the individuals’ desire to travel in order to learn about other countries
and the people and their cultural heritage expressed in music, art and craft, folk/ ores, dances
literature and religion.

E.g. to see how people in other countries live, work and play, to enjoy scenic beauty and cultural
sites, to attend special events festivals and cultural functions, to gain a better understanding of
what is going on.

2. STATUS AND PRESTIGE MOTIVATORS

They are identified with the need for personal esteem and developments.
Related to travel for business or professional interests’ conventions, study and the pursuit of
hobbies.

Travel can fulfill the desire for recognition, attention and appearance.

Many people undertake travel with a view to talk about it to their friends and relatives.

They like to impress them by relating their experience in various places visited this is because
they thin k travel is fashionable and show that they can afford it.

E.g.

 To escape from unpleasing weather.

 To enjoy sun, sand and sea.

 Participate in sporting activities.

 To boast to friends what they have not been able to do.

 To do what others have already done.

 To participate in history by visiting ancient temples, mosques, monuments etc.

TOURISM DESTINATIONS

The Five A's in Tourism refer to key elements that are crucial for a destination to be successful
in attracting tourists.

Attractions

 What it is: Attractions are the main points of interest that draw tourists to a destination.
These can be natural, cultural, or man-made features that captivate visitors.
 Examples: Historical landmarks, beaches, mountains, museums, national parks, theme
parks, and cultural festivals.
 Why it matters: A destination needs interesting attractions to keep tourists engaged and
encourage repeat visits.

Culture in Tourism
Culture is one of the primary attractions for many tourists, as it provides unique experiences that
can't be replicated elsewhere. Cultural tourism allows visitors to explore a destination's history,
traditions, art, music, language, cuisine, festivals, and way of life.

Key Aspects of Culture in Tourism:

Cultural Heritage Sites:

 UNESCO World Heritage Sites are landmarks or areas that have cultural, historical,
scientific, or other forms of significance. These sites attract tourists who are interested in
learning about a destination’s history and significance.
 Examples include the Great Wall of China, the Pyramids of Egypt, the Acropolis of
Athens, and Machu Picchu in Peru.

Art and Architecture:

 Many travelers are drawn to destinations with significant artistic or architectural heritage.
Museums, galleries, and architectural landmarks like cathedrals, palaces, and ancient
ruins are key elements of cultural tourism.
 Art museums (e.g., the Louvre in Paris, the Uffizi Gallery in Florence) and iconic
architectural sites (e.g., the Taj Mahal in India, the Parthenon in Greece) are central to
understanding a region's culture.

Festivals and Events:

 Festivals are major cultural events that draw tourists from around the world. These
celebrations provide insight into the traditions, music, dance, food, and religious practices
of a place.
 Examples include:
o Carnival in Brazil: A lively and colorful celebration with parades, samba
dancing, and street parties.
o Oktoberfest in Germany: A festival celebrating Bavarian culture with traditional
food, music, and beer.
o Diwali in India: The Festival of Lights, celebrated with fireworks, decorations,
and family gatherings.
o Chinese New Year: A celebration of the lunar new year, featuring parades,
dragon dances, and family traditions.

Cuisine and Food Culture:

 Food plays a central role in cultural tourism, as cuisine is a key expression of a region's
history, geography, and cultural influences. Tourists often seek authentic local food
experiences, whether it's eating street food, visiting local markets, or attending cooking
classes.
 Examples:
o Italian Cuisine: Tourists flock to Italy to experience authentic pasta, pizza, and
regional specialties like risotto and gelato.
 o Japanese Cuisine: Sushi, ramen, and tempura are just a few examples of Japan’s
diverse food culture that attract tourists.
o Mexican Cuisine: Tacos, mole, and tamales are part of Mexico's rich culinary
heritage that draw food enthusiasts.

Traditions and Crafts:

 Local traditions, crafts, and arts such as traditional weaving, pottery, dance, and clothing
are significant cultural elements that attract tourists. Many destinations offer workshops,
artisan markets, or cultural shows to share their unique craftsmanship.
 Examples:
o The Inca weaving tradition in Peru, where tourists can learn about traditional
textile techniques.
o Thai dance performances or traditional silk weaving in Thailand.
o Moroccan pottery and Berber carpets that visitors can purchase in local
markets.

Cultural Sensitivity in Tourism:

 Cultural tourism requires understanding and respecting the values and practices of local
communities. Tourists should be mindful of the customs, dress codes, and behavior
expected in different cultures.
 Tourism can sometimes lead to the commercialization of culture, so there is a growing
emphasis on sustainable cultural tourism that benefits local communities without
exploiting their traditions.

