JIMMA UNIVERSITY

JIMMAUNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

Assessment of the Major Challenges on on-going Road Construction

in Addis Ababa City

A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Jimma University in Partial

Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science in Civil
Engineering (Construction Engineering and Management)

By

AYNALEM ABEBE

OCTOBER/ 2016
JIMMA, ETHIOPIA
 JIMMA UNIVERSITY

JIMMAUNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in

Addis Ababa City

A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Jimma University in Partial

Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science in Civil
Engineering (Construction Engineering and Management)

BY

AYNALEM ABEBE

Main Advisor: Professor EmerT.Quezon

Co-advisor: Eng. GetachewKebede (MSc)

OCTOBER, 2016
JIMMA, ETHIOPIA
 DECLARATION

I, the undersigned, declare that this thesis entitled “Assessmentof the major challenges
on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa. is my original work, and has not been
presented by any other person for an award of a degree in this or any other University,
and all sources of material used for theses have been dually acknowledged.

Candidate:

AynalemAbebe

Signature______________________

As Master research Advisors, we hereby certify that we have read and evaluate this Msc

research prepared under our guidance, by AynalemAbebeentitled:Assessmentof the

major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.We recommend that it

can be submitted as fulfilling the MSc Thesis requirements.

Professor EmerT.Quezon_________________ ____/_____/____

Advisor Signature Date

Eng. GetachewKebede__________________ _____/_____/____

Co-Advisor Signature Date

 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I would like to thank God and His Mother St. Mary for all my accomplishment
until now. And I would like to express my sincere and deepest gratitude to my advisor
Prof. Emer T. Quezon and my co-advisor Eng. GetachewKebede for all their limitless
efforts in guiding me through my work and for providing me useful reference materials.

Secondly, my deep hearted gratitude to Ethiopian Road Authority (ERA) and Jimma
University by giving me the opportunity to avail the scholarship program in pursuing my
master‟s degree in civil engineering (CEM).

And also I would like to thank to those client, contractors and consultants who have
sacrificed their important time for Answering, returning questionnaires and providing me
the necessary information during the development of the thesis work. I extend my thanks
for Addis Ababa City Roads Authority staffs, for their candid assistance and cooperation.

Finally, I am especially thankful to my mother for her continuous support and to all my
friends who shared their unselfish help and kind support in preparing my thesis,
especiallymy best friend TamratFikadu (Msc).

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

ABSTRACT
Road construction project is the challenging process which needs huge manpower,
machineries and technical as well as financial capacity. Construction projects in
crowded urban road have faced different challenge to implement the road construction
such as high-traffic volume, utility conflicts and relocations and complex right-of-way
challenges of urban area construction. Therefore,the main objective of this study was to
assess the major challenges of the selectedon ongoing road constructionprojects in the
case of Addis Ababa city.
Descriptive and explanatory study methods were carried for this research in order to
achieve the objective of the study. Firstly, Guide lines (checklist) for the case study were
prepared. It contains the basic information about the selected road construction projects
such as: identify the major challenges that observed during the construction
implementation process, determining the challenges that influence on road
construction.Secondly, the research was conducted by identification of the major
challenges through literature review, desk study and site observation on selected road
projects. Based on this, the questionnaires were developed and distributed to
respondents to collect data from the relevant population (i.e. Client, contractors
andconsultants). Thirdly, evaluate the perception of different stakeholders on the issues
of the challenges and ranking of the variables. Finally,evaluation of roads was done by
checking compliance with the existing construction standards. Upon obtaining the
desired data, checking and organization of data has been done. This was followed by
thorough discussions in order to draw a conclusion and to forward recommendations
based on the findings of the study.
The distributed questioners to respondents were 100% returnedeven though, 73% of the
questioners were only valid. From result that obtained, elevenmajor challenges (i.e.right
of way problem, utility conflict, schedule constraints, variation order and poor project
management, Scarcity of material and financial, high traffic problem, performance of
stakeholders, poor public awareness, Design/poor planning and Environmental
factors)were identified from the selected road projects by using checklist; however, the
highest major challenge was right of way problem. On other hand, Time over run, Budget
over run, Creating social problem, Reduce work motivation, Dispute between parties,
Project termination and Leadership removal were identified as the most common and
recurrent effects of the challenges on the on-going road construction projects. All most
all the selected on-going road projects were not compliance with the standard.

Moreover, it is recommended that client should be facilitating timely compensation for

the property owners on the right of way of the road. Consultants should provide
completed project design where variation order will be negligible. Contractors should
follow the standards; Stakeholders need to build strong team to minimize lack of
coordination between organizations.

Keywords:Effect of challenges, High traffic problem, Right of way problem,Road

Projectand Utility conflict

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

ABBREVIATIONS

AACRA Addis Ababa city Road Authority

AAICA Addis Ababa Infrastructure and Construction Authority
AAWSA Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority
AACTA Addis Ababa City Transport Authority
CII Construction Industry Institute
DCI Ductile cast iron
EOT Extension of time
ERA Ethiopian Rods Authority
EEPCo Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation
EEU Ethiopia Electric Utility
ETC Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation
GNP Gross national product
IHA Infrastructure and Housing Affairs Offices
LADA Land Administration and Development Authority
LHS Left hand side
MoFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development
NDA Neighborhood Development Agency
NCHRP National cooperative highway research program

RHS Right hand side

RII Relative Importance Index

ROW Right of Way

RSDP Roads Sector Development Program

UK United Kingdome

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ ii
ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLE .............................................................................................................. vii
LIST OF FIGURE............................................................................................................ viii
CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1
1.1. Background .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2. Statement of the problem ......................................................................................... 2
1.3. Research questions ................................................................................................... 2
1.4. Objective .................................................................................................................. 3
1.4.1 General objective ................................................................................................ 3
1.4.2 Specific objective ............................................................................................... 3
1.5. Scope and limitation of the study ............................................................................. 3
1.6. Significance of the study .......................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................ 4
LITERATURE REVIEWS ................................................................................................. 4
2.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 4
2.2. Classification of Construction Industry.................................................................... 4
2.3. Construction Projects ............................................................................................... 5
2.4. Road construction project......................................................................................... 5
2.4.1. Implementation of urban road construction project ......................................... 6
2.4.2. Challenges for implementation of urban road construction .................................. 6
2.4.2.1. Utility conflicts ............................................................................................... 6
2.4.2.2. ROW problem................................................................................................. 8
2.4.2.3 High-traffic problem (obstruction) during construction period ..................... 10
2.4.2.4 Performance of stakeholder issues ................................................................ 11
2.4.2.5. Schedule constraint ....................................................................................... 14

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

2.4.2.6. Environmental problem ................................................................................ 15

2.4.2.7. Poor project management ............................................................................. 16
2.4.2.8 Variation order ............................................................................................... 16
2.4.2.9. Scarcity of financial & material resources ................................................... 17
2.6.3. Effects of the challenges on road construction projects ................................. 17
2.6.3.1. Time over run ............................................................................................... 18
2.6.3.2. Cost over run ................................................................................................ 18
2.6.3.3. Termination of a project ............................................................................... 19
2.6.3.4. Dispute between parties ................................................................................ 19
2.6.4 Existing construction standards to on-going road construction...................... 19
2.6.4.1. Construction requirement for Right of way problem ................................... 20
2.6.4.2. Construction requirements for existing public utility ................................... 21
2.7.3. Prepare Temporary traffic management Plan during the construction phase
22
CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................... 24
RESEARCH METHDOLOGY ........................................................................................ 24
3.1. Study area ............................................................................................................... 24
3.2. Research Design ................................................................................................. 24
3.3. Study Population .................................................................................................... 25
3.4 Sampling techniques ............................................................................................... 25
3.5 study variables ......................................................................................................... 25
3.6 Data Collection Procedures ..................................................................................... 26
3.7 Data processing and analysis................................................................................... 27
3.8. Data quality assurance ........................................................................................ 28
CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................. 30
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ....................................................................................... 30
4.1. Basic information on respondents ...................................................................... 30
4.2. Checking the challenge that affect implementation of on-going road construction
projects .......................................................................................................................... 32
4.3 Assessing the Selected on-going Road Projects ...................................................... 32
4.3.1. Selected ongoing Road projects Actual progress information ............................ 32

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

4.3.2. Identified challenge on the on-going road construction project during

assessment ................................................................................................................. 34
4.3. Analysis and ranking of identified major challenges that affecting project
implementation .............................................................................................................. 51
4.3.1 Test for Agreements on the identified challenges that affecting implementation
of the selected road construction projects in Addis Ababa ....................................... 55
4.3.2. Factors causes of the major Challenges that affect implementation in road
construction with their ............................................................................................... 56
4.4. Determination effect of the challenges on road construction project ..................... 59
4.4.1. Test for agreements on effects of the identified challenges ............................ 61
4.5. Checking compliance with the existing construction standards on the selected road
construction projects ..................................................................................................... 62
4.5.1. Construction requirement for Right of way problem .......................................... 62
4.5.2 Construction requirements for existing public utility ....................................... 64
4.5.3 Compliance of Temporary traffic management plan standards........................ 66
4.6. Practices concerning major challenges of ongoing Road Construction Projects ... 68
4.7. Interview Survey .................................................................................................... 70
CHAPTER FIVE .............................................................................................................. 72
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................... 72
5.1. Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 72
5.2. Recommendation .................................................................................................... 73
REFERENCE .................................................................................................................... 75
APPENDIX A ................................................................................................................... 79
APPENDIX B ................................................................................................................... 87
APPENDIX C ................................................................................................................... 89
APPENDIX D ................................................................................................................... 90
APPENDIX E ................................................................................................................... 91
APPENDIX F.................................................................................................................... 94

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

LIST OF TABLE
Table 4-1: Response rate by category ........................................................................................... 30
Table 4-2: Challenge affecting implementation was and still is a problem or not in Addis
Ababa road construction projects.................................................................................................. 32
Table 4-3: Physical performances of selected road projects ......................................................... 33
Table 4-4: Project Data for CMC Roundabout – Karalo .............................................................. 35
Table 4-5: Project data for CMC Roundabout – Karalo ............................................................... 37
Table 4-6: Project data for Yerergoro school- cmc at st. Michael church .................................... 39
Table 4-7: Project data for koyefeche condominium lot 1 and 2 asphalt ..................................... 41
Table 4-8: Project data for Radio beacon-kotebe Fisash mataria ................................................. 43
Table 4-9: Project Data for Augusta- Betel-Alembank Road Project........................................... 44
Table 4-10: Project data for Mexico - Amestegna police station Road project ............................ 45
Table 4-11: Project data for Kadisco paint factory to crown hotel ............................................... 46
Table 4-12: Project data for Meskel flower- gazebo- road project ............................................... 47
Table 4-13: Project data for Besrate Gebriel- Abo Roundabout................................................... 49
Table 4-14: The major identified challenges during assessment period ...................................... 51
Table 4-15: Major challenges of road construction projects ........................................................ 52
Table 4-16: Summary of spearman's rank correlation coefficients for identified
challenges….. ................................................................................................................................ 55
Table 4-17: RII and rank of all factors from contractors, consultants, client (AACRA),
and overall respondents‟ point of view from all categories. ......................................................... 57
Table 4-18: Rank effects of the challenges on road construction project from all
Respondents‟ point view ............................................................................................................... 59
Table 4-19: Summary of spearman's rank correlation coefficients for effects caused by
identified challenges ..................................................................................................................... 61
Table 4-20: Construction requirement for Right of way problem ................................................ 62
Table 4-21: Construction requirements for existing public utility................................................ 64
Table 4-22: compliance of Temporary traffic management plan standards ................................. 66
Table 4-23: Prepare Traffic management Approach .................................................................... 68
Table 4-24: organization working progress is within original schedule and cost estimate .......... 69
Table 4.25: lack of coordination of utility services ...................................................................... 69

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 4-1: Respondent position in the organization .................................................................... 31

Figure 4-2: Experience of the respondents in Addis Ababa road construction projects ............... 31
Figure 4.4: CMC Roundabout – Karalo Junction Asphalt Concrete Road Construction ............. 36
Figure 4.5: 2NDpolice station- kidestemariam church- Minilik hospital asphalt road .................. 38
Figure 4.6: Yerergoro school- CMC at st. Michael Church –Kotebewendyrad School
Asphalt concrete road project. ...................................................................................................... 39
Figure 4.7: km4+600 DCI pipe not relocated by EEU junction work. ........................................ 40
Figure 4.8: Koyefeche road project .............................................................................................. 42
Figure 4.9: Koyefeche road project route 3 Lot 1 ......................................................................... 42
Figure 4.10: Radio Becon – Kotebefesash mataria road project .................................................. 43
Figure 4.11: Agusta –Betel-Alem bank project ............................................................................ 45
Figure 4.12: Mexico – Amestegna road project .......................................................................... 46
Figure 4.13: Kadisco paint factory to crown hotel road project ................................................... 47
Figure 4.14: Meskel flower to Gazebo ......................................................................................... 48
Figure 4.15: The Construction Works for B/Gebriel- Abo roundabout asphalt road
project……… ............................................................................................................................... 50
Figure 4.17: Rank overall RII of the challenges.......................................................................... 54
Figure 4.18: Overall RII for the factors ....................................................................................... 58
Figure 4.19: Rank of overall Relative important index ................................................................ 60
Evaluated the existing of the selected road construction projects with the standard that
provided by AACRA requirements. ............................................................................................. 62
Figure 4.20 Void on Mexico- Amestegna police station and besrategebriel ................................ 63
Figure 4.21: Partially demolished building on Cmc karalo junction and kadsico ........................ 63
Figure 4.22: Affected existing houses on Betel-alembank and Cmc karalo junction ................... 63
Figure 4.25slow clearance of Electric pole and Tele wire box ( Kadisko paint factory –
Crown Hotel, Meskel flower- Gazebo) ......................................................................................... 65
Figure 4.26: Bundles of underground optical fibers and copper cables at 0+420km which
crosses the road project (2nd police station – kideste Mariam) .................................................... 65
Figure 4.27 High traffic volumes and no road way sign available ............................................... 67
Figure 4.29: Abo Round about Bisrat Gebriel road project .......................................................... 67
Table AB3: Cmcround about – karalo junction asphalt concrete road construction
project physical progress according to the site engineer‟s evaluation .......................................... 88
Table 4.20: Construction requirement for Right of way problem .............................................. 92
Table 4.21: Construction requirements for existing public utility ............................................. 93
Table 4.22: compliance of Temporary traffic management plan standards ............................... 93

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1.Background
The construction industry everywhere faces problems and challenges;these difficulties
and challenges are present together with a general situation of socio-economic stress,
chronic resource shortages, institutional weaknesses and inability to deal with the key
issuesin the developing countries[1].

In the context of Ethiopia‟s geography, pattern of settlement and economic activity,

transport plays vital role in facilitating economic development. In particular, it is road
transport that provides the means for the movement of people, utilization of land and
natural resources, improved agricultural production and marketing, access to social
services, and opportunities for sustainable growth. Recognizing the importance of the
road transport in supporting social and economic growth and its role as a catalyst to meet
poverty reduction targets, the Government of Ethiopia has placed increased emphasis on
improvement of the quality and size of road infrastructure in the country [2].

The construction industry in Ethiopia, especially in urban areas is affected by numerous

problems. Almost all road projects in Addis Ababa city are over ending with additional
cost and time with qualities below that was stipulated in the contract and leading to their
deterioration before the designed lifecycle period. There are several causes for these
problems and the main ones being the existence of obstructions in the ROW limit, lack of
belongingness among the stakeholders and lack of experienced professionals faced during
planning, designing, implementation and operation of road projects and the lack of proper
managements[3].

