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Chapter I

LOGIC
Logic is the study of reasoning. It focuses on the relationship among statements
not on the content of the statements. It is also concerned on whether or not the
reasoning is correct or valid.
Mathematics, a deductive science is the major application area of logic.
Propositional Calculus or Propositional Logic are mathematical areas that evolved from
logic.
The design of modern digital computer is a product of logic. Hardware
Engineering or the building up of machines made up of electronic devices that behave
logically through Boolean operations is based on logic. On the software engineering
side, database management systems, programming languages and artificial intelligence
are based on logic.

1.1 Propositions and Propositional Function

The basic building blocks of logic are propositions. A proposition is a
declarative sentence that is either true or false but not both. Many mathematical
statements are constructed by combining one or more propositions.
Axioms are propositions that are assumed to be true. Example is Reflexive
Axiom which states that : A number is equal to itself. (e.g a = a). Axiom of Equality,
follows Euclid's Common Notion One: "Things equal to the same thing are equal to
each other.
Definitions are statements used to create new concepts in terms of existing
ones: If a term is defined by some formula it is always legitimate in a proof to replace
the term by the formula or the formula by the term. Example: Supplementary angles
are angles the sum of which is 180o.
Theorem is a proposition that has been proven to be true. It is a statement that
has been proved on the basis of previously established statements, such as other
theorems, and generally accepted statements. Example : The Fundamental Theorem
of Algebra which states that every polynomial equation over the field of complex
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numbers of degree higher than 1 has a complex solution or using a formula, polynomial
equations are in the form :
P(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + ... + a1x + a0 = 0,
Lemma is a theorem that is useful in proving another theorem. It is a proved
proposition which is used as a stepping stone to a larger result rather than as a
statement of interest by itself. Example : If n is a positive integer, then either n-1 is a
positive integer or n-1 = 0.

Corollary is a theorem that follows easily from another theorem. It is a statement

that follows with little or no proof required from an already proven statement. Example :
If a triangle is equilateral it is also equiangular follows the theorem in geometry that the
angles opposite two congruent sides of a triangle are also congruent.
A proof is a sequence of statements. The statements are arguments that
establishes the truth value of a proposition. These statements come in two
forms: givens and deductions. The following are the most important types of "givens.''
Usually the postulates to be proven is in the form
P1∧…∧Pn⇒Q.P1∧…∧Pn⇒Q.
Where PP's are the hypotheses of the postulates and is assume to be true
because if one of the P’s is false, then the implication is true.
Logic is a tool for the analysis of proof.

The truth or falsehood of a proposition is called its truth value.

The following are examples of propositions:

1. Five (5) is a factor of 20. This is a true proposition

2. The earth is 100% water. This is a false proposition

3. Supplementary angles equal 150○. This is a false proposition

4. The area of a circle is equal to 𝜋r2. This is a true proposition

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5. The quadratic formula states that . This is a true proposition

Letters are used to represent proposition (usually p,q,r,s . . . etc. ) just as letters
are used to denote numerical variables in programming. The truth value of a
proposition is denoted by T if true and F if it is false.

Propositional Function
Propositions, the truth value of which cannot be immediately determined is a
propositional function. Propositional function has the same property as an ordinary
mathematical function.

In the same way that function returns a unique value when we know the value(s)
of any parameter(s) supplied to it, the truth value of propositional function represented
by P(x) depends upon the value of its parameter, x.

Propositional functions are a generalization of propositions. It may contain

variables and predicates. Variables stand for (and can be replaced by) elements from
their domain. Propositional functions become propositions (and thus have truth values)
when all their variables are either replaced by a value from their domain, or bound by a
quantifier. The domain is often denoted by U (the universe).

Example:

1. Let P(x) denote “x > 10” and U be the integers. Then P(11) is true while P(5) is false.

2. Let P(x,y,z) denote that x*y/2=z and U be the integers for all three variables.
a. P(5,4,10) is a true propositional function
b. P(3,1,2) is a false proposition
c. P(2,3,3) is a true proposition
d. P(7,2,7) is a true proposition

Exercises 1.1
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A. Determine which of the following is a proposition. If it is a proposition state the truth

value. If it is not a proposition state the reason why it is not a proposition.