Impact of History and Culture on Tourism

 Economic Impact: Cultural tourism often brings significant economic benefits,

providing jobs in sectors like hospitality, transportation, and handicrafts, and promoting
local economies through visitors' spending.
 Cultural Preservation: Tourism can encourage the preservation of historical sites,
traditional practices, and local languages by raising awareness and funding for their
conservation. However, it can also lead to cultural dilution or degradation if not managed
responsibly.
 Cultural Exchange: Tourism provides an opportunity for cultural exchange, where
travelers can learn from locals, and vice versa, fostering global understanding and
reducing stereotypes.

Accessibility

 What it is: Accessibility refers to how easily tourists can reach a destination. This
includes transportation options like flights, trains, buses, roads, and even the availability
of local transport once they arrive.
  Examples: International airports, well-maintained highways, and good public
transportation networks.
 Why it matters: If a destination is difficult to access, tourists may choose other, more
accessible places.

Accommodation

 What it is: Accommodation refers to the places where tourists can stay during their visit,
such as hotels, resorts, hostels, lodges, and vacation rentals.
 Examples: Luxury hotels, budget hostels, beachfront resorts, guesthouses, and airbnb
properties.
 Why it matters: Good accommodation is essential for providing comfort and ensuring
tourists have a pleasant stay.

Amenities

 What it is: Amenities are the services and facilities available for tourists that make their
visit enjoyable and convenient. This includes things like restaurants, shopping areas,
restrooms, banks, and entertainment options.
 Examples: Restaurants offering local and international cuisine, shopping malls, free Wi-
Fi, health clinics, and local tours.
 Why it matters: A destination needs to provide sufficient amenities to meet the needs of
tourists and enhance their overall experience.

Activities

 What it is: Activities are things that tourists can do at a destination, ranging from
adventure sports to cultural experiences. These activities help visitors explore and enjoy
the destination more deeply.
 Examples: Hiking, scuba diving, sightseeing tours, cooking classes, or attending live
performances and cultural events.
 Why it matters: Activities keep tourists entertained and provide them with memorable
experiences, encouraging longer stays and positive word-of-mouth recommendations.

PRINCIPLES OF TOURISM

The principles of tourism are key concepts that guide the development, management, and
sustainability of the tourism industry. These principles ensure that tourism benefits all
stakeholders, including tourists, local communities, businesses, and the environment.

1. Sustainability

 Environmental Sustainability: Tourism should promote the responsible use of natural

resources and minimize negative impacts on the environment. Efforts such as reducing
carbon footprints, conserving biodiversity, and preserving natural landscapes are
essential.
  Cultural Sustainability: Tourism should respect and preserve the cultural heritage of
destinations, supporting local traditions, crafts, and languages, while also promoting
cultural exchange.
 Economic Sustainability: Tourism should contribute to long-term economic growth by
supporting local economies, creating jobs, and fostering local businesses, while avoiding
the overexploitation of resources.

2. Respect for Local Culture and Community

 Tourism should respect and celebrate the cultural values, customs, and lifestyles of local
communities. It should create mutual respect between tourists and locals and ensure that
tourism does not negatively affect the cultural integrity of the host community.
 Community Empowerment: Local communities should have a say in how tourism is
developed and managed, ensuring they benefit from tourism economically and socially.

3. Quality Experience for Tourists

 Tourists should have access to high-quality experiences that are authentic, safe,
enjoyable, and informative. This includes excellent customer service, well-maintained
infrastructure, and clear communication of destination offerings.
 Inclusive Tourism: Tourism should be accessible to all people, including those with
disabilities, and should consider the needs of diverse groups, ensuring a welcoming
environment.

4. Collaboration and Stakeholder Engagement

 The success of tourism relies on the collaboration between various stakeholders such as
government bodies, local communities, businesses, NGOs, and tourists. Effective
communication and shared goals are essential for tourism planning and development.
 Partnerships: Establishing partnerships between private and public sectors can help in
managing resources efficiently and developing sustainable tourism policies.

5. Ethical Tourism

 Responsible Behavior: Tourists should be encouraged to act responsibly by respecting

local customs, minimizing waste, and supporting local businesses.
 Fair Trade Practices: Tourism should encourage equitable economic opportunities,
ensuring fair wages, ethical treatment of workers, and support for local crafts and
enterprises.
 Wildlife Protection: Ethical tourism respects wildlife and discourages practices that
harm animals or disrupt their habitats, like illegal poaching or unethical animal tourism
experiences.