Therefore, in this research was made to assess the major challenges on ongoing road
construction in Addis Ababa City. These papers reports on identify the major challenges
and determine their effects on the ongoing road construction projects.In addition to this,
checkingthe existing road construction compliance with standards.Finally, to reduce the
road construction challenges in the study area, a number of recommendations have been
formulated.

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

1.2.Statement of the problem

The construction industry is one of the core sectors that provide important components
for the development of an economy and a society achieves its goals of urban and rural
development.

Construction projects in congested urban corridors have been a challenge for many years.
High-traffic volume is just one of many concerns that need to be resolved. Adding
significant utility conflicts and relocations, complex right-of-way (ROW), a diverse
stakeholder makes normally difficult work even more complicated. Road construction
project is a complicated process which requires massive manpower, machineries and
technical as well as financial capacity [4].

Addis Ababa road construction projects frequently take longer construction time.
Amongthe challenging conditions, crowded working environment which decrease the
efficiency of machineries and complex right of way issues are observed. The everyday
construction method is currently bringing large interruptions because of extended period
of time and disturbance of adjacent businesses.

Stakeholders and the public believed that, the industry within the Public Sector has not
efficient and effective in projects deliveryin the Construction industry. This is evidenced
by the high number of delayed construction projects distributed all over the country.
There is high rate of non-completion of projects, budget overruns and extensions of
contract periods.

1.3.Research questions
1. What are the major challenges that affect the implementation of road construction
project in Addis Ababa?
2. Which challenges commonly affect the project implementation?
3. What are the effects ofthe challenges on the road construction in Addis Ababa?
4. What arethe existing conditions the selected road construction project in Addis
Ababa?

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

1.4.Objective

1.4.1 General objective

The general objective of this study wasto assess the major challenges on ongoing road
construction in Addis Ababa.

1.4.2 Specificobjective
 To identify the major challenges thataffects the implementation of road
construction projects inAddis Ababa.
 To examine and rank the major challenges that affect project implementation in
Addis Ababa road construction project.
 To determine the effectsof thechallenges on road construction projects.
 To check compliance of the existing road construction with standards

1.5.Scope and limitationofthe study

The scope of the study was to assess the ongoing road construction projects in Addis
Ababa city. Moreover, only focus the selected road projects which are ongoing were
considered for the study. The challenges on Maintenance road projects and completed
road projects are out of the scope of the thesis. The selection of projects was made due
consultation with the Addis Ababa City Roads Authority which were believed to
faceseveral challenges on ongoing road projects.Furthermore, the respondents of the
questionnaires are limited to the client (AACRA), consultants, and contractors who work
in Addis Ababa city road construction projects. In addition to this; the studylimited on the
most common challenges observed on the selected road projects in Addis Ababa.

1.6. Significance of the study

The importance of this studywasto identify the major challenges of the selected road
constructions projects in Addis Ababa and determine their effects on the construction
projects progress. It can also act as a source of information for Owners, contractors and
consultants and also for future studies on urban road construction problem. This study
can be used to attract construction firm‟s attention to minimize challenges and enhance
sustainability of road construction projects in Ethiopia.

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATUREREVIEWS
2.1.Introduction
The construction industry, by nature, has many special problems and requirements. The
importance of taking measures to improve the performance of the construction industry
has now been recognized in several countries at various levels of socio-economic
development. Dedicated agencies have been formed in many countries to administer the
continuous improvement of the industry, although they have different objectives,
responsibilities and levels of authority. In the UK, the Construction Industry Board is an
industry initiative, whereas its counterpart institutions in developing countries are
government agencies. Considering the nature of the industry‟s needs and problems, and
in many developing countries, the resource constraints, formation of an agency does not
guarantee the success of construction industry development [1].

The construction industry is one of the main sectors that provide important ingredients
for the development of an economy. The construction industry is the tool through which a
society achieves its goals of urban and rural development. However it is becoming more
complex because of the sophistication of the construction process itself and the large
number of parties involved in the construction process, i.e., clients, users, designers,
regulators, contractors, suppliers, subcontractors, and consultants [5].

This broad category of construction, sometimes called engineering construction, is

characterizedby designs prepared by engineers rather than architects, the provision of
facilities usually related to the public infrastructure and thus owned by public-sector
entities and funded through bonds, rates or taxes and a high degree of mechanization and
the use of much heavy equipment and plant in the construction process [6].

2.2. Classification of Construction Industry

1. Building Construction Industry:-All general contractors and operative builders
primarily engaged in the construction of residential, industrial, commercial, or other
buildings.

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

2. Heavy Construction Industry: - All general contractors primarily engaged in heavy

construction other than building, such as highways and streets, bridges, sewers, railroads,
irrigation projects, and flood control projects and marine construction. This includes
special trade contractors primarily engaged in activities not normally performed on
buildings, such as highway grading or underwater rock removal [7].

2.3.Construction Projects
A project is a unique process, consisting of a set of co-ordinate and controlled activities
with an assumed start and known finish dates, undertaken to achieve an objective
conforming to specific requirements including constraints of time, cost and resources [8].

Governments and non-Governments organizations usually embark on different projects

with the aim of creating new service or improving the functional efficiency of the
existing ones. Such projects require appropriate skills and techniques that encompass
good and sound skills to manage limited budgets, monitor shrinking schedules and
unpredicted outcomes while at the same time dealing with people and organizational
issues. Developmental facilities like housing, roads, and power plants are undertaken
with strategic aims of developing infrastructure to facilitate economic growth[9].

2.4. Road construction project

Road construction is part and parcel of construction projects. A road project is a linear
repetitive engineered construction project requiring an external organization for its
implementation and is a temporary endeavor undertaken to produce a unique product, the
road infrastructure[10].

Urban roads serve a variety of mobility needs including general public use, commercial,
merchandise, and emergency vehicle traffic. Maintaining traffic flow during construction
is an important issue.The number of complex projects in urban areas will likely continue
to increase in the future. Aging road infrastructures, right-of-way (ROW) constraints, and
increasing urban populations lead to difficulties for construction projects on existing,
congested, urban road projects.Overall system mobility must be considered in a
congested urban area undergoing construction [4].

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

Complexity is the key element when looking into the specifics of urban road construction
projects. Urban road projects are constructed in a physically constrained environment.
Existing road networks are dense and often intertwined with other infrastructures.
Scarcity of land in an urban setting implies high land acquisition costs this in turn makes
it very difficult to relocate those affected by the road project[11].

2.4.1. Implementation of urban road construction project

Implementation is the execution of planned activities which converts human and physical
resources into a product or service of value to the customers. The way in which the
project is implemented can have a significant impact on whether it will be successful or
not. Projects are influenced by a multiple of factors which can be external or internal to
the organization responsible for its management and execution. These include poor
project management, inadequate opportunities for potential beneficiaries to participate in
project identification and design, poor linkages between project activities and project
purpose, insufficient attention to external environment during project design, among
others.The external factors making up thisenvironment are the client (customer),
consultants, contractors, suppliers, competitors, politicians, national and local
government agencies, public utilities, pressure groups, the end users and the general
public. Internal influences include the organization management, the project team,
internal departments, and stakeholders[12].

2.4.2.Challenges for implementation of urban road construction

2.4.2.1.Utility conflicts
Utilities are the „conduits‟ or „technological systems‟ which support the rapid movement
of waste, water, energy and information up on which their integration together into
economic and social structure depends [13].

Urban corridors are not only congested with vehicles and people but also filled with
utilities, each one a potential conflict for the planned work. For many years, the natural
pattern has been to install utilities in streets and highways. It can take many forms,
whether aerial or underground. Some are privately owned and others owned by
municipalities, such as a local water company [4].

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

Urban utilities infrastructure accounts the water supply, sewerage facilities, drainage
systems, power distribution networks, communication transmissions and other related
underground, surface and overhead services and facilities [14].

A variety of telecommunications providers have facilities in public ROWs. Power and

gas lines are often public utilities regulated by a public utilities commission and found in
the highway ROWs. In addition, local irrigation districts, sewer districts, and others may
have facilities in urban corridors under construction.Almost all projects require the
relocation or adjustment of existing utilities. When conflicts exist, either the utility owner
or the agency‟s contractor must make necessary changes. The extent of relocation
depends on the corridor and the nature of the work. Those familiar with urban corridor
construction may recall projects where the actual corridor improvements (e.g., new
pavement, drainage, traffic signals, and bridge construction) appeared almost incidental
to the amount of preliminary utility work. Ultimately, the presence of utilities on these
projects represents a potentially high-cost/high-risk factor during construction. Utility
conflicts, impacts on the actual construction work, and the best strategies agencies use to
prevent negative outcomes on urban projects[4].

In Addis Ababa, when utility companies (i.e. ETC, AAWSA, and EEPCO) needed to
install new lines or to improve the existing ones underneath the roads, they used to
apply to the Addis Ababa City Road Authority (AACRA) for permit to cut paved roads.
Very often permits were not granted promptly. Besides, the permits given were not
based on adequate information and database. The concerns of the utility company that
secured such a permit were limited only to laying its own utility lines. As a result such
developments often took place at the expense of the other utility lines that were already
in place. In fact this has resulted in the cutting and destruction of other infrastructure
lines that were otherwise functioning in good conditions. It has also resulted in delaying
in the implementation of projects thereby adversely affecting overall city infrastructure
and services provision[15].
From the perspective of utility companies, delays in ROW acquisition and frequent
changes to the design are the main reasons for delays in utility relocation. Past experience
with frequent design changes keep utility companies from getting involved earlier in the

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

project development process, for fear of wasting time, effort, and money on a relocation
that a project may no longer need after a design change[16].

Utility companies often lack accurate records on precise locations of underground utility
lines. In this case, they will not identify if utility lines are required to be moved,
especially in urban areas where utility lines have been installed years ago.In cases where
a utility conflict is anticipated, the problems should be studied with utility companies and
a contractor to come up with a best possible solution. The project design should be
revised and updated in order to expedite the construction and minimize the delays. A
delay mostly occurs when the prime contractor cannot work as a result of utility conflicts.
That is why it is important for the utility company and the contractor to establish good
cooperation between them during the actual construction of the project.Using some type
of utility locater is costly to use but it would be even more costly and time consuming if a
utility line is detected in the process of construction [17].

Since no proper records exist of the underground utilities like water supply, sewerage
lines, electrical and telephone cables etc., these utilities get identified as encumbrance
only during the implementation stage of the project. Similarly shifting of overhead
electrical and telephone lines (which are visible including poles) takes a long time. This
leads to delay as the shifting of these utilities brings in hardships to the general
population and suitable alternate arrangements are required to be made. There are
numerous government agencies involved from which clearances/approvals/permissions
are required to be obtained before the utilities can be shifted or relocated. This takes a
great deal of time. There are cumbersome procedures involved and sometimes the
relevant laws and regulations are also not very clear [18].

2.4.2.2. ROW problem

Right-of-way (ROW)clearance is defined as those instances where there is an interest in
land acquired and includes all necessary procedures to acquire the property. In some
cases land and interests in land must be acquired outside existing ROW for or by the
utility. ROW acquisition and utility adjustment are almost always on the critical path of
an infrastructure project. It is important to identify and focus on all parcels within the
ROW, but especially those that might cause delay, such as those that may require eminent

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

domain acquisition or have other inherent problems. Utilities with a history of slow
response in making adjustments should be aggressively managed. It should be noted that
ROW and utility adjustment issues may be of concern even in cases where the parcel or
utility is owned by a separate public entity. A strategy must be developed to address these
problematic parcels and/or utility adjustment [19].

In the context of Addis Ababa city road construction projects the ROW problem is related
to land acquisition issue from the community for the purpose of the infrastructure
development and relocating of utility facilities. The land required for these projects
includes the land to be used for the construction of the road which includes appropriate
ROW according to the requirements of the Addis Ababa city master plan standards and
other part of the land which will be used by the contractors as local material sources such
as quarry site, spoil area, and temporary land for material stock piling, pre-casting yards,
warehouse, workshops, parking lots, etc. ROW obstructions are one of the prevailing
risks hindering the progress of road construction in urban areas unless intensive
intervention measures are adopted [3].

2.4.2.2.1. Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Compensation

Land acquisition is a common constraint in road construction project. Adversely affect
the construction process, acquiring land for a project may become a lengthy process,
particularly when lands to be purchased are owned by private sectors [21].

Due to the construction time, land acquisition will occur .This will result in loss of
infrastructure; commercial activities and disturbance to people. The compensation for the
structures, plots, private and public properties etc. has to be made as per law[24].

2.4.2.2.2. Delay in Clearance of Right of Way (ROW)

The main reason for the delay ofROW clearance is the underestimating of the
consequences of ROW problems during the beginning of the project. ROW clearance is
used to be performed mostly during the mobilizationperiod of the contractor. By the time
the contractor has finished its mobilization of resources; little progress is always achieved
with regard to ROW clearance. Hence delay of project due to ROW starts at the
beginning of the project period. According to CII IR 268-2 (2010) and AACRA annual

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

publication (2012), the following are the major issues included under ROW:Delay in
clearance of ROW properties which includeswarehouses,fences,trees,Crops and grazing
lands [3].

Studies in Florida, USA, show the right of way costs for new or expanded roadways
exceed the cost for construction. The right of way acquisition process can begin after
60% of the design is completed; however, the process typically begins after 90% of the
design work is completed. The roadway design team leader is recommended to be
prepared with the backup documentation to support the design decisions made regarding
access management and to provide that information to the right of way team. The right of
way team often can consist of appraisers, land planners, engineers, accountants, and other
experts in the field. Their task is to estimate the fair market value of the property being
acquired. The right of way team will carefully review the work completed by the
roadway design team. This work will extend onto the property to address any secondary
problems that the driveway grade might create. Careful consideration and good, proactive
coordination in dealing with the secondary problems by the roadway design team during
the plans development phases can reduce the time and costs associated with the
acquisition process[22].

2.4.2.3 High-traffic problem (obstruction) during construction period

Congestion is relatively easy to recognize roads filled with cars, trucks, and buses,
sidewalks filled with pedestrians. The definitions of the term congestion mention such
words as "clog," "impede," and "excessive fullness." For anyone who has ever sat in
congested traffic, those words should sound familiar. In the transportation realm,
congestion usually relates to an excess of vehicles on a portion of roadway at a particular
time resulting in speeds that are slower sometimes much slower than normal or "free
flow" speeds. Congestion often means stopped or stop-and-go traffic [23].

Due to the construction activities, proper traffic management may pose a challenge in the
project area. This may result in traffic jams and cause inconvenience to the people
passing through the project area due to movement of vehicles carrying construction
materials. It will also increase the traffic load on the existing road network, thus
deteriorating the existing condition of the road. Also, the movement of vehicles along the

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

haulage routes may cause soil compaction and alteration of percolation, and damage to
properties and utilities[24].

Managing the substantial volumes of traffic found in these urban corridors is, perhaps,
the most confusing problem for agencies. Sometimes alternative corridors exist to which
traffic can be diverted; traffic movement also can be facilitated by other means in spite of
the major impacts of actual construction [4].

Generally Temporary roadways and works will be designed to minimize adverse

changes to existing property access arrangements and road functionality for other road
users. All temporary traffic diversions and controls will be completed before the
construction activities interfere with the current traffic arrangements. Any temporary
roads will be removed and the area restored to its original condition upon completion of
the works. Portable Variable Message Signs will be installed at each end of the Project,
prior to any changed traffic conditions due to construction activity. These will be used
to inform the public where any road changes as a result of the construction works.
Additionally, project signboards will be located at each end of the Project [31].