1. 27 + 35 = 62
2. Is ¼ the reciprocal of 4?
3. The factors of 20 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20
4. Is 12 the highest common multiple factor (HCM) of 84 and 360?
5. 7 is greater than 12.
6. x is greater than y.
7. The lowest common multiple (LCM) of 6 and 8 is 24
8. The pre-requisite of Discrete Mathematics is Algebra.
9. Do not forget to put your section code and course schedule in every paper you are
going to submit.
10. There is a number x such that x2 = 16.
11. Answer the phone.
12. 2+3+4+5 = 14
13. Please remain standing for the Phil National Anthem
14. Multiplying two like signs ( + and +) give a positive answer while multiplying two
unlike signs (+ and - ) results to a negative answer.
15. -4 – (-3) = -1

B. Determine the truth value of the following propositional function:

1. Let P(n) be the propositional function “n is a perfect square”.
a. P(1) b. P(10)
c. P(16) d. P(49)
2. Let P(x,y) be the propositional function ” x divides y and the result is an integer.
a. P(2,6) b. P(100,9)
c. P(7,49) d. P(4,25)
3. Let P(x,y,z) be the propositional function “ Sam, an engineering student is x years old
today, z years old two years ago when he started the program and will be y years old 3
years from now when he completes the program.”.
a. P(1,2,3) b. P(18,16,23)
c. P(5,8,3) d. P(30,33,28)
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4. Let P(a,b,c) be the propositional function “ Peter needs to pay at least 20% down
payment a which will be deducted from the car’s selling price b so that he can pay
monthly amortizations on the remaining 80% c.
a. P(100K,500K,400K) b. P(20,10,80)
c. P(200K,800K,1M) d. P(250k, IM, 1.2M)
5. Let P(a,b,c) be the propositional function “A group of a adults and b kids going on an
eat all you can restaurant will need at least c budget”. Adult price per head is P300.00,
P150.00 for kids.”
a. P(5,3,P1950) b. P(5,3,2K)
c. P(3,5,2K) d. P(3,5, P1250)
6. Let P(x,y,z) be the propositional function Bob needs to work x days and y overtime
hours per week to earn z gross pay if he makes PHP500 in an 8-hr shift per day, and
his overtime-rate per hour b is 1.30% of his basic rate.
a. P(5, 6, 2987.25) b. P(6, 5, 3500)
c. P( 5, 4, 2500) d. P(6, 4, 3325)
7. Let P(a,b,c) be the propositional function the scale on the drawing is a is the ratio
drawing of length b and the actual length of the wall c.
a. P(1:12, 9, 108) b. P(1:6,18, 204)
c. P(2:4, 12, 24) d. P( 3:8, 12,32)
8. Let P(x,y,z) be the propositional function the ratio of flour to salt in a recipe for
molding a dough is x that Helen should use y cups of salt to his z cups of flour.
a. P(4:1, 2, 8) b. (5:2, 4, 10)
c. P(3:2, 6,12) d. (6:3, 4, 8)
9. Let P(x,y,z) be the propositional function Francis can tile x square ft. of floor in y that
he can finish minutes at the rate z.
a. P( 2, 20, 8:80) b. P(20, 2, 80:8)
c. P(4, 40, 16:160) d. P (4, 40, 10:60)
10. Let P(x,y,z) be the propositional function the jacket on sale has an original price x,
but now is being sold at y price after a discount of z.
a. P(PHP1250, 875, 30%) b. P(PHP2500, 750, 25%)
c. P (PHP1K, 750, 25%) d. P(PHP2500, 1750, 50%)
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1.2 Logical Operators and Compound Propositions

Propositions may be modified by means of one or more logical operators to form

compound propositions. Compound propositions are formed from existing
propositions using logical operators.