6. Safety and Security

  Ensuring the safety and well-being of tourists is a fundamental principle. This includes
proper infrastructure, safe accommodations, clear emergency procedures, and reliable
transportation services.
 Health Considerations: Tourism should prioritize public health and hygiene standards to
ensure that travelers are not exposed to preventable health risks.

7. Tourism Education and Awareness

 Tourists should be educated on the environmental, cultural, and ethical implications of

their travel. Responsible travel education encourages respectful and mindful behavior and
promotes awareness of the destination’s history, customs, and challenges.
 Local Education and Training: Equipping local communities and tourism operators
with the knowledge and skills necessary to provide quality services and operate
sustainably is also vital.

8. Diversification of Tourism Products

 To prevent over-reliance on a single type of tourism, destinations should offer a diverse

range of attractions and experiences to meet the needs of different types of travelers, such
as eco-tourism, cultural tourism, adventure tourism, and luxury tourism.
 Off-Season Promotion: Encouraging travel during off-peak seasons can help in reducing
overcrowding and distribute the economic benefits of tourism more evenly throughout
the year.

9. Tourism Planning and Management

 Successful tourism relies on strategic planning, clear policies, and regulation to ensure
that tourism is well-managed and balanced with other forms of land use and
development.
 Carrying Capacity: Managing the number of tourists to avoid over-tourism and
ensuring the destination can accommodate visitors without damaging the destination's
resources is crucial.

10. Innovation and Adaptability

 The tourism industry must stay flexible and innovative to respond to changing tourist
preferences, economic conditions, and external factors like pandemics or climate change.
This includes adopting new technologies, marketing strategies, and sustainable tourism
practices.
INTRODUCTION TO TRAVEL GEOGRAPHY

Specific Objectives

By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:

a) Describe the physical and climatic regions of the world

b) Explain the major world tourism attractions
c) Describe the procedures for planning itineraries by air

Content

TASK 1: How to use travel maps on Physical and climatic regions

of the world

Continents of the world:

The major land masses of the world are known as continents. Geographers typically
identify seven continents, although some Geographers group Europe and Asia together
as one continent, Eurasia. The seven continent has typically described by geographers
are;

1 Europe
2 Asia
3 Africa
4 North America
5 South America
6 Australia
7 Antarctica

Some Geographers also include sub-continents when describing world physical

geography. Sub continents include Central America, Australasia and the Pacific Islands
and the Middle East.

Major physical features of the world

World Rivers
 RIVER CONTINENT LENGTH (KMS)

(MILES)

1 Nile Africa 6,671

4,143

2 Amazon South America 6,437

3,997

3 Chang Jiang (Yangtze) Asia 6,380

3,962

4 Mississippi- Missouri North America 5,971

3,708

5 Yenisey-Angara Asia 5,536

3.438

6 Ob-Irtysh Asia 5,410

3,360

7 Huang (Yellow) Asia 4,672

2,901

8 Congo (DRC) Africa 4,667

2,898

9 Amur Asia 4,416

2,742

10 Lena Asia 4,400

2,732

11 Mackenzie-peace North America 4,241

2,634

12 Mekong Asia 4,184

2,598

13 Niger Africa 4,169

 2,589

Mountains
World’s Largest Mountains

Mountain Location Heights (Mtrs)

(Feet)

1 Everest Nepal-China 8,848

2,9035

2 Goodwin Austin (K2) Pakistan-China 8,611

2,8253

3 Kanchenjunga Nepal-China 8,598

2.8210

4 Lhotse Nepal-China 8,511

2,7925

5 Nanga Parbat Pakistan 8,126

2.6503

6 Annapurna Nepal 8,078

2,6503

7 Nanda Devi India 7,817

2,5648

8 Communism Peak Tajikistan 7,495

2,4591

9 Cerro Aconcagua Argentina 6,959

2,2835

10 Huascaran Peru 6,768

2,2206

11 Chimborazo Ecuador 6,267

2,0562

12 Mckinley USA-Alaska 6,194

 2,0323

13 Logan Canada (Yukon) 5,951

1,9525

14 Kilimanjaro Tanzania 5,895

1,9341

15 Citlaltepetl Mexico 5,700

1,8702

The World’s Largest Lakes and Seas

The largest Lakes

LAKE LOCATION AREA (SQ KM) DEPTH (MTRS)

AREA (SQ MI) DEPTH (FEET)