Figure 4.30 source From the DPWH Philippines

2.4.2.4 Performance of stakeholder issues

The construction industry is complex in its nature because it comprises large numbers of
parties as clients, contractors, consultants, stakeholders, and regulators. Despite this

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

complexity, the industry plays a major role in the development and achievement of
society‟s goals. It is one of the largest industries and contributes to about 10% of the
gross national product (GNP) in industrializedcountries, many local construction projects
report poor performance due to many evidential project-specific causes such as:
unavailability of materials; excessive amendments of design and drawings; poor
coordination among participants, ineffective monitoring and feedback, and lack of project
leadership skills. Project performance can be measured and evaluated using a large
number of performance indicators that could be related to various dimensions (groups)
such as time, cost, quality, client satisfaction, client changes, business performance,
health and safety. Many factors ashaving influence on project cost performance, these
include: project manager's competence, top management support, project manager's
coordinating and leadership skills, monitoring and feedback by the participants, decision-
making, coordination among project participants, owners' competence, social condition,
economic condition, and climatic condition. Coordination among project participants,
however, was identified as the most significant of all the factors, having maximum
influence on cost performance[26].

A negative attitude to a construction project by stakeholders can severely obstruct its

implementation. Such obstruction will cause cost overruns and exceeded time schedules
due to conflicts and controversies concerning project design and implementation.
Inadequate management of the concerns of stakeholders often leads to conflicts and
controversies about the implementation of a construction project [27].

2.4.2.4.1Contractor capacity
Road contractor‟s performance problem appears in many aspects in developing countries.
Many road projects fail in time performance, others fail in cost performance and others
fail in other performance indicators. In the past there were many road projects which
finished with poor performance because of many evidential reasons such as: obstacles by
client, non-availability of materials, road closure, amendment of the design and drawing,
additional works, waiting the decision, handing over, variation order, amendments in Bill
of Quantity and delay of receiving drawings. There are other indicators for problems of
road contractor‟s performance in developing countries such as project management,

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

coordination between participants, monitoring, and feedback and leadership skills. In

addition, political, economic and cultural issues are three important indicators related to
failures of road projects' performance in the Country [28].

The major issues of concern during urban road construction are mentionedas follows:

Concerns on the capacity of the contractors

 Management organization needs adjustment towards professionalism (the General

Managers position of the construction company is to be hold by professionals like
civil engineers related fields.
 Less effort towards curbing the prevailing high turnover of professionals and
skilled workers.
 Poor recording keeping of activities related with construction
 Financial capacity of the contractors to be built, financial institutions need to
Facilitate the liquid assets.
 Poor practice of subletting parts of the works to Subcontractors.
 Little effort towards the establishment of specialized contractors like for asphalt
work, concrete works, pipe production, prefabricated elements, quarry, crushed
aggregate, formwork, earthwork, rock blasting, etc.

2.4.2.4.2. Consultantcapacity
The major issues of concern during urban road construction are mentionedas follows[3].

Concerns on the short comings of the consultants are

 Faulty designs, errors in quantity estimation, discrepancy in the drawings

andSpecifications, etc.
 Lack of commitment and feeling ownership of the project
 Follow the contractor„s work accomplishment rather than proactively contributing
valuable input towards the achieving the project objectives.

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

2.4.2.4.3.Clientcapacity
The major issues of concern during urban road construction are mentionedas follows:

Concerns on the capacity of the client

 Absence of pre-project planning

 Lack of strong contract Administration (better to allow all road projects including
 maintenance works to be done by contractors and focus on contract administration
And ROW clearances)
 Shortage of professionals competent enough to thoroughly check the
designssubmitted by the consultants.
 Frequent change of requirements
 Delay in responding to questions raised by the contractors and consultants
 To closely work with relevant offices so that master plan for road
classificationsneeds to be verified based on the actual topographic data and traffic
volume
 Absence of updating traffic management study for road network based on the
Current developments
 Lack of giving priority for road intersections, taxi bays, parking areas to minimize
the prevailing traffic jams
 Lack of updating integrated drainage network study in relation to the
roadnetworks,
 Non standardization of drawings and details
 Project procurement method to be revised to avoid award for lowest bid price
offers, etc.[3].

2.4.2.5. Scheduleconstraint
Road construction operations, rules governing the actions and interactions of the
resources should be identified, developed, classified and modeled through a
comprehensive analysis of several road construction projects. For every road construction
operations (activities), project templates in advance should be defined and developed.
Through the templates, which summarize productivity, factors influencing the

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

productivity of resources and the sequence of works, the basics towards complete
executions planning and scheduling are achieved [29].

Project scheduling involves charting the resources requirements or anticipated progress in

completing component activities over the project‟s time horizon. Scheduling is an
inevitable part of life and essential part of every plan. Without scheduling, managers
cannot be certain that they are actually processing towards their goals. It could be said
that scheduling put the plan on calendar basis. Therefore, a time schedule outlines the
project work programmed; hence, it is a time table of work planned. Development of
accurate work schedules is a challenge to managers due incompetence into consideration
the factors that affect work scheduling. Construction project with effective work schedule
is a recipe for progress monitoring and control as it depicts the activities to be executed
on a time scale. Without scheduling of work activities, it could be difficult to monitor
activity progress and take corrective and control actions on the control milestone. It will
also provide platform for measurement of the actual work progress and comparing it with
the schedule work progress,determine if there is any deviation for corrective action.
Project control puts the project plan on course again after determination of activities
variance [30].

Construction planning and scheduling tasks are fundamental and challenging activities in
the management of executing construction projects. It involves choice of construction
technologies, definition of work tasks, estimation of the required resources and durations
for individual tasks, and identification of any interactions or constraints among the
different tasks. A good construction plan is the basis for developing the project budget
and the schedule of work. Poor estimates or schedules can easily result in large
construction cost increases or delays[31].

2.4.2.6. Environmental problem

Road construction is by its nature a complex task that needs a thorough planning and
controlled management throughout the lifetime of the project. Its progress can be affected
by lots of reasons that results the project to lag behind its scheduled time. Rainy seasons
are one of the focal reasons that delay construction projects especially for roads. During
rainy seasons, the ground will not be suitable for execution of works, machinery

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

movement and over all construction works. Since most parts of Ethiopia have three
months of rainy season each year, these times of the year are usually known to disturb
ongoing road constructions. rainy seasons are also known to have their own negative
impact on road delay of the construction Due to this, construction time is extended and
detour roads does not give the expected services resulting in inconvenience of
transport[32].

2.4.2.7. Poor project management

Poor project management is a problem on the implementation of road construction. This
situation comes from the lack of experience of the project manager; Poor of site
management reflected the weakness and incapability of contractors. And also Skillful and
experience human resource is insufficient in site management.

2.4.2.8 Variation order

Incompatible layout plan and engineering design of the project‟s structures can
undermine the overall aesthetic beauty and ambience of the project area. Also low
utilization of the available spaces and not designing the structures taking into account, the
prospective and futuristic needs can result in structures with low social acceptability and
functionality[24].

A construction contract is a business agreement that is subject to variability. Contractual

clauses relating to changes allow parties involved in the contract to freely initiate
variation orders within the ambit of the scope of the works without alteration of the
original contract. Variation orders involve additions, omissions, alterations and
substitutions in terms of quality, quantity and schedule of works.Unfortunately, because
construction projects involve complex operations which cannot be accurately determined
in advance, variation orders occur. Variation orders are issued to correct or modify the
original scope of work because changes during construction of projects are
unavoidable.Variations in construction projects are very common and likely to occur
from different sources, by various causes, at any stage of a project, and may have
considerable negative impacts on items such as costs and schedule delays. A critical
variation may cause consecutive delays in project schedule, re-estimation of work
statement, and extra demands of equipment, materials, labor, and overtime. Variations, if

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

not resolved through a formalized variation management process, can become the major
source of contract disputes, which is a severe risk contributing to project failure[33].

2.4.2.9. Scarcity of financial & material resources

Construction materials can be purchased by two procedures, either purchasing directly, or
purchasing for entire lump sum contract. However, purchasing materials before due time
is very important in the construction, because the delay in purchasing will delay the
completion date, and interrupt the schedule. Consequently, the contractor will be exposed
to penalty which might sometimes cause contractor to fail thus monitoring and evaluation
is essential [34].

2.6.3. Effects of the challenges on road construction projects

Delay is one of the biggest problems construction firms face. Delays can lead to many
negative effects such as lawsuits between owners and contractors, increased costs, loss of
productivity and profits, and contract termination. The construction companies in many
countries around the world experience significant delays. So what is construction delay?
Construction delay can be defined as time overrun or extension of time to complete the
project. It is a situation when the actual progress of a construction project is slower than
the planned schedule or late completion of the project. However, delay situations are
complex in nature because multiple delays can occur concurrently and because they can
be caused by more than one party, or by none of themprincipal parties. One delay may
contribute to the formation of other delays. In complex and big projects having many
activities, delays are analyzed only based on the two major parameters i.e. time and cost
because recording each activity schedules is difficult. Since the delay in infrastructure
projects affects the economy of the country, it is important for the projects to be
completed within the budgeted cost and time[35].

These causes of construction delay were categorized into the following eight major
groups[36].
1. Client related factors: finance and payments of completed work, owner interference,
slow decision making and unrealistic contract duration imposed by owners.
2. Contractor related factors: delays caused by subcontractor, site management, improper
construction methods, improper planning and errors during construction, and inadequate

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

contractor experience.
3. Consultant related factors: contract management, preparation and approval of
drawings, quality assurance and waiting time for approval of test and inspection.
4. Material related factors: quality of material and shortage in material.
5. Labor and equipment related factors: labor supply, labor productivity and equipment
availability and failure.
6. Contract related factors: change orders and mistakes or discrepancies in contract
document.
7. Contract relationship related factors: major disputes and negotiations, inappropriate
overall organizational structure linking to the project and lack of communication between
the parties.
8. External factors: weather condition, regulatory changes, problem with neighbors and
unforeseen site condition

2.6.3.1. Time over run

The timely completion of road infrastructure projects is an important objective. A
significantannoyance to the public occurs when projects are not completed in a timely
manner and when actual progress of the construction work is longer than necessary,
thereby prolonging the inconvenience and disrupted business access. Economic & social
welfare and safety are all related to timely completion. In spite of the importance of
timely completion, construction delays remain a common occurrence[37].

Client-related and contractor-related factors have impact on the time overrun. Factors
such as inadequate planning by the contractors, improper site management by the
contractors, inadequate project handling experience of contractors, and delay in the
payments for the work completed directly affect the completion of the project and cause
time overrun[36].

2.6.3.2. Cost over run

Cost overruns have obvious effects for the key stakeholders in particular, and on the
construction industry in general. To the client, cost overrun implies added costs over and
above those initially agreed upon at the onset, resulting in less returns on investment. To
the end user, the added costs are passed on as higher rental/lease costs or prices. To the

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

professionals, cost overrun implies inability to deliver value for money and could well
tarnish their reputations and result in loss of confidence reposed in them by clients. To
the contractor, it implies loss of profit for non-completion, and defamation that could
jeopardize his/her chances of winning further jobs, if at fault. To the industry as a whole,
cost overruns could bring about project abandonment and a drop in construction
activities, bad reputation, and inability to secure project finance or securing it at higher
costs due to added risks [38].

All these consequences undermine the viability and sustainability of the construction
industry. The effects of cost overrun are not confined to the construction industry but are
reflected in the state of the overall economy of a country. They state that delays and cost
overruns in construction projects prevent the planned increase in property and service
production from taking place, and this phenomenon in turn affects, in a negative way, the
rate of national growth[39].

2.6.3.3. Termination of a project

Terminationis a permanent stoppage of work of all or a portion of the contract and the
contract is terminated. For a party to possess the right for termination, a termination
clause must be specifically included in the contract. Most contracts allow the owner the
right to terminate the contract, while some contracts grant the contractor this right[40].

2.6.3.4. Dispute between parties

Disputes are the effects of major causes of poor performance in construction projects
such as causes of client related, contractor related, and consultant related and external
related that might be arisen during the construction projects among the project parties.
Lack of communication may also leads to misunderstandings, conflicts, and disputes.
Hence, it necessitates the project managers to have effective communication skills that
are one of the significant soft skills (People skills) with the project parties involving in
construction projects [41].

2.6.4 Existing construction standards to on-going roadconstruction

The demolition, disconnection, removal or part removal, disposal and or storage of
buildings, bridges, drainage structures, retaining walls, wells, buildings, service ducts,

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

foundations, fencing, walls, kerbs, old pavements, abandoned pipelines, disused public
utilities and any other obstructions which are not designated or permitted to remain,
except for the obstructions to be removed and disposed of under other items in the
contract[42].

2.6.4.1. Construction requirement for Right of way problem

Construction requirement for demolition and removal of existing structures

A. Existing structures and installations shall be demolished as described in the

contract or as instructed by the engineer. The existing structures and installations
shall be removed such a way as to leave no obstruction to the new works. Those
structures and installations, which are to be partially demolished, shall be shored,
braced and supported in such a manner that the integrity of the structure shall be
maintained. All supports should be kept outside the right of way.
B. The contractor shall carefully remove and store materials salvaged from
demolished structures and installations. Unless otherwise stated in the contract,
such materials shall become the property of the owner. This material shall be
carefully transported and stored in an acceptable manner upon the owner‟s
adjacent property or at location to be identified by the engineer.
C. Whenever materials are stored within right-of-way, the contractor shall be
responsible for its care and preservation until its authorized removal. The
contractor shall satisfactorily dispose of all material designated by the engineer as
having no salvage value by means of its legal removal from the site, burning
using a high intensity burning process that produces few emissions, burying in
trenches or pits in approved areas within the right-of-way in accordance with the
requirements
D. The contractor shall remove structures and installations or part of structure and
installations, which obstruct with the installation of a new structure or installation.
E. Unless otherwise directed by the engineer any voids below ground level in
existing structures or installations shall be filled with natural sand or crushed fine
aggregate. Latrine pits, septic tanks etc. shall be cleaned out and disinfected and

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

the contents disposed of generally in accordance with the requirements for

hazardous materials before the filling with approved materials [43].

2.6.4.2. Construction requirements for existing public utility

(a) Disconnections
Before the commencement of demolition operations, the Contractor shall notify
the Engineer who shall arrange for the disconnection of all disused public
utilities, including electricity, telephone, sewer, water and other facilities
encountered.
(b) Protection of Existing Public Utilities
Existing utilities, which are to remain in place, such as sewers, drains, water
pipes, conduits, poles, etc. are to be carefully protected from injury and are not to
be displaced.
(c) Relocation of Existing Public Utilities
The Contracting Authority shall arrange with the appropriate authorities for the
necessary relocation of any public utilities, which would otherwise obstruct the
Works [42].
The lack of integration of urban infrastructure and services planning in Ethiopia could
be said to have its basis in three major areas: lack of technical knowhow,
poorinstitutional arrangements and weak legal frameworks.Due to uncoordinated
planning and design and weak institutional arrangements redoing Faulty designs and
rebuilding utility lines have wasted a significant amount of resources. Frequent cutting of
city streets by various utility companies has severely affected the Environmental quality
and the efficiency of the urban transport system[1].
In order to promote the exchange of information before excavation start, governments
might consider introduction of “a single information system” based permitting legislation
for all the municipal services and utilities providing authorities within the city. Another
option for municipalities might be to set up a “common clearing-house for inquires and to
issue digging licenses”. Such licenses might also be an effective way of “controlling
digging activities” [44].