There are three basic logical operators; negation, conjunction and disjunction:

Operator Symbol Meaning Example

Negation ¬ not operation/inversion p: The absolute value
Operator reverses the of a number x is
truth value of the the number without its
proposition sign

¬p: It is not the case

that the absolute value
of a number x is
the number without its
sign is true.
Disjunction ∨ Logical addition /OR p: an object travelling
operation along a straight line
Only one true value with constant speed
is needed to make the has constant velocity
compound proposition
true q: an object travelling
along a straight line
has variable
acceleration.

pvq: an object
travelling in a straight
line with constant
speed has constant
velocity or has variable
acceleration is true.
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conjunction ^ Logical multiplication/ p: an object travelling

: AND operation along a straight line
All propositions must with constant speed
be true so that the has constant velocity
compound proposition to
be true q: an object travelling
along a straight line
with constant speed
has constant
acceleration.

p^q: an object
travelling in a straight
line with constant
speed has constant
velocity and has
constant acceleration
is true.

The truth values of compound propositions can be described using a truth

table similar to the one below.

Proposition Negation Disjunction Conjunction

p q r ¬p ¬q ¬r p∨ q∨ r p^ q ^r
F F F T T T F F
F F T T T F T F
F T F T F T T F
F T T T F F T F
T F F F T T T F
T F T F T F T F
T T F F F T T F
T T T F F F T T
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Examples:
A. Write the propositions symbolically and determine the truth value of the compound
propositions. All the given propositions are assumed to be true
Given:
p: "The files on my folder are missing”
q: I will not panic
r : I have a back-up copy of all my files
s: All files are saved on the server and not on the individual
computers.
t: My files can be restored.

[Link] files on my folder are missing and I am going to panic

Soln: p^¬q
T^¬T
T^ F
F
p^¬q is false
2. The files on my folder are missing and I have a back-up copy of all my files or my
files can be restored
. Soln: p^r∨t

T^T∨T
T^T
T
p^r∨t is true
3. My files cannot be restored and I will not panic
. ¬t^q
¬T^T
F^T
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F
¬t^q is false

4. I have a back-up copy of all my files or all files are saved on the server and not
on individual folders and my files can be restored.
r∨s^t

T∨T^T
T^T
T
r∨s^t is true

5. I will panic or I have a back-up copy of all my files.

. ¬q ∨r

¬T∨ T
F∨T
T
¬q ∨ r is true

B. Translate into words, the following symbols and determine the truth value of the
compound proposition:
Given the following propositions and their truth value.
T - p:: an acute angle is an angle smaller than 90 ^

T - q: an angle bisector cuts an angle into two equal parts

F - r:. The angle between lines y = 4x - 3 and y = 5x + 1 is 45
T - s: the unit of angular speed is radians per second
F - t:. A compact disc on a hi-fi system rotates at 15 radians per second

1. p∨q
Soln: p∨q
T∨T
T
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The disjunction an acute angle is an angle smaller than 90 or an angle

bisector cuts an angle into two equal parts is true.

2. r^s∨t
Soln: . r^s∨t.
F^T∨F.
F∨F
F.
The conjunction that the angle between lines y = 4x - 3 and y = 5x + 1 is
45 and the disjunction the unit of angular speed is radians per second or a
compact disc on a hi-fi system rotates at 15 radians per second is false.

3. ¬(p ∨ q)
Soln: ¬(p ∨ q)
¬(T ∨ T)
¬(T)
F
The negation of the disjunction an acute angle is an angle smaller than
90 or an angle bisector cuts an angle into two equal parts is false.

4. (p∨ r^s^t )∨(q^¬(p ∨ q)

(p∨ r^s^t )∨(q^¬(p ∨ q)
(T∨ F^T^F )∨(T^¬(T ∨ T)
(T∨ F^F )∨(T^¬(T)
(T∨ F )∨(T^¬(F)
(T)∨(F)
T
The disjunction an acute angle is an angle smaller than 90 or the
conjunction the angle between lines y = 4x - 3 and y = 5x + 1 is 45 and
the unit of angular speed is radians per second in conjunction with a compact
disc on a hi-fi system rotates at 15 radians per second or an angle bisector cuts
an angle into two equal parts and the negation of the disjunction an acute angle
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is an angle smaller than 90 or an angle bisector cuts an angle into two equal
parts is true.