Caspian Sea Euro-Asia 371,000 1,025

143,206 3,363

Superior North America 82,100 406

31,691 1,332

Victoria Africa 69,500 82

26,827 269

Huron North America 57,800 281

22,311 922

Tanganyika Africa 32,900 1,470

12,699 4,823

Baikal Asia 31,500 1,637

12,159 5,371

Great Bear North America 31,300 446

 12,082 1,463

Aral Sea Asia 31,000 53

1,1966 174

Malawi Africa 28,900 695

11,155 2,280

The Largest Seas

SEA AREA (SQ KM) AVG. DEPTH (MTRS)

AREA (SQ MI) AVG. DEPTH (FEET)

South China 2,974,600 1,464

1,148,196 4,803

Caribbean 2,515,900 2,575

971,137 8,449

Mediterranean 2,510,000 1,501

968,860 4,944

Bering 2,261,100 1,491

872,785 4,892

Gulf of Mexico 1,507,600 973

581,934 3,192

Sea of Okhotsk 1,392,100 973

537,351 3,192

Sea of Japan 1,012,900 1,667

390,979 5,469

Hudson Bay 730,100 93

281,819 305

East of China 664,600 189

256,536 620

Andaman 564,900 1,118

218,051 3,668
Black sea 507,900 1,191

196,049 3,908

Red Sea 453,000 538

174,858 1,765

The World Climatic Regions

The World Climatic Regions entirely based on the annual and monthly averages
of temperature and precipitation. There are several factors which manipulate
the World Climatic Regions which are listed below:

 Altitude.
 Pattern of prevailing winds.
 Distribution of land and sea.
 Distribution of mountain barriers.
 Position of high and low pressure zones.
 Heat exchange from ocean currents.
 Air mass influences.
 Latitude and its influence on solar radiation received.

World Climate Zones

Have you ever wondered why one area of the world is a desert, another a grassland, and another a
rainforest? Why are there different forests and deserts, and why are there different types of life in each
area? The answer is climate.

Climate is the characteristic condition of the atmosphere near the earth's surface at a certain place on
earth. It is the long-term weather of that area (at least 30 years). This includes the region's general
pattern of weather conditions, seasons and weather extremes like hurricanes, droughts, or rainy
periods. Two of the most important factors determining an area's climate are air temperature and
precipitation.

World biomes are controlled by climate. The climate of a region will determine what plants will grow
there, and what animals will inhabit it. All three components, climate, plants and animals are
interwoven to create the fabric of a biome.

Some facts about climate

The sun's rays hit the equator at a direct angle between 23 ° N and 23 ° S latitude.
Radiation that reaches the atmosphere here is at its most intense.

In all other cases, the rays arrive at an angle to the surface and are less intense.
The closer a place is to the poles, the smaller the angle and therefore the less
intense the radiation.

Our climate system is based on the location of these hot and cold air-mass
regions and the atmospheric circulation created by trade winds and westerlies.

Trade winds north of the equator blow from the northeast. South of the equator,
they blow from the southeast. The trade winds of the two hemispheres meet
near the equator, causing the air to rise. As the rising air cools, clouds and rain
develop. The resulting bands of cloudy and rainy weather near the equator create
tropical conditions.

Westerlies blow from the southwest on the Northern Hemisphere and from the
northwest in the Southern Hemisphere. Westerlies steer storms from west to
east across middle latitudes.

Both westerlies and trade winds blow away from the 30 ° latitude belt. Over large
areas centered at 30 ° latitude, surface winds are light. Air slowly descends to
replace the air that blows away. Any moisture the air contains evaporates in the
intense heat. The tropical deserts, such as the Sahara of Africa and the Sonoran of
Mexico, exist under these regions.

Seasons

The Earth rotates about its axis, which is tilted at 23.5 degrees. This tilt and the
sun's radiation result in the Earth's seasons. The sun emits rays that hit the
earth's surface at different angles. These rays transmit the highest level of energy
when they strike the earth at a right angle (90 °). Temperatures in these areas
tend to be the hottest places on earth. Other locations, where the sun's rays hit
at lesser angles, tend to be cooler.

As the Earth rotates on it's tilted axis around the sun, different parts of the Earth
receive higher and lower levels of radiant energy. This creates the seasons.

Köppen Climate Classification System

The Köppen Climate Classification System is the most widely used

for classifying the world's climates. Most classification systems used
today are based on the one introduced in 1900 by the Russian-
German climatologist Wladimir Köppen. Köppen divided the Earth's
surface into climatic regions that generally coincided with world
patterns of vegetation and soils.