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

As the planning dimension, the institutional dimension used to assess the partners‟
coordination as the main point of interest. The concept of institutional coordination is
used to express official inter and intra-sectoral relationships among the city
administration and utility infrastructure providing institutions in the course of the city‟s
utility infrastructures provision. The problem of the institutional dimension is
characterized in terms of: inefficient use of resources(financial, material, land, labor and
time resources), an expenditure of large amount of money for the relocation utilities
compensation, problem in access of the revised city plan, lack of institutional
coordination when one institution builds the other destroys, inconsistency in
compensation payment, cumbersome procedures during the process of utility
infrastructure relocation and during the work of the city redevelopment projects [37].

2.7.3. Prepare Temporary traffic management Planduring the construction phase

The extent of work includes the design, construction, maintenance and provision of
temporary road ways and side tracks, the provision of traffic controllers ,lights
,barrierssigns ,road markings, fences, diversions, and any other items required for the
safe and easy passage of all public traffic shall apply where any public place or road is
affected by the works .Unless otherwise specified all temporary traffic arrangements
required by works and under the contract are included under this specification. The
contractor must follow to the requirement of the specification, and the drawing where
planning and carrying out traffic control and shall conduct operation with the least
possible obstruction and inconvenience to the public. The contractor should have under
construction no greater length or amount of work than can be prosecuted properly with
due regards to the right of the public .To the extent possible, the contactor shall finish
each section before beginning work on the next [45].
A. Install and maintain temporary traffic control devices adjacent to and within the
project as required by the traffic control plan. The engineer installs and maintains the
traffic control devices as follow
1. Furnish and install traffic control devices before the start of construction
operations.
2. Install only those traffic control devices needed to for each stage or phase;
3. Relocate temporary traffic control devices as necessary

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

4. Immediately replace any devices that is lost, stolen, destroyed

B.Traffic safety officer
The safety of the travelling public is of utmost important and every effort must be made
to ensure that all road signs, barricades,delineators,flag men and speed controls are
maintained and effective and that courtesy is extended to the public at all times.
1. Exercise control in terms of traffic safety over the safe movement of personnel,
Visitors and plant on sites including wearing high visible clothing, the operation of
amber flicker lights and the display and cleanliness of “construction vehicle” signs, all as
specified.
2. Compile and maintain a complete daily record of traffic signs installed and the traffic
signs sequence at each location during the execution of the contract[45].

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHDOLOGY
3.1. Study area
The study of this research was carried out in Addis Ababa which is the capital city of
Ethiopia. Geographically, Addis Ababa is located at the center of the country. It is
located in the plateau of mountain ranges at an altitude of 2200 to 3000 m above mean
sea level and the topography ranges from rolling to hilly area with relative steep
gradients. The city administration extends over 540 square kilometers with 10 Sub-cities
and 116 Woredas for administrative purpose. In addition to this, the city is allocated 220
km2 for green area (i.e. Forests, Parks, River Buffers, and Urban Agriculture). Vegetation
cover of the city is 80km2, and dominant species is Eucalyptus trees and rich in rare but
diverse flora and fauna[44].

Figure 3.1Location of city administrative units of Addis Ababa[44].

3.2. Research Design

The research design used in this study were descriptive and explanatory survey types
because it dealt with causal relationship between the variables and it has been to describe

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

the major challenges of ongoing road construction and effect of the challenges on the
selected road construction projects.

3.3. Study Population

The study populations for this research were the selected tenon-going road projects in
Addis Ababa city during research period.

3.4 Sampling techniques

A purposive sampling technique was employed to select the relevant sample units
intentionally for the problem and interview some top managers among respondents. In
addition, a sample of available design and contract documents of selected projects
believed to face with severe for challenges were taken for desk study based on same
technique.
The respondents included in the survey consist of a total number of 30 professionals: 10
from Client(AACRA),10 from contractors and 10 from consultants.The list of contractors
and consultants currently involved in road construction projects were obtained from
Addis Ababa City Road Authority (AACRA), and some of the respondents are listed in
appendixC.

3.5 study variables

Dependent Variable
The dependent variable, which is the output and its result, depend on the independent
variables, which directly related to the general objectives.
 Challenges of Ongoing Road Construction
Independent variable
These independent variables are more relating with specific objectives but each specific
objective is affecting one another.
 Utility conflict
 ROW problem
 High trafficproblem

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

3.6 Data Collection Procedures

Firstly, Guide lines (checklist) for the case study were prepared then the research was
conducted by identification of the major challenges through literature review, desk
studyand site observationon selected road projects. The guide lines contain basic
information about the selected road construction projects such as; identify the major
challenges that observed during the construction implementation process, determining the
challenges that influence on road construction, evaluation of roads by checking
compliance with the existing construction standards as well as conclusion about the
above issues.From these findings, questionnaires were developed and distributed to
respondents then attempted to collect data from the relevant population (i.e. Client,
contractors& consultants ) to evaluate the perception of different stakeholders on the
issues of the challenges, ranking of the variables. Upon obtaining the desired data,
checking and organization of data has been done. This was followed by thorough
discussions in order to draw a conclusion and to forward recommendations based on the
findings of the study.

The desk study was undertaken by the researcher to obtain actual data from the source
documents which included in the contract documents, supplementary agreements, progress
report and site visit as well as to have appropriate data about the selected Road project
that are found in Addis Ababa. The other instrument employed was to asking professional
opinion and relevant data through questionnaires.

The questionnaire survey was take place by distributed questionnaires to the selected
Client, contractors and consultant‟s whereas, the interviewconducted to some top
managers which involved in the road construction in Addis Ababa.

In this study, the questionnaire consist both closed and opened questions in order to
identification of the major challenges and their effects on selected on-going. The
participants were requested to allocate marks from 0 to 4 (a 5-point Likert‟s scale).It
employed the five point type Likert ordinal scale to measure level of usage by responding
firms from “Very low Challenge” to “Very highChallenge” that is, 1= Very

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

lowChallenge, 2= low Challenge, 3= Medium Challenge, 4= high Challenge , 5= Very

highChallenge .Each number has its own Wight. Interviews were also conducted to
gather more information.

3.7 Data processing and analysis

The categorized data were then coded and analyzed using Microsoft Excel software. The
Relative Importance Index (RII) was calculated using the formula.The five point Likert
scales (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4) is used to calculate the relative importance index for each
challenges and which was then used to determine the relative ranking for the challenges.

The basic tools of analysis for the collected data to achieve the objectives of this research
are summarized as follows
The Relative Importance Index method (RII) was used identify the major challenges of
ongoing construction and determine the effect of the challenges of road projects in the
city of Addis Ababa respectively. Therelative importance index can be computed by
applying the relationship as shown below[45].

RII 
W
A * N ……………………Equestion-1

Where: W is the weight given to each factor by respondents and ranges from 1 to 5
W  wi * xi ; Where: i= response category index
wi= the weight assigned to ithresponse = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, respectively.
xi= frequency of the ithresponse of the total responses for each factors.
A is the highest weight = 5 N is the total number of respondents

Ranks of the identified challenges and effects of the challenges are calculated based on
relative importance index, as perceived by different parties are tested for correlation. The
purpose of a correlation test is to see if there is difference in ranking between two groups
of respondents and to avoid being deceived by chance of occurrences and impact as
ranked by single part. The tests also helped to evaluate whether agreement of opinions
exist among respondents

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

Spearman‟s-rank correlation coefficient for measuring the agreement/or difference in

ranking between two groups of respondents scoring each factor is applied; because of its
advantages of not requiring the assumption of normality and or homogeneity of
variances. In this research it is used to show the degree of agreement between the
different parties involved in the survey: contractors, clients and consultants[46].

The` ranking correlation coefficient ranges from -1 to +1. A correlation coefficient of 1

indicates a perfect linear correlation i.e. good or strong correlations while -1 indicates
negative correlation implying high ranking in one group is associated with low ranking
on the other. Correlation coefficient value near to zero indicates little or no correlation.
This correlation coefficient is used to measure and compare the association between the
rankings of two parties, while ignoring the ranking of the third one.

The Spearman‟s- rank correlation coefficient (rs) for agreement in ranking between the
two parties is given by the following formula [46].

6 d 2
rs  1 
N(N 2 1 ) ………………………………… (Equation-2)

rs =Spearman‟s rank correlation coefficient.

d =the difference in ranking between the contractors, consultants and clients and

N= is number of variables

The rank correlation coefficient is used for measuring the differences or agreement in
ranking between two groups of respondents scoring the various factors (i.e. clients versus
consultants, clients versus contractors and consultants versus contractors).

3.8. Data quality assurance

In order to assure the quality of data, the researcher administered the questionnaires to the
relevant respondents in an effort to achieve the necessary information. Moreover, data
collectors were trained on the aspects of the questionnaire and how to handle the

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

respondents and the data carefully. During the data analysisto obtain quality of data the
researcher would be assured by giving attention to the following points.

 Before collecting data, all the source of population availability has to be checked
and respondents‟ daily work schedules have to be respected.
 All the questions has to be put in simple & clear ways
 All the system for quality control /assurance of data collection has to be worked
out effectively

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Basic information on respondents
This section is mainly designed to provide general information about
respondent‟spositionand experience in road construction projects. Thirty (30)
questionnaires were distributed to the respondents as follows: ten to client (AACRA)
employees, ten to consulting firms and ten to contractor organizations. The
comprehensive analysis of total respondent‟s was (73%)valid responses were collected.
Table 4-1: Response rate by category

Respondents Questionnaires Questionnaires Percentage Valid Valid

Category Distributed Returned (%) response Response
rate (%)

Contractor 10 10 100 7 70

Consultant 10 10 100 7 70

Client 10 10 100 8 80

Total 30 30 100 7 73

The survey was conducted by visiting the ten (10) selected ongoing road projects and
gathering necessary information from each site by preparing checklist for each site.
Distribution of questioners was done mainly through personal networking with
construction professionals, and by assigning data collector. Moreover, respondents were
contacted both in person by participation on the site for the distribution and frequently
contacted through phone calls.

4.1.1.Respondent position in the organization

Figure 4.1was illustrated that , 7% of the respondents where at Project manager position,
20% of the respondents where site engineers, 27% project coordinator,30% Resident
engineer and 16% of the respondents where others who work in the organization.

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

Respondent position in the organization

16% 7% Project manager

20% Site engineer
Project cordinator
30% Resident Engineer
27% Others

Figure 4-1: Respondent position in the organization

4.1.2.Percentage of Respondent Experience

The percentage ofrespondents Experience in Addis Ababa road construction projects

showed below in figure4-2. In the Figure, 30% of the respondents found to have a work
experience of 3 years and below and 73% of the respondents had 3-8 years of road work
experience. Similarly, the remaining 17% of the respondents were found to have a work
experience of 8 years and above as Figure 4.2below.

Percentage of Respondent Experience

80% 73%

60%
Percent

40% 30% < 3 years

17%
20% 3-8 years
0% > 8 years
< 3 years 3-8 years > 8 years
years

Figure 4-2:Experience of the respondents in Addis Ababa road construction

projects

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

4.2.Checking the challenge that affect implementation of on-going road

construction projects
The project is faced challenge to implement the construction works. Before identifying
the major challenges of ongoing road construction projects and determine their sever
effects, the existence of challenges in road projects has to be confirmed first. Hence, the
first step in this research was devoted to check whether a major challenge affecting
implementation was and still is a problem or not in Addis Ababa road construction
projects. Accordingly, the result obtained is presented in the table below.

Table 4-2: Challenge affecting implementation was and still is a problem or not in Addis Ababa
road construction projects.
Are there Challengesthat Client Contractor Consultant
affect implementation in
Addis Ababa road projects? Frequency % Frequency % Frequency %
YES 10 100 10 100 10 100
NO 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 10 100 10 100 10 100

Table above shows, From the Selected Road Projects100 % of the respondents for this
research have recognized that there are challenges thatare being a problem for the
implementation of road construction in Addis Ababa city.

4.3Assessing the Selected on-going Road Projects

4.3.1. Selected ongoing Road projects Actual progress information

The selected road projects includes project length, project width,Contract
Commencement period,Original Contract Completion date,Revised Contract
Completion date,Time Elapsed, Physical works progress,Financial progress. Those
documents used tocontrol the status (i.e. progress) of the on-going construction work.
Table 4.3 showed that,the list of tenroad projects that are ongoing road projects, which
suffer for different challenges including the project name, Types of roadHierarchy,
project length, Physical progress and sub city of the on-going road projects.

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

Table 4-3: Physical performances of selected road projects

Types of Planed Physical
No Project Name road Project Progress(
. Hierarch Length Actual)
y (km) (%) Sub city
1 Cmcround about – karalo Sub- 1.992km 84.68% Yeka
junction asphalt concrete road Arterial
construction project road
2 2nd police station- kidestemariam Sub- 1.312km 30.13% Arada
church- minilik hospital asphalt Arterial
road project road
3 Yerergoro school- cmc at st. Arterial 5.44km 63.15% Between
Michael church- road On bole
kotebewendyrad school Asphalt &yeka
concrete road project.
4 Koyefeche condominium lot 1 Feeder 5.89km 62.08% Kalitiy
and 2 asphalt concrete roads road
construction project
5 Radio beacon- Feeder 1.33km 50.3% Bole
kotebefisashmataria Asphalt road
concrete road construction
project
6 Augusta- betel-alembank Arterial 1.8km 1.9% Kolfeker
Asphalt road project road anio
7 Mexico - amestegna police Sub- 0.640km 5% Kirkos
Asphalt road project Arterial
road
8 Kadisco paint factory to crown Sub- 1.73km 2.4% Akakika
hotel Asphalt road project Arterial litiy
road
9 Gazebo- Meskel flower Asphalt Sub- 5.82km 52.60% Kirkos
road project Arterial
road
10 Besrategebriel- abo roundabout Sub- 1.441 km 5.03% Nefas
Asphalt road project Arterial silk lafto
road

The above table illustrated thatthe physical progress of the selected road projects such
as:CMC-roundabout up to Karalo junction 84.68%,2nd police station-Kideste Mariam
30.13%,Yerergoro–CMCmichaelchurch 63.15%,Koyefeche condominium lot 1& lot 2
62.08%, Radiobecon- Kotebefisashmatari50%,Agusta–betel-alembank 1.9%,Mexico-
amestegna police 5%,Kadisco paint factory-Crown hotel 2.4%,Gazebo-Meskel flower
52.6% and BiserateGebriel-aboround about 5.03%.The above physical progress was

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

estimated according to the engineer‟s evaluation which comes from the actual progress
sum of works in different categories such as earth works, pavement layers, drainage and
structures, incidental works, day works and utility.
The actual physical progress percentage was calculated from weighting average
percentage of the works categorized, but the engineer‟s evaluation differs from site to
site. The method of estimation was shown in appendix B.

4.3.2. Identified challenge on the on-going road construction project during

assessment
The projects for assessing were selected from AACRA in addition to this,desk study
was conductedon contractual documents and progress reports of the respective projects
found in AACRA„s contract document department, to supplement the result from
questionnaire survey by using checklist to have an overview on the extent of the
problem.Results from the desk study shown that Addis Ababa city road construction
projects wereexperiencing delays because of different challengeswhereas,the selected in
Addis Ababa city roads projects facingthe following challenges:

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

4.3.2.1. CMC Roundabout – Karalo Junction Asphalt Concrete Road Construction

Project

Table 4-4: Project Data for CMC Roundabout – Karalo

Project Title CMC Round About – Karalo Junction

Asphalt Concrete Road Construction Project

Project end station 1+992 (near Karalo)

Road width 28mts

Client Addis Ababa City Roads Authority

Consultant BEST Consulting Engineer‟s P.l.c

Contractor YemaneGirmayGeneral Contractor

Contract signing date 26thJune 2014

Commencement date 14th July 2014

Original Contract period 180 calendar days (6 months)

Original Contract Completion date 09thJanuary 2015

Revised Contract Completion date 19 July2016

Original Contract Amount ETB 106,276,763.04

Revised contract amount ETB 120,625,177.71

Time Elapsed 747 Cal days
Physical works progress 84.68%

Financial progress 80.09%

The CMC Round About – Karalo Junction Asphalt Concrete Road Construction Project
is one of the road construction projects undertaken by the Addis Ababa City Roads
Authority .The road is mainly intended to serve as a link road to the two main roads
namely the Hayat -Megenagna and Megenagna- Kotebe roads.