5. ¬(p ∨ q) ∨r^s∨t
Soln: ¬(p ∨ q) ∨r^s∨t
¬(T ∨ T) ∨ F^T∨F
¬(T) ∨ F^T∨F
F∨F^TvF
F∨FvF
F∨F
F
The negation of the disjunction an acute angle is an angle smaller than
90 or an angle bisector cuts an angle into two equal parts or the conjunction of
the disjunction with the angle between lines y = 4x - 3 and y = 5x + 1 is 45
and the unit of angular speed is radians per second in conjunction with a
compact disc on a hi-fi system rotates at 15 radians per second is false.
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Exercises 1.2
A. Let p,q,r,s be the following propositions.
p: The common factor of the nos. 49, 147 and 350 is 7
q: 10Kbytes of data = 10,000 bytes of data.
r: Improper fractions have numerator greater than the denominator.
s: Odd nos. are divisible by 2.
p and r has the truth value true while q and s are false.

Express the following in words and determine the truth value algebraically.
1. p^¬q
2. ¬p^¬q
3. r^s
4. p^( r^s)
5. ¬(p ∨ q)
6. (p ∨ q) ^s
7. (p∨ r^s)∨(q^¬(p ∨ q)
8. (p∨ r^s)∨(q^¬(p ∨ q) ∨(q^¬(p ∨ q)
9. ¬(p ∨ q) ∨r^s
10. (q^¬(p ∨ q) v ¬(p ∨ q) ∨r^s

B. Determine whether a report will be submitted on time using truth table . Three of
these condition must be satisfied before the report can be ready (truth value for p can
be true or false ,q and t should be true; r and should false).
p: PC has completed POST and is now on the ready mode.
q: Report has been edited and ready for printing .
r: Printer is either offline or out of paper
s: The file has not been downloaded yet.
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t: PC is already connected to the server.

1.3 Conditional Propositions and Logical Equivalence

The compound proposition “ If you get a perfect score in your Final Exam then
you will receive an Excellent grade” can be broken down into two simpler statements:
p: "You get a perfect score in your Final Exam”
q: "You will receive an Excellent grade."
The propositions can be read as : if p is true, then q is true, if p, then q, p
implies q, and can be written as p q is a conditional statement.
Conditional statement is defined by the following truth table.

p q p q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

The arrow " " is the conditional operator, and in p q the statement p is called
the antecedent or hypothesis, and q is called the consequent, or conclusion. According
to the table, the compound proposition "p q" is true when p is false, no matter what the
truth value of q is.

Example 1 (True Implies True) is True

If p and q are both true, then p q is true. For instance:
If arccosine 1=0 then surge protector is a must in every computer system.
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Example 2 True Can't Imply False

If p is true and q is false, then p q is false. For instance:
If arcsine 1 = 1.570796327 then the hyperbolic sine 1 = 1.570796327
Example 3 False Implies Anything
If p is false, then p q is true, no matter whether q is true or not.
If I am a Billionaire then I would buy an island.
Conditional Propositions in Computing
Most programming language like C++ and Java has the if-then statement for the
simple selection structure following the syntax:
if ( condition )
{
statement
}

If (condition) is true, then statement executes. If condition is false, then statement

is irrelevant.

Example:
If (x<10)
[Link](“x is greater than 10\n”);
If (x == 7)
[Link](“A match is found.\n”);

The Bi-conditional Statement

The statement p q is defined to be the statement (p q) (q p). For this
reason, the double headed arrow is called the bi-conditional operator and the
statement read as "p if and only if q" or "p is equivalent to q," defined by the following
truth table.

p q p q
T T T
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T F F
F T F
F F T

The arrow " " is the bi-conditional operator. Each of the following is
equivalent to the bi-conditional p q.
p if and only if q.
p is necessary and sufficient for q.
p is equivalent to q.