The Köppen system recognizes five major climate types based on

the annual and monthly averages of temperature and precipitation.
Each type is designated by a capital letter.

A - Moist Tropical Climates are known for their high temperatures

year round and for their large amount of year round rain.

B - Dry Climates are characterized by little rain and a huge daily

temperature range.

C - In Humid Middle Latitude Climates land/water differences play a

large part. These climates have warm, dry summers and cool, wet
winters.

D - Continental Climates can be found in the interior regions of

large land masses. Total precipitation is not very high and seasonal
temperatures vary widely.

E - Cold Climates describe this climate type perfectly. These climates

are part of areas where permanent ice and tundra are always
present. Only about four months of the year have above freezing
temperatures.

Further subgroups are designated by a second, lower case letter

which distinguish specific seasonal characteristics of temperature
and precipitation.

f - Moist with adequate precipitation in all months and no dry

season.

m - Rainforest climate in spite of short, dry season in monsoon type

cycle. (There is a dry season in the summer of the respective
hemisphere (high-sun season).

w - There is a dry season in the winter of the respective hemisphere

(low-sun season).

To further denote variations in climate, a third letter was added to

the code.
Three basic climate groups.
Three major climate groups show the dominance of special combinations of air-mass source
regions.

Group I

Low-latitude Climates: These climates are controlled by equatorial a tropical air masses.

 Tropical Moist Climates rainforest

Rainfall is heavy in all months. The total annual rainfall

is often more than 250 cm. (100 in.). There are seasonal
differences in monthly rainfall but temperatures of
27°C (80°F) mostly stay the same. Humidity is between
77 and 88%.

High surface heat and humidity cause cumulus clouds

to form early in the afternoons almost every day.

The climate on eastern sides of continents are

influenced by maritime tropical air masses. These air
masses flow out from the moist western sides of
oceanic high-pressure cells, and bring lots of summer
 rainfall. The summers are warm and very humid. It also
rains a lot in the winter

o Average temperature: 18 °C (°F)

o Annual Precipitation: 262 cm. (103 in.)
o Latitude Range: 10° S to 25 ° N
o Global Position: Amazon Basin; Congo Basin of
equatorial Africa; East Indies, from Sumatra to
New Guinea.

 Wet-Dry Tropical Climates savanna

A seasonal change occurs between wet tropical air

masses and dry tropical air masses. As a result, there is
a very wet season and a very dry season. Trade winds
dominate during the dry season. It gets a little cooler
during this dry season but will become very hot just
before the wet season.

o Temperature Range: 16 °C
o Annual Precipitation: 0.25 cm. (0.1 in.). All
months less than 0.25 cm. (0.1 in.)
o Latitude Range: 15 ° to 25 ° N and S
o Global Range: India, Indochina, West Africa,
southern Africa, South America and the north
coast of Australia

 Dry Tropical Climate desert biome

These desert climates are found in low-latitude deserts

approximately between 18° to 28° in both
hemispheres. these latitude belts are centered on the
tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, which lie just north
and south of the equator. They coincide with the edge
of the equatorial subtropical high pressure belt and
trade winds. Winds are light, which allows for the
evaporation of moisture in the intense heat. They
generally flow downward so the area is seldom
penetrated by air masses that produce rain. This makes
for a very dry heat. The dry arid desert is a true desert
 climate, and covers 12 % of the Earth's land surface.

o Temperature Range: 16° C

o Annual Precipitation: 0.25 cm (0.1 in). All
months less than 0.25 cm (0.1 in).
o Latitude Range: 15° - 25° N and S.
o Global Range: southwestern United States and
northern Mexico; Argentina; north Africa;
south Africa; central part of Australia.

Group II

 Mid-latitude Climates: Climates in this zone are affected by

two different air-masses. The tropical air-masses are moving
towards the poles and the polar air-masses are moving
towards the equator. These two air masses are in constant
conflict. Either air mass may dominate the area, but neither
has exclusive control.

 Dry Mid latitude Climates (BS) steppe

Characterized by grasslands, this is a semiarid

climate. It can be found between the desert climate
(BW) and more humid climates of the A, C, and D
groups. If it received less rain, the steppe would be
classified as an arid desert. With more rain, it would
be classified as a tallgrass prairie.