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

Figure 4.4: CMC Roundabout – Karalo Junction Asphalt Concrete Road

Construction

Problemsobserved from the site were ; obstruction of fiber Cable and main water supply
line at Sta. 0+120 and the Septic tank of Sunshine real state at Sta. 1+100 on the
LHS.Utility relocation was still remaining which created discontinuity of the routine
earthwork, pavement and drainage works. It also affects the next activities and ultimately
the time of project completion and delivery.Delay in the construction of Sub base, Base
course, the Asphalt surfacing operations associated with the failure of the Contractor
regarding the timely delivery of the materials satisfying the project specifications, The
production of Base course material not sufficiently cover the total length of the project
which brings interruption of the work.

Due to the existence Row problem three houses from km 1+650 to end of project and no
solution have been given from YekaKifleketema about their removal because of this
reasonutility companiescould not mobilize to relocate their properties.

The construction work especially the outlet excavation work at km 0+963 box culvert
have been interrupted due to Unfavorable weather condition, Shortage of sub base
material has become a main problem to complete the pedestrian walkway due to this
challenges theproject delayed2 years from the contract completion period.

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

4.3.2.2. 2nd Police Station -Kidestemariam church- Minilik Hospital Asphalt Road
project

Table 4-5: Project data for CMC Roundabout – Karalo

Project title 2nd police station- Kidestemariam church-
Minilik Hospital Asphalt road project

Client AACRA

Contractor Enyi General Contractor

Consultant Best consulting Engineers Plc.

Original contract amount ETB 74,930,291.79

Contract signing date 21th May 2015

Contract Commencement date 1st October 2015

Original contract period 365 calendar days( 12 months)

Original Contract completion 1st October 2016

Date

Time elapsed 228 months (12 months)

Physical works progress 30.13%

Financial Progress 23.27%

Problems encountered on second project were; Non removal of right of way obstruction
house and fence, Utility not relocated at the appropriate time of the project such as
Copper and optical fibre cables crossing the road at km 0+420, 200mm , DCI (ductile
cast iron) pipe crossing the road at km 0+ 420, 100mm and water pipe line(km 0+420-km
0+460 & km 0+580 RHS) right hand side, Electric pole and wires(km 0+810-0+920
LHS) left hand side,electric and Tele-cables(at km 1+720)was shown in Appendix(Figure
7: Utility related ROW observation.)

Utility institutions (i.e. Tele, Electric and AAWSA) due to their lack of coordination may
causes of utilities are not to bedisconnected, relocate and install at the appropriate time of

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

the construction phase. Due to such reason the project face for different challenges.The
project was delayed 1year from the contract completion period.

Figure 4.5:2 N D police station- kidestemariam church- Minilik hospital asphalt road

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

4.3.2.3. Yerergoro school- cmc at st. Michael church- Kotebewendyrad School

Asphalt Concrete road project.

Table 4-6: Project data for Yerergoro school- cmc at st. Michael church
Project tittle Yerergoro school- cmc at st. Michael Church –
Kotebewendyrad school Asphalt concrete road
project

Road width 20m

Client AACRA

Contractor Satconconstruction plc.

Consulting Classic consulting engineers‟ plc.

Construction contract signed 06 July, 2012

Commencement of the project 26 July,2012

Original Construction period 730cal days( up to 21 April 2014)

Interim extension of time 634cal

Extension construction period 1364 cal days (up to 21 April 2016)

Original contract amount 374,957,328.78 ETB

Revised contract amount 248,720,486.71 ETB

Physical progress of work 63.15%

Figure 4.6: Yerergoro school- CMC at st. Michael Church –Kotebewendyrad School
Asphalt concrete road project.

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

Problems encountered weredelay in removal of houses and fences at junctions (at

km2+300), Delays in removal of utility lines (telephone and electric line) from the Row
limits near the junctions approach and at the junctions of km 2+ 300, km4+600 and km
5+440. Delay in construction of the asphalt layer by the subcontractor, there are more
than1km (7m width) road sectionprepared by the main contractor and waiting for asphalt
works.
Due to incomplete and late removal of obstruction especially electric pole, telephone
cable and water supply line.by the concerned authorities or stake holders especially on
junction at km 2+300, km4+600 and km5+440 various works of the project have been
delayed.because of these effects the contract completion time was extended by 21 months
as shown inFigure 2A of Appendix F. Severe delay in removal of utility lines (Electric
and telephones poles) from project Junction.

Figure 4.7: km4+600 DCI pipe not relocated by EEU junction work.

It‟s noted that due to possession of the site as a result of delay in approval of master plan
and delays in removal of the obstruction in the Row limit, the contractor is guaranteed an
extension of time of a total of 634cal day.
The engineer representative has repeatedly reported about the ROW problems and
difficulties that will be faced on the on-goingworks. There is still unresolved right of way
issue basically on junctions and currently the situation is very critical as the contractor is
finalizing the major road way works of the remaining sections. The project delayed by 2
years.

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

4.3.2.4. koyefeche condominium lot 1 and 2 asphalt concrete roads construction

project
Table 4-7: Project data for koyefeche condominium lot 1 and 2 asphalt
Project title koyefeche condominium lot 1 and 2
asphalt concrete roads construction
project
Client AACRA
Consultant Best Consulting Engineers Plc
Contractor Melcon construction PLC
Contract signing date March 12,2015
Contract commencement date march 24, 2015
Original contract period 180 Cal days (6 months)
Original contract completion period Sep 20,2015
1st revised contract completion date January 02,2016
2nd revised contract completion date April 8, 2016
3rd revised contract completion date June 30, 2016
Time elapsed 464 cal days
Original contract amount ETB 285,471,813.03
Variation orders ETB 63,094,523.28
Physical work progress 62.08%
Financial progress 54.88%

The total length of the road is 5.89km and designed to be constructed to asphalt concrete
standard .The project has entirely 5 routes under two lots of different formation width.
The first contract(lot 1) include 3 route access road1, access road 2 & route 3 with road
length of 0.72 km,0.52 km,&1.30 km respectively.This lot has total road width of 40m
comprising 2* 7=14m dual carriageway,2*5=10m walk way,& 16m median for future
expansion. The second contract(lot 2) consists two parts namely route 1 and route 2 with
respective road length 2.63 km & 0.72km.unlike to the first contract lot 2 has total width
of 30m comprising 2*10=20m dual carriage way,2*4.5=9m walk way and 2m median.

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

`
Figure 4.8:Koyefeche road project

Farm land

Retaining wall

Figure 4.9:Koyefeche road project route 3 Lot 1

Problem encountered such as Houses and fences located in Row limit access road 1are
still remaining as obstructions. The late removal process of farm lands are identified at
route 3of lot 1 for the construction of retaining wall and junctions has been also
delayed.AndalsoFences and houses of Akaki-kality sub-city housing project office which
is located in Row limit of route 4 were not removed.The removal and/or relocation of
remaining obstructions is still one of the major causes of delay in progress of the project.
Late possession of the site for Row affected sections of the project road may result in
raising potential claims for time extension and additional payments for related problems
The project delayed by 1 year.

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

4.2.3.5. Radiobeacon-kotebeFisashmataria asphalt concrete road project

The project is located in Addis Ababa city bole sub city and it connects the ends of two
roads running from St. George church round about to end of summit condominium and
yerer round about to lemiIndustry Park.

Table 4-8: Project data for Radio beacon-kotebeFisashmataria

Project name Radio beacon-kotebeFisashmataria
asphalt concrete road construction

Client AACRA

Contractor DiribaDefersha General contractor

Consultant Eng. ZewdieEskinder&Co.plc

Typical Width 50m including walkway

Contract commencement March 24,2015

Contract time for completion 240 calander days

Contract date for completion December 02, 2015

Revised time for completion as per Eot 01 405 calander days

Revised time for completion as perEot 02 525 calander days

Revised date for completion as per Eot 01 May.02, 2016

Revised date for completion as per Eot 02 August.29,2016

Contract amount 131,558,191.34 ETB

Revised contract amount 132,647,148.61ETB

Figure 4.10: Radio Becon – Kotebefesashmataria road project

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

It‟s observed that there are Row problems at sta0+070-0+130,Through different

correspondences both the contractor and consultant tried to finalize removal of this
obstruction. However, some mud houses at 0+100 not removed.The other problem
encountered was Unfavourable weather condition, Additional utility and underground
services works.The project delayed by more than 1 year.

4.2.3.6. Augusta- Betel-Alembank Road Project

The road project is located in the western part of AddissAbaba city in the kolfekeraneyo
sub-city of the city administration.it starts at betel round about, passes through the betel
teaching general hospital and ends at alem bank round about.

Table 4-9:Project Data for Augusta- Betel-Alembank Road Project

Project title Augusta- BeteL-Alem Bank Asphalt Road
Project

Project width 20m width

Carriage way 6.75m

Median 50cm

Walk way 3m for both sides

Client AACRA

Contractor AACRA own force team

Consultant AACRA design department

Commencement Date June/2007 e.c

Completion date June/2008 e.c

Physical progress 20%

The problem encountered wasobstruction of right of way, No relocation of utilities,

Design change, High traffic problem, and Unfavorable weather condition. The project
delayed by 1 year

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

Figure 4.11: Agusta –Betel-Alem bank project

4.2.3.7. Mexico - Amestegna police station Road project

Table 4-10: Project data for Mexico - Amestegna police station Road project
Project title Mexico - Amestegna police station
extended Road section

Project walkway width 4m

Funding Addis Ababa City Government

Client AACRA

Contractor IFH Engineering P.L.C

Consultant Core Consulting Engineering P.L.C

Date of supplementary contract March 16/2016

signature

Date of commencement March 17/2016

Original contract period 60 calendar days

Original completion date May 19/2016

Revised Completion date June 30/2016

Time elapsed 71 calendar days

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

Figure 4.12: Mexico – Amestegna road project

The Problems encountered in Mexico–Amestegna road project was masonry work

Location aroundDe‟africHotel(Km 0+ 480 RHS) are under progress. Container house 6 in
number at 0+ 600km RHS Junction Not removed.EELPA &tele pole at different location
along the section, Basement house From 0+382km to 0+407 km, Underground EEPCO,
Ethio-telecom & AAWSA utility lines Inside carriage way and walkway (Across and
along the route) Not removed as shown in Figure 4 of Appendix Fdue to this, the project
delayed by 2 months.
4.2.3.8. Kadisco paint factory to crown hotel road project

The road project is located in the southern part of Addis Ababacity in Akakikality sub-
c.ity. It starts at kadisco factory and ends at crown hotel. Over the last few years, the
A.ddis Ababa city administration has continued with a wide program of
construction,rehabilitation, and modernization of the road infrastructure network.

Table 4-11: Project data for Kadisco paint factory to crown hotel
Project title Kadisco paint factory to crown hotel
road project
Project width 25m
Carriage way 9.25m each side
Walk way 3.25m on both side
Funding Addis Ababa city administration
Client AACRA
Contractor AACRA own force
Consultant AACRA design department
Date of signining of contract Nov,2014
Commencement date Feb,2015
% financial accomplishment 72.65%
% physical progress 20%

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

The project kadisco-crown hotel road is 1.73km long road project. It shall have a width of
25m with a divided carriageway of 9.25m on each side.it also shall have a 3.25m wide
walkway on both sides.it has side drainage structures of reinforced concrete pipes run
both sides of the roadway along the entire length.Thecarriage shall be asphalt concrete
and walk ways on each side were planned tobe coble stone for pedestrian use.

Figure 4.13: Kadisco paint factory to crown hotel road project

The Problem encountered was Right of way problem,Poor performance of

stakeholders,Variationorder, and Poor public awareness.The project delayed by 1 year.
4.2.3.9.Meskel flower- gazebo- road project

Section from Meskel flower to Gazebo - has 25mts total carriage way width including
3.5mts walkway on each sides and 1m medians.

Table 4-12:Project data for Meskel flower- gazebo- road project

Project title Lidetatsebel- tembaho monopole- Bulgaria
Mazoria- gazebo-Meskel flower road
project

Project end station 4+ 230 ( Gazebo) and 1+ 420( Meskel

flower)

Client AACRA

Contractor CRBC Addis Engineering Plc

Consultant Best Consulting Engineer‟s Plc

Construction Contract Signed 06 July, 2012

Commencement of construction 17 September, 2012

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

Construction period 730 calendar days

1st time extension 365 colander days

2nd time extension 264 calendar days

1st revised completion date 06 July , 2015

2nd revised completion date 21 March 2016

Total work progress 52.60%

Figure 4.14:Meskel flower to Gazebo

The problems encountered in Meskel flower to Gazebo road construction were:ROW

obstruction clearing works fromMeskelflower to Gazebo,km 0+000 – 0+ 450 left side,
and also Right of way obstruction clearing works from Bulgaria to gazebo,Km 1+ 900-4+
200 both sides,Utility relocation such as sewer lines and fibre optics are very critical and
are affecting the on-going works,from Km 0+ 000 to 1+ 000 left side,High traffic
problem on the working area.The project delayed by 1 year.

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

4.2.3.10. BesrateGebriel- Abo Roundabout asphalt road project

Table 4-13:Project datafor BesrateGebriel- Abo Roundabout

Project Title: The Construction Works for B/Gebriel-
Abo Rounabout asphalt road project.

Width of road 30m

Client Addis Ababa City Roads Authority

Consultant: Beza Consulting Engineers Plc

Contractor IFH Engineering PLC

Project Award Date 22 May,2015

Commencement date Nov 02,2015

Contract period (all) 365 calendar days

Original completion date May 21,2016

Time Elapsed (days) 192 calendar days

Time Elapsed (%) 52.602%

Work progress (%) 5.03%

The proposed road project is found in the Addis Ababa City Administration under
NefasilkLafto Sub city and the proposed route is Bisrate Gabriel Roundabout – ABO
Roundabout. The estimated total length of the road will be 1.441 km. Based on the
obtained data‟s from the site Bisrate Gabriel roundabout- Abo round about road is
residential areas.The project areas are among the densely populated and high traffic
loaded areas of the city. Moreover, these areas are major residential with highly
developed infrastructure networks and facilities.

The contractor started the work after the client approved consultnat traffic management
plan which was made jointly with the contractor. This plan include the safety of the all
road users including the workers at the site

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

Figure 4.15: The Construction Works for B/Gebriel - Abo roundabout asphalt road
project.

The Problems encounteredB/Gebriel- Aboroundabout asphalt road project are: existence

of the utility lines on the carriageway and can‟t work at full capacity.Right of way
obstructions exist in the form of small houses,fences ,container shops, there is High
traffic problem on the construction area.There is poor public awareness,Variation order is
a commonproblem. Electric pole,underground utility lines, and transformers are not
relocated.Unless due attention is paid to these obstructions, project progress is still hider
and can also affect the further work progress. The project delayed by 2 years.