Examples:
Determine the truth value of the of the following compound propositions:
1. 3+7 = 13 if and only if Mars is a black hole."
The compound proposition is true. The given statement has the form p q,
where p: "3+7=13" and q: "Mars is a black hole." Since both statements are false, the
bi-conditional p q is true.
2. Diamonds are unbreakable if and only if diamonds contain no carbon.
This compound proposition is false. The proposition “Diamonds are
unbreakable is true while Diamonds contain no carbon is false.
3. Crystal is the smallest piece of ice if we if keep on dividing it if and only if iron is
an artificial element.
This compound proposition is true since the proposition” Crystal is the smallest
piece of ice if we keep on dividing it” is false while the proposition “iron is an artificial
element is also false.

Order of Precedence
In the algebra of logic, brackets will often be inserted to make clear the order in
which operations are to be carried out. The rules of precedence are:
1. brackets
2. NOT (¬)
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3. AND ( )
4. OR (∨)

Logical Equivalence
In logic, statements p and q are logically equivalent if they have the same
logical content. Two propositions are equivalent if they have the same truth value.
The logical equivalence table shows logical propositions that are logically
equivalent.
Equivalence Name
p∧T≡p
Identity laws
p∨F≡p

p∨T≡T Domination laws

p∧F≡F

p∨p≡p Idempotent laws

p∧p≡p
¬(¬p)≡p Double negation law
p∨q≡q∨p Commutative laws

p∨(q∧r)≡(p∨q)∧(p∨r) Distributive laws

p∧(q∨r)≡(p∧q)∨(p∧r)

¬(p∧q)≡¬p∨¬q De Morgan's laws

¬(p∨q)≡¬p∧¬q

p∨(p∧q)≡p Absorption laws

p∧(p∨q)≡p

p∨¬p≡T Negation laws

p∧¬p≡F
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Logical Equivalence involving conditional statements

1. p→q≡¬p∨q
2.
3. p→q≡¬q→¬p
4.
5. p∨q≡¬p→q
6.
7.
p∧q≡¬(p→¬q)
8.
9.
¬(p→q)≡p∧¬q

(p→q)∧(p→r)≡p→(q∧r)

(p→q)∨(p→r)≡p→(q∨r)

(p→r)∧(q→r)≡(p∨q)→r

(p→r)∨(q→r)≡(p∧q)→r

Logical equivalence involving biconditionals

1. p↔q≡(p→q)∧(q→p) 2. p↔q≡¬p↔¬q

3. p↔q≡(p∧q)∨(¬p∧¬q) 4. ¬(p↔q)≡p↔¬q

Example:

The following statements are logically equivalent:

1. p: If Lisa is in France, then she is in Europe.

q:If Lisa is not in Europe, then she is not in France.
Using negation law p∨¬p≡T the two compound proposition is true

2. Given the following propositions, determine the truth value of the compound
proposition: Assume that p is true while q and r is false.
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p: The network cable is not connected to both the computer and the wall or
modem.
q: You cannot contact your network administrator
r : You cannot access the internet

Using logical equivalence involving conditionals:

(p→q)∧(p→r)≡p→(q∧r)
(T→F)∧(T→F)≡T→(F∧F)
(F)∧(F)≡T→(F)
F∧F≡F
Exercises 1.3
A. Determine the truth value of the following conditional and bi-conditional
compound propositions.
1. 4 + 4 = 8 if and only if 3 +2 = 5.
2. If 11 + 11 = 22 then 22 + 22 = 44
3. 22 + 33 = 55 if and only if 30 + 20 = 40
4. 5 + 5 = 9 then dogs can fly.
5. If the maximum number of pencils that PHP 400 can buy is 15 at 27.00@ if and
only if PHP8,200 can buy 127 ball pens at 64@.
6. If pigs can fly then 10 + 20 = 40.
7. The rate of a car travelling 385 miles in 7 hours is 55 miles/hour if and only if the
sum of 27= 5 + 2*11..
8. If 100 -30 = 70 then 40% of 50 is 10.
9. 40/2 + 8 = 28 if and only if the least no. of 51-seater bus to accommodate 193
student is 4.
10. If sounds travel faster than light then you will hear thunder first before seeing
the lightning.