This dry climate exists in the interior regions of the

North American and Eurasian continents. Moist
ocean air masses are blocked by mountain ranges
to the west and south. These mountain ranges also
trap polar air in winter, making winters very cold.
Summers are warm to hot.

o Temperature Range: 24° C (43° F).

o Annual Precipitation: less than 10 cm (4 in)
in the driest regions to 50 cm (20 in) in the
moister steppes.
 o Latitude Range: 35° - 55° N.
o Global Range: Western North America
(Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great
Plains); Eurasian interior, from steppes of
eastern Europe to the Gobi Desert and
North China.

 Mediterranean Climate -chaparral biome

This is a wet-winter, dry-summer climate. Extremely

dry summers are caused by the sinking air of the
subtropical highs and may last for up to five months.

Plants have adapted to the extreme difference in

rainfall and temperature between winter and
summer seasons. Sclerophyll plants range in
formations from forests, to woodland, and scrub.
Eucalyptus forests cover most of the chaparral
biome in Australia.

Fires occur frequently in Mediterranean climate

zones.

o Temperature Range: 7 °C (12 °F)

o Annual Precipitation: 42 cm (17 in).
o Latitude Range: 30° - 50° N and S
o Global Position: central and southern
California; coastal zones bordering the
Mediterranean Sea; coastal Western
Australia and South Australia; Chilean coast;
Cape Town region of South Africa.

 Dry Mid latitude Climates grasslands biome

These dry climates are limited to the interiors of

North America and Eurasia.

Ocean air masses are blocked by mountain ranges

to the west and south. This allows polar air masses
to dominate in winter months. In the summer, a
local continental air mass is dominant. A small
amount of rain falls during this season.
 Annual temperatures range widely. Summers are
warm to hot, but winters are cold.

o Temperature Range: 31 °C (56°F).

o Annual Precipitation: 81 cm. (32 in.).
o Latitude Range: 30° - 55° N and S
o Global Position: western North America
(Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, Great
Plains); Eurasian interior.

 Moist Continental Climate Deciduous Forest biome

This climate is in the polar front zone - the

battleground of polar and tropical air masses.
Seasonal changes between summer and winter are
very large. Daily temperatures also change often.
Abundant precipitation falls throughout the year. It
is increased in the summer season by invading
tropical air masses. Cold winters are caused by polar
and arctic masses moving south.

o Temperature Range: 31 °C (56 ° F)

o Average Annual Precipitation: 81 cm (32 in).
o Latitude Range: 30° - 55° N and S (Europe:
45° - 60° N).
o Global Position: eastern parts of the United
States and southern Canada; northern
China; Korea; Japan; central and eastern
Europe.

Group III

 High-latitude climates: Polar and arctic air masses dominate

these regions. Canada and Siberia are two air-mass sources
which fall into this group. A southern hemisphere
counterpart to these continental centers does not exist. Air
masses of arctic origin meet polar continental air masses
along the 60th and 70th parallels.

 Boreal forest Climate taiga biome

This is a continental climate with long, very cold

winters, and short, cool summers. This climate is
found in the polar air mass region. Very cold air
masses from the arctic often move in. The
temperature range is larger than any other climate.
Precipitation increases during summer months,
although annual precipitation is still small.

Much of the boreal forest climate is considered

humid. However, large areas in western Canada and
Siberia receive very little precipitation and fall into
the sub humid or semiarid climate type.

o Temperature Range: 41 °C (74 °F), lows; -25

°C (-14 °F), highs; 16 °C (60 °F).
o Average Annual Precipitation: 31 cm (12 in).
o Latitude Range: 50° - 70° N and S.
o Global Position: central and western Alaska;
Canada, from the Yukon Territory to
Labrador; Eurasia, from northern Europe
across all of Siberia to the Pacific Ocean.

 Tundra Climate (E) tundra biome

The tundra climate is found along arctic coastal

areas. Polar and arctic air masses dominate the
tundra climate. The winter season is long and
severe. A short, mild season exists, but not a true
summer season. Moderating ocean winds keep the
temperatures from being as severe as interior
regions.

o Temperature Range: -22 °C to 6 °C (-10 °F

to 41 °F).
o Average Annual Precipitation: 20 cm (8 in).
o Latitude Range: 60° - 75° N.
o Global Position: arctic zone of North
America; Hudson Bay region; Greenland
 coast; northern Siberia bordering the Arctic
Ocean.

Highland Climate (H) Alpine Biome

Highland climates are cool to cold, found in mountains and high plateaus. Climates change
rapidly on mountains, becoming colder the higher the altitude gets. The climate of a highland
area is closely related to the climate of the surrounding biome. The highlands have the same
seasons and wet and dry periods as the biome they are in.