4.2.4. General summary of the Finding of the ongoing road project

The case study conducted on the selected roads in Addis Ababa city can be face for the
delay.Based on the information that obtained from the checklist, Reports, desk study and
field observation. The challenges that lead to problems were summarized as follows
The right of way clearing problem,Utility conflict between agencies(i.e. Tele, EEU and
AAWSA),High traffic problem on the working area,Design/poor planning,Poor public
awareness,Schedule constraint,Variation order,Scarcity of financial and
materials,Complex stakeholders issue and Environmental factors.

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

Table 4-14: The major identified challengesduring assessment period

No. Challenges
1 Utility conflict
2 Right of way problem
3 Hightrafficproblem/volume
4 Complex stakeholders issue
5 Schedule constraints
6 Environmental factors
7 Poor project management
8 Variation orders
9 Scarcity of financial, materials
10 Poor public awareness
11 Design/poor planning

4.3.Analysis and ranking ofidentified major challengesthat affecting

project implementation
Analysis the results of assessment for the selected projectsto meet the second objective of
the thesis; it is related to the first specific objective that focused identifying the major
challenges on on-going road projects and finally, ranking based on their frequency
occurrence in order to achieve this objective.
Desk study of on-going road projects was performed as one of the tools, in addition to
literature review, visitingsiteand checklist then become the bases for the
questionnaire/survey. For this study, ten asphalt road projects of the city were selected and
analyzed. The approach used to select sample projects for the desk study was purposive
sampling in which a sample that serves the real purpose and objectives of the research is
selected. All of these ten projects face challenges during construction period and from
identified the major challenges,which challenge highly affect implementation selected
road projects by using relative Importance Index (RII) equation.

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

Table 4-15: Major challenges of road construction projects

Client Contractor Consultant overall RAN
Challenges
RII RANK RII RANK RII RANK RII K
Right of way
problem 4.4 1 4.6 1 4.6 1 4.53 1
Utility conflict 3.8 2 4.2 2 4.2 2 4.07 2
Schedule
constraints 3.6 6 3.54 5 3.8 3 3.65 3
Variation order 3.7 4 3.4 6 3.5 5 3.53 4
Poor project mang. 3.3 8 3.6 4 3.6 4 3.50 5
Scarcity of
financial, materials 3.1 10 3.7 3 3.5 5 3.43 6
High traffic
problem 3.7 4 3 9 3.3 7 3.33 7
Complex
stakeholders issue 3.8 2 3.1 7 3 10 3.30 8
Poor public
awareness 3.5 7 3.1 7 3.3 7 3.28 9
Design/poor
planning 3.3 9 3 9 3.2 9 3.16 10
Environmental
factors 3.1 10 2.5 11 2.6 11 2.73 11
The above table illustrates that,eleven majorchallenges of on-going road construction
projects. Challenges on the road project have been ranked by the client‟s, contractors‟
and consultant‟srespondents. From the summarizedresult of the challenges on the road
construction, Right of way problemwas ranked in the first position by the client,
contractor and consultant respondents with RII =4.4,RII = 4.6 and RII= 4.6 respectively,
therefore this challenge have the highest place on affecting implementation of the
selected road project.
Contractors, consultants, and client respondents agreed that projects were delayed
because of Right of way problem. This problem can be considered as an obstacle for time
performance of construction projects. This challenge is very High challenge for the
respondents on their project area .The AACRA usually feel with this sensitive problem in
its projects. Construction projects in the city of Addis Ababa suffered from time
performance problem because of right of way [47].

Urban projects are definitely affected by the acquisition of ROWs. Most common among
the impacts are cost over- runs and schedule implications. Owner expectations and the

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

relocation of commercial owners were noted by the agencies as being particularly

questionable. In looking at a project schedule and what could delay construction it is
clear that once a Record of Decision is in hand that ROW acquisition can become the
critical path [48].

Utility conflict has been ranked by the clients, contractor and consultants respondents‟ in
the second position with RII =3.8, RII = 4.2 and RII= 4.2 respectively. This problem can
also be considered as major challenge for road construction projects. Utility conflicts
occur at a high rate on most projects. In 2001, a similar survey to that of utility issues are
the main causes of construction delays. Transportation agencies, utility owners, and the
public will always have conflicts that must be addressed. Although these conflicts are
generally resolved before construction the financial impact on public agencies is
significant. In another NCHRP study effort, it was determined that in the United States up
to $120 million per year in contractor claims result from utility issues[4].
Scarcity of resources, materials has been ranked by both the clients and contractor
respondents‟ in the tenth and three position with RII =3.1and RII= 3.7 respectively. But it
has been ranked by consultant respondents‟ in the fifth position with RII=3.5. This
problem can be considered as an obstacle for implementation of projects. Contractors in
the city of Addis Ababa suffered from delay because of settlements around the city and
materials shortage [47].

Poor public awareness and design/poor planning was ranked on the seventh, and ninth
position respectively by all the respondents with having RII of3.5, 3.1 and 3.3, RII of 3.3,
3, and 3.2 from client, contractor and consultant respondents respectively, because it have
a little influence on the selectedroad projects.

Environmental factor was ranked on tenth place by the client with RII value of 3.1 and it
was ranked on eleventh place by both the contractor and consultant respondents with RII
value of 2.5, 2.6 respectively. Therefore this challenge has the least place on affecting
implementation of the selected road projects.

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

Rank of overall Relative importance index

Relative importance index

5.00 4.53
4.50 4.07
4.00 3.65 3.50 3.53 3.43 3.28
3.33 3.30 3.16
3.50 2.73
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00

Challenges

overall RII

Figure4.17: Rank overall RII of the challenges

The figure abovesummarized rank of overall RII and the result shows the major
challenges Identified.according to their rank of overall RII results; right of way
(4.53),utility conflict(4.07),schedule constraints (3.65),variation order(3.53),poor
projectmanagement(3.5), Scarcity of material, financial (3.43),High
trafficproblem(3.33),performance of stake holders(3.3),poor public
awareness(3.28),Design/poor planning(3.16) and Environmental factors(2.73)

Were ranked respectively in descending order.Right of way problem has been ranked in
the first position by contractors, client & consultant.This result indicates that it have very
high challenge to complete the project on time. The right of way problem creates disputes
between the parties of project, and then the time of completion will be affected even
more.

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

4.3.1 Test for Agreements on the identified challenges that affecting implementation
of the selected road construction projects in Addis Ababa

This part of the study checks whether there is a significant degree of agreement among
the three parties (the client, contractors and consultants) in ranking challenges affecting
implementation of the selected road projects. Spearman rank correlation coefficient is
used as a measure of agreement among raters based on the relative importance index.
Using the formula given in equation 1of this research; degree of agreement between
client and consultant, contractor and consultant and client and contractor were checked
and presented in the Table below. Spearman‟s correlation works by calculating
correlation on the ranked values of this data. Using the aboveTable 4.15and equation 1,
Spearman correlation coefficients (rs) are calculated and tabulated as shown in Table 4.16
a significance association between the sets of ranks from calculated Spearman‟s rank
correlation coefficients (r s) is assessed, in order to see whether there is agreement
between two groups of respondents in ranking the factors; the level of significance 95%
(ρ = 0.05) is used. This allows verifying whether there is "agreement" between
respondents‟ response.

Table 4-16: Summary of spearman's rank correlation coefficients for identified challenges
Respondent Category Client Consultant Contractor
Client 1
Consultant 0.44 1
Contractor 0.45 0.9 1
Number of pairs of values in the data set n=11

For n=11& significance level of 95% (ρ = 0.05); Critical value of r s = 0.536 (appendix
D) Results of spearman‟s rank correlations revealed that the perception of stakeholders
(parties) vary greatly on the challenges affecting implementation in selected Road in
Addis Ababa road construction projects. The result in general indicated that there is a
weak correlation among parties as compared in ranking identified challenges. This could

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

be due to difference in exposure to the challenges affecting implementation in selected

Road construction projects.

In this result it is indicated that there is a strong correlation between contactor and
consultant with rs value of 0.9. The reason behind this is most of the consultants
supervise the contractors work thoroughly, so both the contractor and consultants have
exposure to the identified challenges that are affecting implementation of the road
projects.

From the correlation result in Table 4.16it can be seen that there was a very weak
correlation between consultants‟ and client‟s response as well as between contractors‟
and clients‟ responses. One of the reasons could be lack of exposure to the work by the
client and the stake holders.

4.3.2. Factors causes of the major Challenges that affect implementation in road
construction with their
This section focused on the identification of factor leading challenges thataffect
implementation on road construction projects in the city of Addis Ababa. For this
studybased on literature review, fifteen (15) indicators were considered and listed. The
factors were summarized and collected from progress reports and others were added from
literature.

The ranking of the factors shown in the Table below were done based on rate of
occurrence using relative importance index. The Relative Importance Index (RII) for each
potential factors influencing road projects during implementation period were calculated
using equation (1) − section 3of this thesis to rank the factors based on overall factors

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

Table 4-17: RII and rank of all factors from contractors, consultants, client (AACRA), and
overall respondents‟ point of viewfrom all categories.
Client contractor consultant OVER ALL
Factor RII Rank RII Rank RII Rank RII Rank
slow clearance of right of way 4.6 1 4.9 1 5 1 4.83 1
Lack of coordination of utility
services 4.5 2 4.7 2 4.5 2 4.57 2
Delay of compensation 3.8 7 4.5 3 4 3 4.10 3
Slow and decision making & tedious
project approval process 3.8 7 4 4 3.8 6 3.87 4
Relocation of utility services 3.9 4 3.8 6 3.8 6 3.83 5
Very loose coordination and
integration among stakeholders 3.6 9 4 4 3.9 4 3.83 5
Design change/ variation order 3.9 4 3.4 9 3.9 4 3.73 7
Design change of the utility services 4.2 3 3.5 8 3.2 12 3.63 8
management process system 3.6 9 3.6 7 3.5 9 3.57 9
Lack of public awareness 3.87 6 3.4 9 3.1 13 3.46 10
High traffic jam 3.4 11 3.1 11 3.6 8 3.37 11
Lack of alternative roads 3.2 12 3.1 11 3.3 10 3.20 12
Poor back ground in project
management 3.1 13 2.8 13 2.9 14 2.93 13
Slow movement of heavy
construction equipment‟s 3 14 2.3 14 3.3 10 2.87 14
Lack of flag man/coordination 1.9 15 2 15 2.6 15 2.17 15

This group contains 15 factorsfrom all categories of that are factors for the challenges of
road construction projects. The factors for the challenges of road project has been ranked
by the client‟s, contractors‟ and consultants respondents The result summarized as for the
challenges of road construction from the respondents rate of RII slow clearance of ROW
has been ranked by the clients, contractor and consultants respondents‟ in the first
position with RII =4.6,RII = 4.9 and RII= 5 respectively.All client, consultants and
contractors feel with thisslow clearance of ROW sensitive problem in their projects. Lack
of coordination of utility service was rankedby the clients, contractor and consultants
respondents‟ in the second position with RII=4.5,RII = 4.7 and RII= 4.5 respectively.
High traffic jam was ranked by the client and contractor in the 11th place and it was
ranked in 8th placeby the consultants. Lack of flag man /coordination was ranked by the
client, contractor and consultant respondents in the 15th place with RII 1.9, 2, 2.6
respectively. It have been ranked in the last place by all of the respondents because it

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

have the least influence as a factor, for the challenges on the selected ongoing road
projects.

5.00 4.83
4.57
4.50 4.10
overall Relative important index

3.83 3.83 3.87

4.00 3.63 3.73
3.57 3.46
3.37
3.50 3.20
2.87 2.93
3.00

2.50 2.17
2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00

Factors of the challenges

Figure 4.18: Overall RII for the factors

The figure summarized rank of overall RII for the factors, the result shows challenges
Identified and listed below according to their rank of overall RII results in
descendingorder; slow clearance of right of way (4.83),lack of coordination of utility
service(4.57),delay of compensation (4.10),slow and decision making and tedious project
approval process(3.87),relocation of utility service(3.83),very loss coordination and
integration among stakeholders(3.83), design change or variation order(3.73),design
change of utility service(3.63),management process system(3.57),lack of public
awareness(3.46),high traffic jam(3.37),lack of alternative roads(3.2), poor background in
project(2.93) slow movement of heavy construction equipment(2.87) and lack of flag
man coordination(2.17).

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

Therefore from the rank of overall RII for the factors, we can understand that slow
clearance of ROW problem was at the first place and lack of flag man coordination was
listed as the least factor from the selected 10 ongoing road project sites.

4.4.Determination effect of the challenges on road construction project

Road construction projects influence by those identified major challenges that influence
the implementation on-going project. Effects of determined from checklist, Questioner
which are caused by the challenges were presented to the respondent‟sto rank.
Accordingly, based on the response from each party the Relative Importance Index (RII)
for each common potential effect was calculatedand desk study in addition to this by
review the literature. Lists of seven common effects

Table 4-18: Rank effects of the challenges on road construction project from all Respondents‟
point view

Client Contractor Consultant Overall Average

Effects RII Rank RII Rank RII Rank RII Rank
Time over run 4.1 1 4.5 1 4.7 1 4.4 1
budget overrun 4 2 3.6 2 3.6 3 3.7 2
Creating social
3.7 6 2.4 4 3.8 2 3.3 3
problems
reduce work motivation 3.8 3 2.3 5 3.4 4 3.2 4
dispute between parties 3 5 2.7 3 3.2 5 3.0 5
project termination 3.6 4 2.2 6 2.8 7 2.9 6
leadership removal 2.6 7 1.9 7 3.1 6 2.5 7

Time over run has been ranked by the client respondents in the first position with RII of
4.1 and has been ranked by contractors and consultant respondents also in the first
position with RII of 4.5 and 4.7 respectively. And also Budget overrun has been ranked
by the client and contractors,consultant respondents with RII of 4, 3.6 and 3.6 in second
position has been ranked by the respondents respectively.
However, this effect is highly influence on the implementation of road construction.In
construction delay could be defined as the time over run either beyond completion date
specified in a contract, or beyond the date that the parties agreed upon for delivery of a
project. It is a project slipping over its planned schedule and is considered as common
difficult in construction projects. To the owner, delay means loss of revenue through

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

lack of production facilities and rent-able space or a dependence on present facilities. In

some cases, to the contractor, delay means higher overhead costs because of longer
work period, higher material costs through inflation, and due to labor cost increases
[38].
The effects of cost overrun are not limited to the construction industry but are reflected in
the state of the overall economy of a country. They state that delays and cost overruns in
construction projects prevent the planned increase in property and service production
from taking place, and this phenomenon in turn affects, in a negative way, the rate of
national growth[49].

Rank of overall Relative importance index

5.0 4.4
Relative important index

4.5
4.0 3.7
3.5 3.2 3.3
2.9 3.0
3.0 2.5
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0 Effects
0.5
0.0

Effects

Figure 4.19: Rank of overall Relative important index

The figure summarized rank of overall RII the result shows that effects are determined.
Listed below according to their rank of overall RII results; Time over run(4.4),Budget
over run(3.7),Creating social problem (3.3),Reduce work motivation(3.2),Dispute
between parties(3.0), Project termination (2.9),Leadership removal(2.5).The result shows
thatTime over run is Very high impact in AddisAbaba road construction projects from the
respondents rate .

Generally the respondents are observed that time and cost overrun is one of the major
effects on the Addis Ababa cityroad projects.Creating social problem, Reduce work

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

motivation disputes between parties, Terminate the project and Leadership removal are
also the effects on road construction.