B. What would be displayed on the screen when the following statements are
executed?

if temperature is greater than or equal to 70 and month is greater than or equal

to 6 then display the message “ Wear red shoes”

else if name is equal to “Mary Poppins” then display the message “Wear white
shoes”

else display the message “Wear black shoes”.

1. temperature = 78;
month = 6;
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name = “Mary Poppins”;

2. temperature = 70;
month = 5;
name = “Mary Poppins”

3. temperature = 60;
month = 5;
name = “Mary Poppins”

4. temperature = 60;
month = 7;
name = “Juan Dela Cruz”

C. What would be played on the radio if the following statement is executed?

if hour >= 8 a.m but < 5 pm AND day = “Monday” OR “Friday”

then play “It’s Another Manic <day>”
else if day = Wednesday AND Thursday
then play “Another Workday Tomorrow”
else if hour > 9 pm = play “Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star”
else play “ Saturdays and Sundays are my favorite days”
1. Hour = 9:00 am day = Tuesday
2. Hour = 7:00 am day = Wednesday
3. Hour = 6:00 pm day = Sunday
4. Hour = 10 pm day = Thursday

D. Prove that the following are logically equivalent using the specified law.
1. Given the following propositions, determine whether the proposition are logically
equivalent. Propositions p, s, t, and w are true and the rest have false truth
value.
p: an error code is flashed on your screen or an error messages is displayed on
the screen.
q : You cannot use the computer
r : The computer is on and everything is frozen and the mouse and keyboard
are not responding.
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s : you make changes to the computer settings

t : restore computer to the default setting
w : some peripheral has been added or removed recently.
x: unauthorized persons has been using your computer
y: a virus has been downloaded together with a file
z. your computer is infected.

a. p∨p≡p b. p∨q≡q∨p c. p∨(q∧r)≡(p∨q)∧(p∨r)

d.¬(r∧s)≡¬r∨¬s e. ¬(t∨w)≡¬t∧¬w f. w∧(w∨x)≡w

g. x∧¬y≡F h. p↔x≡(p→z)∧(z→p) i. y↔z≡¬y↔¬z j. ¬(w↔x)≡w↔¬x

2. Given the following propositions. Determine the truth value and whether the
compound propositions are logically equivalent. Convert your final answer into words.
p: The 20th term in the sequence 5, 12, 19, 26, 33 is 138
q: The sum of the first 30 terms in the sequence 5, 12, 19, 26, 33 . . . . . . is
3196.
r: If a car with an average speed of 40 mph travels a distance of 50 miles then it
will take the car 1 hour to complete the journey.
s: The expansion of (x+5)3 = x3 + 15 x2 + 75 x + 125.
t: A common factor of the set (x2 + 3x +2) and X2 – 1) is (x+1)
a. p∨q≡¬p→q b. ¬(p→q)≡p∧¬q