Mountain climates are very important to mid latitude biomes. They work as water storage areas.
Snow is kept back until spring and summer when it is released slowly as water through melting.

o Temperature Range: -18 °C to 10 °C (-2 °F to 50°F)

o Average Annual Precipitation: 23 cm (9 in.)
o Latitude Range: found all over the world
o Global Position: Rocky Mountain Range in North America, the Andean mountain
range in South America, the Alps in Europe, Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa, the Himalayans in Tibet, Mt.
Fuji in Japan.

Task 2: Explaining Major world tourism attractions in various continents

Europe:
 France; Is the top tourism destination in the World due to the variety of attractions the country
has to offer. France offers a spectacular variety of scenery from the mountain ranges of Alps and
the Pyrenees to the beautiful river valleys of the Loire, Rhone and Dordogne and the flatter
country side of Normandy and the Atlantic Ocean coast.

Language: French

Religion: Predominantly catholic with a protestant minority

Currency: French Franc and Euros

Attractions include:

a) Palace of Versailles-One of the most visited and

Stunningly beautiful attractions in France

b) The Loire Valley-The Longest river in France dotted with the most
beautiful castles in France

c) Important Castle include chinon, chambord and chenonceau

d) The French Riviera-The French Riviera stretches along Mediterranean coast at the very foot of the
Alps and is one of the World’s popular tourist destinations
e) The most fascinating cities of the region are Nice, St. Tropez and Cannes

ASIA

INDIA: The most populous country in the World and appeals to a wide

range of travelers

Language: Official language is Hindi which is spoken by over30% of the population.

English is widely spoken and the native languages are recognized in the Indian 17 states

Religion: 80% Hindu 11% Muslim with Sikh, Christian, and Buddhist minorities

Currency: Indian rupee

Food and Beverage: India boast one of the rosy aromatic and

tasty cuisines in the world. The cuisine varies from

region to region like curry, jasmine, rose, coconut

and multitude of other spices

Attractions:

 New Delhi- is the India’s capital and the seat of the government. It is a beautiful city
with tree-lined boulevard and spacious parking
  Old Delhi is a centuries old city with narrow winding streets, temples, mosques and
bazaars.
 Red fort and Jama Masjid-the India’s largest mosque.
 The Taj mahal in Agra is a marvel in white and probably the world’s most famous
mausoleum and is one of the wonders of the world.

Great Wall of China

The Great Wall stretches from Shenanigan in the east to Lop Nur in the west, along an arc that
roughly delineates the southern edge of Inner Mongolia. The most comprehensive archaeological
survey, using advanced technologies, has recently concluded that the entire Great Wall, with all
of its branches, stretches for 8,851.8 km This is made up of 6,259.6 km of sections of actual wall,
359.7 km (223.5 mi) of trenches and 2,232.5 km of natural defensive barriers such as hills and
rivers

The palace on wheels

The Palace on Wheels was India's first train luxury train. It was launched by the Indian
Railways to promote tourism in Rajasthan, and has been highly popular since its launch.

Following its success, other luxury and tourist trains have been started on other routes in the
country.
 North America

Walt Disney World Resort is the largest and most visited recreational resort in the world, containing four
theme parks, many themed hotels and numerous shopping, dining, entertainment and recreation
venues. Owned and operated by the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts segment of The Walt Disney
Company, it is located in Lake Buena Vista and Bay Lake, Florida, outside the city limits of Orlando.

Niagara falls.

The Niagara Falls are voluminous waterfalls on the Niagara River, straddling the international border
between the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. state of New York. The falls are 27 km north-
northwest of Buffalo, New York and 75 miles (120 km) south-southeast of Toronto, Ontario, between
the twin cities of Niagara Falls, Ontario, and Niagara Falls, New York.

The enormous waterfalls are by far the most spectacular attraction in Niagara Falls State Park. But we
offer so many ways to experience the Falls. You can have a wet and wild adventure, reaching out and
touching the Falls at the Cave of the Winds. It’s all here to explore, in Attractions and Adventures.
Statue of liberty

Located in New York Harbor, the Statue of Liberty was a gift of international friendship from the people
of France to the people of the United States and is one of the most universal symbols of political
freedom and democracy. The Statue of Liberty was dedicated on October 28, 1886 and was designated a
National Monument on October 15, 1924. The Statue was extensively restored in time for her
spectacular centennial on July 4, 1986

Grand Canyon National Park

Is one of the United States' oldest national parks and is located in Arizona. Within the park lies
the Grand Canyon, a gorge of the Colorado River, considered to be one of the major natural
wonders of the world. The park covers 1,902 mi² (4927 km²) of unincorporated area in Coconino
County and Mohave County.