4.4.1. Test for agreements on effects of the identified challenges

Using spearman‟s rank correlations for the 7 potential effects listed above each effect by
the respondents are summarized in Table 4.18 to calculate the correlation coefficients.
Table 4-19:Summary of spearman's rank correlation coefficients for effects caused by identified
challenges
Respondent Category Client Contractor Consultant
Client 1
Contractor 0.43 1
Consultant 0.5 0.79 1
Number of pairs of values in the data set n=7

For n=14& significance level of 95% (ρ = 0.05); Critical value of r s = 0.786 (appendix
D) Results of spearman‟s rank correlations revealed that the perception of stakeholders
(parties) vary greatly on ranking the determined effects caused by the identified
challenges on the implementation of road projects in Addis Ababa city.

In this result it is indicated that there is a strong correlation between contractor and
consultant with rs value of 0.79. The reason behind this is as mentioned for the identified
challenges i.e. most of the consultants supervise the contractors work thoroughly, so both
the contractor and consultants have exposure to the effects caused by the identified
challenges that are affecting implementation of the road projects.

From the correlation result in Table 4.19it can be seen that there was a very weak
correlation between consultants‟ and client‟s response as well as between contractors‟
and clients‟ responses. One of the reasons could be lack of exposure to the work by the
client and the stake holders.

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

4.5.Checking compliance with the existing construction standards on the

selected road construction projects

4.5.1. Construction requirement for Right of way problem

Evaluated the existing of the selected road construction projects with the standard that
provided by AACRA requirements.

Table 4-20: Construction requirement for Right of way problem

Standard requirements Existing practice Project Name.

-Existing structures and installations shall -The demolished structures All the selected
be demolished as described in the contract were not removed so they ten projects
such a way as to leave no obstruction to are being an obstruction to
the new works [43]. the work
-Existing houses on the
road way were not
demolished because the
government did not give
compensation for the house
holders in time.
Structures which are to be partially There are some structures -Cmc
demolished, shall be shored, braced and are not demolished roundabout
supported in such a manner that the completely in addition to
integrity of the structure shall be this, they are not shored, - 2nd police sta.
maintained. All supports should be kept braced and supported.
- Mexico
outside the right of way [43].
-Kadisco
-Gazebo

- Unless otherwise directed by the engineer Voids below the existing - 2nd police sta.
any voids below ground level in existing structure were not filled
structures or installations shall be filled appropriately. - Mexico
with natural sand or crushed fine aggregate
-Gazebo
[43].
Besrategebriel

- Latrine pits, septic tanks etc. shall be The waste coming from the -Gazebo
cleaned out and disinfected and the breakage of the septic
contents disposed of generally in tanks during construction,
accordance with the requirements for were not cleaned or
hazardous materials before the filling with disinfected
approved materials[43].

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

Figure 4.20 Void on Mexico- Amestegna police station and besrategebriel

Figure 4.21:Partially demolished building on Cmckaralo junction and kadsico

Figure 4.22: Affected existing houseson Betel-alembank and Cmckaralo junction

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

During the assessment period, the road mentioned in the above table shown not comply
the with standard requirement projects due to factors such as; partially demolished
structures remaining on the site were not removed so they are being an obstruction to the
work, Voids below the existing structure were not filled appropriately and the affected
existing houses on the road way were not demolished because the government did not
give compensation for the house holders (property owner) on time.

4.5.2 Construction requirements for existing public utility

Table 4-21: Construction requirements for existing public utility
Standard requirements Existing practice Project Name

Before the commencement of demolition -There is no integration 2nd police

operations, the contractor shall notify the between theinstitutions station
engineer who shall arrange for the during construction
disconnection of all discussed public utilities time.
[42].

The contracting authority shall arrange with -No relocation of -Cmc

the appropriate authorities for the necessary utilities, obstructing
relocation of any public utilities, which works on walkway and - 2nd police sta.
would otherwise obstruct the works[42]. carriage way
- Mexico
construction
-Kadisco
-Gazebo
-yeregoro
-augusta

The arrangement is required to begin from -Narrow space for All selected
the sides of streets and then need to end on utility services during road projects
the side of individual property lines as in the the design stage.
order of: drainage line - electric power
distribution line- telecommunication -wrong arrangement of
transmission lines and then at the end the the utility lines
water supply distribution system with the
minimum required distances of 0.50-1.0
meters between two consecutive utility lines
[14].

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

400 mm DCI
pipe
Electric

TELECOM

Figure
4.23:Narrow space for utility services during the design stage and wrong
arrangement of the utility line ( 2nd police station–kidestemariam)

Figure 4.25slow clearance of Electric pole and Tele wire box (Kadiskopaint factory
– Crown Hotel, Meskel flower - Gazebo)

Figure 4.26: Bundles of underground optical fibers and copper cables at 0+420km
which crosses the road project (2nd police station – kideste Mariam)

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

From the site survey and check list (guide list) most of the selected roads did not comply
with the standards set by AACRA. The Addis Ababacity utility infrastructures providing
authorities as well as the city administration were not familiarized about the standards for
utility infrastructures arrangement and minimum horizontal distances between utilities.

Utilities Electric, communications, gas, water, and sewer lines will normally be located
within the ROW of highways. In order to prevent utility maintenance from interfering
with highway traffic, nounderground utilities should be located beneath any part of the
pavement, except where crossings are required. Where these underground utilities must
cross beneath highways, theyshould be so designed and constructed as to minimize future
repairs and consequent interference with traffic. Obstructions including signs and poles
for overhead utilities shall be located outside the limits of usable shoulder on highways
designed without barrier curbs. Generally, utility poles should not be located in medians
on divided highways [50].

4.5.3 Compliance of Temporary trafficmanagement plan standards

Table 4-22: compliance of Temporary trafficmanagement plan standards
Standard requirements Existing practice Project
name

-Install and maintain temporary traffic Temporary traffic control devices All
control devices adjacent to and within were not installed. selected
the project as required by the traffic projects
control plan[43].

-The safety of the travelling public There were not enough Traffic safety All
is of utmost important and every officers to control the site ways and selected
effort must be made to ensure that side tracks, the provision of traffic projects
all road signs, barricades, controllers, lights, barriers ,ramps,
delineators, flag men and speed signs, road markings ,fences ,detours,
controls are maintained and and anyother items required for the
effective and that courtesy is safe and easy passage of all public
extended to the public at all times traffic were not applied
[43].

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

Figure 4.27 High traffic volumesand no road way sign available

Figure 4.29: Abo Round about BisratGebriel road project

As we can see from the figure above, Accident happened at chainage 1+100 for
inappropriate back movement without guidance from safety works. The selected roads
have High traffic volume, temporary road way signs are not available on the project
progress area and also there are no safety officers. Therefore, they do not comply with the
standards set by AACRA.

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

4.6. Practices concerning major challenges of ongoing Road

Construction Projects
This section has attempted the respondent gave their response separately about their
practice in their company. The respondents agreed that projects were delayed because
of challenges. This problem can be considered as an obstacle for completion of a project
at a given time. The following areas of interest have been identified and investigated for
discussion based on the results of the responses to the questionnaires. These include:

1. Prepare Traffic management Approach during the construction phase

Table 4-23:Prepare Traffic management Approach

Does your
organization Client Contractor Consultant
Prepare Traffic
management
approach? Frequency (%) Frequency (%) Frequency (%)
YES 7 70 7 70 7 70
NO 3 30 3 30 3 30
Total 10 100 10 100 10 100

Based on the questioner survey 70% of the stakeholders prepare traffic management plan
and the rest 30% did not have a traffic management plan because the sites were located
where there is less traffic volume.

Proper traffic management plan will be needed to avoid traffic jams/public problem,
Movement of vehicles carrying construction materials should be restricted during the
daytime to reduce traffic load and problem to the local residents, Coordinated planning of
traffic diversions by the traffic police and the Transport Department in accordance with
the construction program with advance warnings to the affected residents and road users,
The executing agency is required to maintain cooperation between the Traffic Police,
travelers and the contractor to facilitate traffic movement during construction stage [51].

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

2. Organization working progress with in the original time schedule and cost
estimate

Table 4-24: organization working progress is within original schedule and cost estimate
Do you think Client Contractor Consultant
organization
working progress is
within original
schedule and cost
estimate? Frequency % Frequency % Frequency %
YES 0 0 0 0 0 0
NO 10 100 10 100 10 100
Total 10 100 10 100 10 100

From the questioner survey data the above table and chart shows 100% of the
respondents agree that the working progress is not within the original time schedule and
cost estimate due to the challenges that identified. The organization of working progress
is affected by numerous problems due to this reason the projects not moves forward with
in original schedule and cost estimate.

3. Utility services during design stage to avoid the utility conflict on Addis Ababa road
construction project and lack of coordination of utility services affect the organization

Table 4.25: lack of coordination of utility services

Does planning of Client Contractor Consultant
utilityservice was
done to avoid
utility conflict? Frequency % Frequency % Frequency %
YES 1 10 0 0 3 30
NO 9 90 10 100 7 70
Total 10 100 10 100 10 100

Based on the questioner survey the above table and chart shows 70% of the stakeholders
prepare utility service plan during design stage and the rest 30% doesn‟t prepare utility
service design due to lack of coordination between the stakeholders.

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

4.7. Interview Survey

To successfully conduct this research it is needed to look into the issue from different
perspectives and to collect views of professionals who have vast experience in road
construction in Addis Ababa City. Among the reasons for selection of interviews as a
data collection tool is that based on the survey conducted in the UK construction
industry, it has been established that among the various tools and techniques interviews,
workshops, brainstorming master-program, personal experience and checklists are more
acceptable than the others [52].
The interview survey was conducted on four institutions AACRA, AWSA, EEU
&TELE. During interview period the researcher conduct the interview by selecting the
department of whom it may concern about the utility case.
The institutions install the utility lines by using both skilled and unskilled
manpower.Duringinstalling the alignments to follow the street standards using
surveying instruments, tape,rope and sometimes using GPS.Theinstitutions
communicate each other formally by writing latter, using phone call and other
communication devices.
The institutions have a stages to communicate .This are at the planning stage, after the
planning stage and before the implementation stage, at the implementation stage and for
facilitation problem. Generally from the respondentsgathering the
institutioncommunicates at the implementation stage and for facilitation problem.
Utility institutions communicateformallyto safe guard the existing utility lines. Due to
the topography and Row, Design changes of the utility locations during construction
phase may happen. The lack of coordination of utility services affect the road
construction,The cause of utility conflict between the institutions from the respondent
perspective was: There is no formal (procedural) or meeting time schedule between the
institutions, Design change, Lack of communication between agencies, Improper
planning or institutions not planning together, The biggest conflict arises when the
organizations only keep their best interest rather than implementing the standard, Lack
of coordination of institutions, Lack of space for utility lines during design stage.
Likewise, in the case of Ethiopia the supply of infrastructure and services is continually
Lagging behind the population growth rate. Ethiopian Urban centers are characterized

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

by, among others, lack/shortage of basic urban infrastructure and services. It is also
vividly observed that the existing scanty infrastructure and services in the urban centers
are deteriorating mainly as a result of poor design and installation practices and due to
lack of timely maintenance. On top of this, lack of coordinated and integrated
infrastructure and services planning and implementation has exacerbated the problems
observed in the infrastructure development effort of the country [53].
For the future, theinstitutions stated an objective to prepare (follow) procedures before
implementation of the road projects, exchange information andintegrate worksat each
stage. The necessities of utility institutional coordination are:
1. Institutional benefit: it will help the institutions for proper utilization of the yearly
budget; it reduces re work and time wastage
2. Urban level benefit: to satisfy the community need and to keep the future
development of the town.

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1. Conclusions
Based on the data gathered from the desk study and the analysis obtained from
questionnaire survey,100%of express their agreement towards the issue that there
arechallenges affecting implementation of road construction in Addis Ababa city.

Results obtained from of the study showed that; Right of way ,utility conflict, schedule
constraints, variation order, poor project management, Scarcity of materials and finance,
high traffic problem, performance of stake holders, poor public awareness, Design/poor
planning, and Environmental factors were identified as major challenges affecting the
implementation of road construction. From these challenges,Right of way problem was
the first major challenge of the road construction projects based on the client, contractor
and consultant respondents with RII =4.4,RII = 4.6 and RII= 4.6 respectively. Utility
conflict wasthe second major challenge of the road project based on the clients,
contractor and consultants respondents‟ in position with RII =3.8, RII = 4.2 and RII= 4.2
respectively. Hence,these challenges have placed as the major‟s one that affecting
implementation of the selected construction road project.

This study obtained that, the effect of major challenges on the on-going construction road
projects were Time over run,Budget over run, Creating social problem, Reduce work
motivation, Dispute between parties, Project termination and Leadership removal with
4.4,3.7,3.3,3.2,3.0,2.9 and 2.5 RII value respectively. As ranked by frequency occurrence
of the relative importance index (RII) value the result shown that;Time over run was
Very high impact in AddisAbaba road construction projects.

The institutions are not familiar with the Addis Ababa city infrastructure standards so
theydid not complywiththe standards for utility infrastructures arrangement, ROW
requirements and traffic management approach.There is lack of coordination between the
institution (AACRA,AWSA,TELE and EEPCO /EEU)

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

5.2. Recommendation
In respect to this research finding, the following basic recommendations are expected to
be exercised by key role players of the construction industry, i.e,
Clients,ConsultantsContractors and utilityinstitutions in order to minimizechallenges on
ongoing Addis Ababa road construction projects. It is therefore forwarded the
recommendation to the following concerned parties

CLIENT/AACRA

An independent organization which has authority to coordinate all institutions that have a
role in the road construction should be established in order to minimize right of way and
utility conflict problems. In order to avoid time overrun and budget overrun, the client
shall properly evaluate the design submitted by consultants and bring the issue to a public
debate before awarding construction work. In this case the ultimate need of the client and
the public considerable variation and change of order will be avoided.

Before the construction starts, the client has to fulfill all the necessary requirements for
deliveringthe site. Failure to deliver the site will cause time and cost overrun.

Compensation must be given before the work starts for the property owner toreduce delay
of the construction work.In spite of this, Institutions and stake holders should be
instructed to comply with AACRA standard.

CONTRACTOR

Site conditions should be studied before start of construction,the contractor should

comply with the standards to progress the work effectively &with a good quality.
Regardless of this, the Movement of vehicles carrying construction materials should be
limited during the day time to reduce traffic jam and delay on the construction working
progress.

The public should also be informed on the existence of road construction and alternative
routes must be made andshould have a strong accountability to minimize challenges that
cause delay on the road construction.

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

CONSULTANT

Detailed site investigation should be done at the design phase towards the actual field
data to minimize the challenges from occurring. They should also hold themselves
responsible for collection of accurate data and ideal solution during design work.

Consultants should have a strong accountability of monitoring projectand provide

completed project design where variation order will be negligible.

Utility institutions/AWSA, EEU AND TELE

The concerned utilityinstitutionsshould have meetings and discussion in every phase of

the road projects to reduce the conflict and delay of the road projects. And also The
walkway is recommended to have sufficient width to allow space for all relevant utility
infrastructure, landscape elements,parking spaces, future carriageway widening and
cycle paths. The street side/walkway utilities are recommended to install before the
development of the area .If so this will reduce unnecessary expenses. Delay and utilities
disruption.Preparing training program for the institution workers how to use the
standards and comply the standards at every stage of the implementation period.

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

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[31] Chotchai.,C..,, Planning and Scheduling Consideration and Constraints in Automated

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[45] Cheung, S. O., Suen Henry C.H. and Cheung Kevin K.W. PPMS: A Web based
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[49]Arditi D., and F. Yasamis, Reasons for delays in public projects in Turkey, Journal
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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

APPENDIX A

Sampled Questionnaires

The aim of this questionnaire is toassess the major challenges on ongoing road
constructionprojects in Addis Ababa. The research is conducted for fulfilling the
requirements for the degree of MSc in Construction Engineering and Management at
Jimma University. This questionnaire is required to be filled with exact relevant facts as
much as possible.