c. (p→q)∨(p→r)≡p→(q∨r) d. (p→r)∨(q→r)≡(p∧q)→r

e. p∧(p∨q)≡ p∧q)→t

3. Convert the following proposition into symbols then determine the truth value.
T: p: If gas is compressed then its volume decreases.
F: q: Man can light a 121 watt bulb if and only if he eats food and burns it up using
2,500 calories of energy in a day.
F: r: Electric circuits of radios or televisions and other related equipment is soldered
using solder made of aluminum and copper only.
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T:s: Chemical properties of the elements of matter have been found to repeat in
regular patterns and this can be found in the arrangement of atoms in the periodic
table.
T: t: The color of litmus paper turns from blue to red if you put a drop of acid to it.
F:u: If the measure of the second angle of a triangle is 20 more than the measure of
the first angle of the triangle and the measure of the third angle of the triangle is 40
more than the measure of the first angle then the measure of the largest angle is 60○.
T: v: The speed of light can be expressed as 6.71 x 108 miles per hour in scientific
notation which is 67,100,000 in standard notation.
F:w: Carlos needs at least 4 cans of paints if he wants to paint the ceiling of a room
that has a length of 16 and a width of 10 feet. One can of paint can cover about 75
square feet.
T: x: Heavy loads of steel in factories and stockyards are lifted if and only if powerful
magnets are used.
T:y: If a nutrient like a fertilizer is present in large quantities in a pond then
eutrophication occurs or plants grow and decay in large numbers suffocating the pond
by not leaving sufficient oxygen in water for supporting life.
a. Commutative Law for compound propositions p and q
b. De Morgans Law for compound proposition r and s
c. Absorption Law for proposition t and u.
d. Rule no. 9 for Logical Equivalence of Conditional propositions for p, q and r.
e. Rule no. 3 for Logical Equivalence of Biconditional propositions s, t.
22

1.4 Logic Puzzles

Deductive reasoning, also known as deductive logic or logical deduction is

the process of reasoning from one or more statements (premises) to reach a logically
certain conclusion. Deductive reasoning (top-down logic), where a conclusion is
reached reductively by applying general rules that hold over the entirety of a closed
domain under consideration until only the conclusion(s) is left.

Puzzles that can be solved using logical deduction are logic puzzles also known
as Quizzles. There are computer programs designed to solve quizzles which are
actually based on the rules of logic.

Example

Night Classes
Pamela, Dorothy , Rita, Eunice, and Bernice are each taking an art program and
a foreign language program. The art programs are painting, drawing, sculpture, pottery
and computer graphics. The foreign language programs are French, Italian, Spanish
German and Chinese. From the clues given, try to determine the art and language
programs each student is taking.
Clues:
1. The student taking sculpture is not taking Italian.
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2. Bernice and Pamela do not study Chinese but one takes Pottery and the other
French.
3. The woman studying Italian is not Dorothy or Eunice and she is also not the woman
taking drawing or pottery.
4. Dorothy does not study German.
5. Bernice, Dorothy and Eunice drive to class together on Thursday night. In no
particular order one of these student takes computer graphics, one takes German,
and the other one takes pottery.
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Solution:

Compute
Drawin r Paintin Sculptur Potter Frenc Chines Italia Germa Spanis
g Graphics g e y h e n n h
Pamela T F F F F T F F F F
Dorothy F T F F F F T F F F
Rita F F T F F F F T F F
Eunice F F F T F F F F T F
Bernice F F F F T F F F F T
French T F F F F
Chinese F T F F F
Italian F F T F F
German F F F T F
Spanish F F F F T

Student Art Class Language Class

Pamela - Drawing - French
Dorothy - Comp Graphics - Chinese
Rita - Painting - Italian
Eunice - Sculpture - German
Bernice - Pottery - Spanish
25
26

Exercises 1.4

Solve the following logic puzzles:

A. Five Daughters’ Sons

Between January 1 and May 31 , Mrs. Jackson’s daughter Jane, Jean, Joan,
June and Jill gave birth to five sons. The name of the boys in no particular order
are Leonard, Edward, Harry, Malcolm and David. What was the name of each
daughter’s son and in what month was he born? Each daughter gave birth to
different month.
1. Jill’s baby was born after Harry and they were both born after Leonard.
2. David was born before Harry but neither David nor Malcolm was born first or
last.
3. Joan, Jane and Jean gave birth in that order.
4. Malcolm, June’s son Edward, and the boy born in March all have blond hair.
5. Joan’s son is older than both Harry and Malcolm.