North Rim of the Grand Canyon.

South America

Argentina: Found on the South-Eastern part of the continent Attractions: Argentina has a
wide variety of landscapes like Pampas, which
 Lakes and forests, beaches, mountains, tundra and ice as well as attractive
tradition-minded provincial city which is filled with

folklore and cultural heritage. Argentina boasts of numerous

festivals, cattle ranches, gauchos and football.

Language: Spanish is the official, English, French and German are also

Spoken

Religion: 80% Roman Catholic, 7% Protestant with small Jewish and small

Muslim communities

Currency: Peso

Food and Beverage: Local food is combination of Basque, Spanish and

Italian. Visitors to Argentina should not miss out on

dinning at a Parillada or grill room. At this grill rooms

they can sample a large variety of barbecue style

Dishes, with beef being popular. Good Argentina

Wines and rums from the region are also available.

Other touristic attractions include:

 The National Art Museum

 Folk art museum
 Teatro museum
 La Bocca –one of the oldest district in Buenos Aires and the home of the tango dance
 Iguazu falls on the border with Brazil and Paraguay- The largest water falls in the World
 Cordoba, salta, and Tucuman are famous and ornate Cathedrals
 Villa Gezel, Pinamar, Miramar and Necochea- reputed as the largest casinos in the World

AUSTRALIA AND SOUTH WEST PACIFIC

Australia appeals to almost every type of traveler.

Adventure seekers will enjoy the vast outback, mountains and water activities available on both
coasts of Australia.

Entertainment seekers will enjoy the main cities of Sydney, Melbourne, Perth and Brisbane

History and Religious travelers will be interested in Australia’s short yet fascinating history and
cultural development.

Language: English and some native languages

Religion: 26% Roman catholic, 24% protestants and small communities of other main religions.

Currency: Australian Dollar

Food and Beverage: The food and beverage choice is varied and plentiful-beef, fish, numerous
vegetables and fruits.

Main attractions include:

 The Gold coast around Brisbane- a modern resort area with

good sunshine

 The Great Barrier Reef-one of the most well known wonders of the natural world spanning
over 2000 km
 Coral Gardens which are rich in marine life, beaches and fine vacation resorts both on Island
and mainland
 Uluru (also Ayers Rock or The Rock) is a large sandstone rock formation in central Australia, in
the Northern Territory. It is located in Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, 350 km southwest of
Alice Springs It is the second-largest monolith in the world (after Mount Augustus, also in
Australia), more than 318 m (986 ft) high and 8 km (5 miles) around. It also extends 2.5 km
(1.5 miles) into the ground and plays an important part in the Aboriginal Mythology

Other attractions include:

- The Omni theatre planetarium

- King park
- Art Gallery of Western Australia

Aborigine or aboriginal generally refers to Indigenous peoples in general. relating to aborigines often
capitalized : of or relating to the indigenous peoples of Australia

AFRICA

SOUTH AFRICA:
South Africa appeals to a wide range of travelers. The country has three major geographical regions:
plateau, mountain and coastal. The country offers something for every type of traveler.

Language: Official national language include Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga,
Tswana and Xhosa

Attractions:

 Adventure seekers will enjoy the numerous and diverse national parks many of which have
excellent wildlife viewing.
 Many shopper will delight in the many types of minerals including gold
 Beautiful and awe-inspiring mountains, winding rivers and magnificent sandy beaches.
 Cape Town is South Africa’s old city and most beautiful
 Table mountain
 The botanical gardens of Kirstenbosch
 South Africa Maritime Museum, Jewish Museum
 The Cape of Good hope national reserve

The Maasai are an indigenous African ethnic group of semi-nomadic people located in Kenya and
northern Tanzania. Due to their distinctive customs and dress and residence near the many game parks
of East Africa, they are among the most well known of African ethnic groups They speak Maa speakers.

Mombasa

Mombasa is the second largest city in Kenya, lying on the Indian Ocean. It has a major port and an
international airport. The city is the centre of the coastal tourism industry. The original Arabic name is
Manbasa; in Swahili it is called Kisiwa Cha Mvita (or Mvita for short), which means "Island of War", due
to the many changes in its ownership.

ASSIGNMENT

Briefly describe the flora and fauna found in East Africa(20mks)