This questionnaire consists of four parts:

PART ONE: A.General Information
B. Basic questions on ongoing road construction projects.
PART TWO: A. Identifymajor challenges that affecting implementation in Addis Ababa
road construction projects.
B.Challenges that affecting implementation in Addis Ababa road construction project
with their factors.
PART THREE: Determine Effects (impacts)of the challenges on road construction
projects.
PART FOUR: Interview Survey

All information provided in this questionnaire will be treated with strict confidentiality
and allowed to serve only for the purpose of the academic research under consideration.
Interested participants of this study will be given feedback on the overall research results
after the completion of the research work.

Sincerely yours,

AynalemAbebe

[email protected]

Msc.CEM Department of civil engineering Jit, Jimma University

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

PART ONE

A. General Information
Please put () and/or fill in the blanks as appropriate
1. Name of the project:________________________________________
2. Name of Organization:_____________________________________
3. Type of Organization:
Client Contractor Consultant
Other, Please specify: __________________________________
4. Current Job title in the organization/company:
Project Manager Site Engineer Project
Coordinator
Resident Engineer
Other, Please specify: ___________________________
5. Years of experience of the road construction Projects in Addis Ababa:
< 3years 3-8years > 8years

B. Basic information on Road Construction Project

1. Do you think challenges that affecting implementation in Roads construction is a

problem in the city of Addis Ababa?
YES NO

2. Whatis the effects of the challenges on road construction projects?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3. Does your organization propose any traffic management approaches to minimize the
problem during construction?

Yes No

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4. Do you think enough planning work is done by utility services during design stage to
avoid the effect of utility conflict on urban road construction? Yes No

Why?___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
__________________

5. How do you see the effect of traffic congestion in decreasing the efficiency of
machineries ordered by the contractor?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. Do you think lack of coordination of utility services affect your organization? If say
yes, state your
reason__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
7. Do you think your organization working progress within the original time schedule and
cost estimate? Yes No
If you say no
why?___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

8. What possible measures do you suggest in order to manage (reduce) the challenges of
ongoing road construction projects in Addis Ababa?

________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

PART TWO

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

A. Objective of the study: identify the major challenges that affecting

implementation (ongoing project) in Addis Ababa road construction
projects.
Please tick “” and scale each representing the following rating:
(5) Very High (4) High (3) Average (2) Minor (1) Never

Questions: From your experience in the sector, what are the Challenges that affecting
implementation in Addis Ababa road construction projects? Rank them in order of
frequency of occurrence?
Challenges Frequency/rate of occurrences
1 2 3 4 5
1 Utility conflict
2 ROW problem
3 High traffic problem
4 Performance of the stakeholder
5 Schedule constraint
6 Environmental factors
7 Poor project management
8 Variation order
9 Scarcity of financial ,material
10 Poor public awareness
11 Design/ poor planning

12 Others

B. Challenges that affecting implementation in Addis Ababa road

construction project with their factors.
Below are lists of groups affecting the implementation of road construction projects with
their factors? From your experience, please express/rate your opinion,the major
challenges of road construction projects in Addis Ababa city. Please tick () the
appropriate box

Rate of occurrence
Challenges

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

Item Groups of Factors

(5)Very high
(1) Very low

(3) Medium

(4) High
(2) Low
A Utility Conflict
1 Lack of coordination of utility services
2 Design change of the utility location
3 Relocation of utility services
4 Management process system
B traffic problem
1 High traffic jam
2 Slow movement of heavy construction
equipment‟s
3 Lack of alternative roads
4 Lack of flag man/ coordination
5 Very loose coordination and integration
among stakeholders
6 Poor background in (project)
management
C Right of Way (ROW) problem
1 Slow clearance of ROW
2 Lack of public awareness
3 Delay of compensation
4 Slow and decision making & tedious
project approval process
5 Design change / Variation order

PART THREE
Determine Effects (impact) of the challenges on road construction projects.
Objective of the study: To determine theeffectsof the challenges on road construction
projects.
Please tick “” and scale each representing the following rating:
(5) Very High (4) High (3) Average (2) Minor (1) Never

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

Questions: From your experience,determine what are the effects of the challenges on
your road construction project? Rank them in order of frequency of occurrence?

Item Effects Frequency/rate of occurrences

1 2 3 4 5
1 Time overrun/Schedule
2 Budget overrun/Cost
3 Project termination
4 Dispute between parties
5 Reduce work motivation
6 Leadership removal
7 Creating social problems

PART FOUR

Interview Survey

Name of organization________________________________________
1. How technically your institution install the utility lines? Explain

- Using skilled manpower

- Using unskilled manpower

- Both

_______________________________________________________________________

2. How did you keep the alignments to follow the street standards? Explain

-Using surveying instruments

- With a simple rope, rod and measuring tape

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

- None

_______________________________________________________________________

3. How frequently communicate with utility, road, transport and land administration
Agencies to exchange information? Express in percentage

_______________________________________________________________________

4. When do you communicate with the agencies? Explain

- At the planning stage

- After the planning and before the implementation stage.

- At the implementation stage and for facilitation problems

None___________________________________________________________________

5. How do you communicate with other utility institutions to safe guard the existing
utility lines? Explain

- Informally

- Formally

- Both

- None

_______________________________________________________________________

6. State the necessity of utility institutions coordination with regard to:

Theinstitutional benefit:
__________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Local(Urban)levelbenefit:
_____________________________________________________

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

_______________________________________________________________________

7. State your opinion about the present condition of institutional coordination.

_______________________________________________________________________

8. Does your institute have future objectives for institutional coordination? Yes, No If
yes, state

______________________________________________________________________

9. State your opinion about the causes of utility conflict between the organizations?
Explain briefly

10. Do you think lack of coordination of utility services affect your organization? If say
yes state your reason.

_______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

11. Do you think there is relocation of utility problem? If say yes reason out

_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

12. In what reason the design change of the utility locations happens during construction
time?

_______________________________________________________________________

13. What possible measures do you suggest in order to manage (reduce) the challenges of
ongoing road construction projects in Addis Ababa? By considering the utility services
conflict?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Thank you for your cooperation!

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

APPENDIX B
Raw Data Collected by Questionnaire Survey from Respondents

Table AB1: Ranking the challenged of the selected on-going road projects

RANK
RANK
Rank

Rank
RII overa

RII

RII
Client Contractor Consultant ll RII
Challenges 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Utility
conflict 0 1 1 7 1 3.8 2 0 1 2 1 6 4.2 2 0 1 1 3 5 4.2 2 4.07 2
Right of
way
problem 1 0 1 0 8 4.4 1 1 0 0 0 9 4.6 1 1 0 0 0 9 4.6 1 4.53 1
High
traffic
problem 0 1 3 4 2 3.7 4 0 3 4 3 0 3 9 0 0 7 3 0 3.3 7 3.33 7
Complex
stakeholde
rs issue 0 1 3 3 3 3.8 2 0 2 6 1 1 3.1 7 0 2 7 0 1 3 10 3.3 8
Schedule 3.5
constraints 0 2 2 4 2 3.6 6 0 2 2 6 1 4 5 0 1 2 5 2 3.8 3 3.65 3
Environme
ntal
factors 1 0 6 3 0 3.1 10 1 5 2 2 0 2.5 11 2 2 4 2 0 2.6 11 2.73 11
Poor
project
manageme
nt 0 2 4 3 1 3.3 8 0 1 4 3 2 3.6 4 0 0 6 2 2 3.6 4 3.5 5
Variation
order 0 1 3 4 2 3.7 4 0 2 2 6 0 3.4 6 0 1 3 6 0 3.5 5 3.53 4
Scarcity of
financial,
material 1 1 5 2 1 3.1 10 0 0 5 3 2 3.7 3 1 0 3 5 1 3.5 5 3.43 6
Poor
public 3.4
awareness 0 1 5 4 1 5 7 1 2 2 5 0 3.1 7 0 2 3 5 0 3.3 7 3.28 9
Design/po
or 3.2
planning 0 1 3 5 1 7 9 2 0 4 2 1 3 9 1 0 6 2 1 3.2 9 3.16 10

Table AB2: Ranking the Effects of challenged of the selected on-going road projects

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

RANK

RANK
Rank
over A

RII

RII

RII
all N
Client contractor consultant RII K
Effects 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Time over
run 1 0 2 1 6 4.1 1 0 0 2 1 7 4.5 1 0 0 1 1 8 4.7 1 4.43 1
budget
overrun 0 0 3 4 3 4 2 0 2 2 4 2 3.6 2 1 0 2 6 1 3.6 3 3.73 2
project
termination 0 2 3 2 3 3.6 4 4 3 1 1 1 2.2 6 1 3 4 1 1 2.8 7 2.87 6
dispute
between
parties 0 3 4 3 0 3 5 1 2 6 1 0 2.7 3 0 1 6 3 0 3.2 5 2.97 5
reduce
work
motivation 0 1 1 7 1 3.8 3 2 6 0 1 1 2.3 5 1 1 2 5 1 3.4 4 3.17 4
leadership
removal 1 3 5 1 0 2.6 7 4 4 1 1 0 1.9 7 1 1 4 4 0 3.1 6 2.53 7
creating
social
problems 0 1 4 2 3 3.7 6 3 3 2 1 1 2.4 4 0 1 2 5 2 3.8 2 3.3 3

Table AB3: Cmcround about – karalo junction asphalt concrete road construction
project physical progress according to the site engineer‟s evaluation

Work categories Weighting average (contract) Physical

% (actual)
progress

1. Earthworks 12.49% 34.55%

2. pavement layers 37.35% 26.15%

3. drainage and 25.66% 20.53%

structures

4. incidental works 14.05% 2.25%

5. day works 0.89% 1.2%

6. utility 1.32% 0

Overall physical progress% 100% 84.68%

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

APPENDIX C
List of Name of Organizations

Clients

AACRA─ Addis Ababa city road Authority

List of Contractors
1.YemaneGirmay General Contractor
2.Enyi General Contractor

3.Satcon construction plc

4. Melcon construction plc

5.DiribaDefersha General contractor

6. AACRA own force team

7. IFH Engineering P.L.C

8.CRBC Addis Engineering Plc

List of Consultants
1. BEST Consulting Engineer‟s P.l.c
2. Classic consulting engineers plc
3. Eng. ZewdieEskinder&Co.plc
4. AACRA design department
5. Core Consulting Engineering P.L.C
6. Beza Consulting Engineers Plc
7. AACRA Design team

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 Assessment of the major challenges on ongoing road construction in Addis Ababa.

APPENDIX D
Critical Values of Spearman‟s Rank Correlation Coefficients

Note: when there is no exact number of subjects, use the next lowest number

Table The Spearman rank correlation coefficient

The table gives the critical values of the spearman rank correlation coefficient, for different
numbers of pairs of observations.

significance level: two-tailed/non-directional

0.20 0.10 0.05 0.01
significance level: one-tailed/directional
Number of subjects(data set) 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.005
5 0.800 0.900 1.000 -
6 0.657 0.829 0.886 1.000
7 0.571 0.714 0.786 0.929
8 0.524 0.643 0.738 0.881
9 0.483 0.600 0.700 0.833
10 0.455 0.564 0.648 0.794
11 0.427 0.536 0.618 0.755
12 0.406 0.503 0.587 0.727
13 0.385 0.484 0.560 0.703
14 0.367 0.464 0.538 0.679
15 0.354 0.446 0.521 0.654
16 0.341 0.429 0.503 0.635
17 0.328 0.414 0.488 0.618
18 0.317 0.401 0.472 0.600
19 0.309 0.391 0.460 0.584
20 0.299 0.380 0.447 0.570
21 0.292 0.370 0.436 0.556
22 0.284 0.361 0.425 0.544
23 0.278 0.353 0.416 0.532
24 0.271 0.344 0.407 0.521
25 0.265 0.337 0.398 0.511
26 0.259 0.331 0.390 0.501
27 0.255 0.324 0.383 0.492
28 0.250 0.318 0.375 0.483
29 0.245 0.312 0.368 0.475
30 0.240 0.306 0.362 0.467
35 0.222 0.283 0.335 0.433
Source: (Naoum, 2001)

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APPENDIX E

JIMMA UNIVERSITY
JIMMA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MSC PROGRAMME IN CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
Title…………………………………………………………………
Guide line for case study
Introduction
The construction industry everywhere faces problems and challenges. However, in the
developing countries, these difficulties and challenges are present alongside a general
situation of socio-economic stress, chronic resource shortages, institutional weaknesses
and a general inability to deal with the key issues. There is also evidence that the
problems have become greater in extent and severity in recent years [1].

Project name………………………………………………………………………………

1. Brief information of the case

Client………………………………………………………………………………
Contractor………………………………………………………………………
Consultant ………………………………………………………………………
Project Cost ………………………………………………………………………
ContractPeriod…………………………….…………………………………
Date of Signing of Contract………………………………………………………
Date of Commencement (according to the contract)………………………………
Contractual Date of Completion……………………………………………….
Project status up to now…………………………………………………………..
2. Identify the challenges of implementation in road construction
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

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………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. Determine the effects of the challenges during the implementation period
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
4.Checking compliance with the existing construction standards on the selected road
construction projects

Table 4.20: Construction requirement for Right of way problem

Standard requirements (AACRA Standard) Existing practice Project

Name.

-Existing structures and installations shall

be demolished as described in the contract
such a way as to leave no obstruction to the
new works.

Structures which are to be partially

demolished, shall be shored, braced and
supported in such a manner that the
integrity of the structure shall be
maintained. All supports should be kept
outside the right of way.

- Unless otherwise directed by the engineer

any voids below ground level in existing
structures or installations shall be filled
with natural sand or crushed fine aggregate.

- Latrine pits, septic tanks etc. shall be

cleaned out and disinfected and the
contents disposed of generally in
accordance with the requirements for
hazardous materials before the filling with
approved materials

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Table 4.21: Construction requirements for existing public utility

Standard requirements Existing practice Project Name

Before the commencement of demolition operations,

the contractor shall notify the engineer who shall
arrange for the disconnection of all discussed public
utilities [42].

The contracting authority shall arrange with the

appropriate authorities for the necessary relocation
of any public utilities, which would otherwise
obstruct the works [42].

The arrangement is required to begin from the sides

of streets and then need to end on the side of
individual property lines as in the order of: drainage
line - electric power distribution line-
telecommunication transmission lines and then at
the end the water supply distribution system with
the minimum required distances of 0.50-1.0 meters
between two consecutive utility lines[14],

Table 4.22: compliance of Temporary trafficmanagement plan standards

Standard requirements(AACRA). Existing Project

practice name

-Install and maintain temporary traffic control devices adjacent to

and within the project as required by the traffic control plan

-The safety of the travelling public is of utmost important and

every effort must be made to ensure that all road signs, barricades,
delineators, flag men and speed controls are maintained and
effective and that courtesy is extended to the public at all times.

5
.conclusion:…………………………………………………………………………………
……………

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APPENDIX F
Letters of the organizations

Figure 1: Construction works of the road Junction Km 0+000 tokm 0+030 of road (at
yereGoro)

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Figure 2a: Severe delay in removal of utility lines (Electric and telephones poles) from
project Junction.

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Figure 2a: Severe delay in removal of utility lines (Electric and telephones poles) from
project Junction.

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Figure3: Profile data from km 1+660 to km 1+980 (Delay in approval of template design)

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Figure 4: Removal of ROW obstruction and suspension of works.

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Figure 5 : List of obstruction within ROW

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Figure 6: Land acquisition and their removal

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Figure 7: Utility related ROW observation.

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