B. Family Members’ Favorite

The members of the of the Jones family , the father, the mother, the daughter,
the son, and the aunt each have a favorite television program. One likes a comedy,
one an action, one a drama, one a talk show, and one a sports program. Each of
the favorite program is on a different weeknight. From the clues given try to
determine the type of show that is each person’s favorite and the night it is on.
1. The comedy is not on Tuesday.
2. None of the women’s favorite show is a sports program or the one on
Wednesday night.
3. The mother’s favorite show is on earlier in the week than the drama but later
than the son’s favorite show.
4. One of the parents likes the action and the other likes a show that is on Monday.
5. The daughter does not like the talk show.
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C. Five Women’s Secret

Rita, Lydia, Emma, Kate and Vilma whose last name in no particular order are
Pascual, Ladera, Cruz, Villa and Mansueto all live in the same block of a
subdivision. From the clues given, try to determine the first and last name of each
women and her age. The smallest age difference is 10 years.
1. Rita’s surname is not Cruzz.
2. Kate is twice as old as Mrs. Mansueto but only half as old as Lydia.
3. Emma is 10 years older than Mrs. Ladera but is 10 years younger than Mrs.
Pascual.
4. Vilma is 20 years older than Kate and 20 years younger than Mrs. Villa.
5. Kate is 10 years younger than Emma but is 20 years older than Rita.

D. The Photoshoot Contest

There is a photoshoot contest every year at a town fiesta. In last year’s contest, the
top prizes were awarded to the photographs of fish, trees, cats, houses, flowers and
bridges. Two of the prizes were won by one man. The men who won the top prizes
were Mr. S, Mr. R, Mr. G. , Mr. A and Mr. V. From the clues given, try to determine who
took the photograph and the prizes that each picture won.
1. The bridges and houses photographs were taken by one man and neither
picture won first or last prize.
2. The last name of the man who won first prize is alphabetically behind everyone
except the man whose photograph is of trees.
3. Neither Mr. G’s photograph nor the photos of bridges and houses came in third.
4. The houses photograph , the cat’s photograph and Mr A’s photograph of flowers
finished in that order.
5. The fish photograph received a higher prize than Mr. G’s photograph which in
turn did better than the flowers photograph.
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E. Dinner for a Family of Four

A family of four: father, mother, sister and brother went out to dinner. They each
had a different meat, potato and vegetable. The four kinds of meat were steak, ham,
pork and chicken. The four types of potatoes were baked, mashed, French fried and
boiled. The four vegetables were peas, carrots, corn and spinach. From the clues
given, try to determine the meal eaten by each member of the family:
1. One child had chicken and the other french fries.
2. One of the women had spinach and the other had pork.
3. The father sat on the right of the person who had corn, who sat on the right of
the of the person who had pork, who sat on the right of the person who had
baked potatoes, who sat on the right of the person who had peas.
4. One parent had boiled potatoes and the other had steak.
5. One of the men had steak and the other had french fries.

F. College Roommates.
Five Engineering seniors, John, Oscar, Earl, Ernie and Marvin rent an off—campus
house. Each one is majoring in different fields; Architecture, Civil, Computer,
Electrical and Electronics. They are attending college on sports scholarships in five
areas: Football, Baseball track, Tennis and Swimming. Each is taking a different
Foreign Language course; French, Spanish, Italian, German and Russian. From the
clues given, try to determine the foreign language, the sports and the major of each
five students:
1. The Computer major, the swimmer, the student taking Italian and Marvin have
never missed any of Ernie’s home football games.
2. Neither Oscar nor Earl is the one who takes Spanish or the one who is an
Electronics major, but one of them is a baseball player.
3. Marvin and the track star had lunch with the Electrical major and later on met
Oscar after his German class.
29

4. The baseball player, the Electrical major and Oscar all have rooms on the top
floor, whereas John and the Electronics major have rooms on the ground floor.
5. The Architecture major is taking German.
6. The Computer major is not the track star and does not take Russian.

G. Pauline’s Five Men in Europe

All of Pauline’s favorite male relatives lives in Europe. They are her father, uncle,
first cousin, her brother and her nephew. In no particular order, their names are:
Eric, Jeremiah, Ver, Simon and Bernard. Although they all live in Europe, no two
men live in the the same city. The cities in which the live are London, Paris, Rome,
Madrid and Copenhagen. From the clues given try to determine not only the city in
which each man lives and his relationship to Pauline but his occupation as well be it
diplomat, journalist, student, artist or professor.
1. The man in Copenhagen is the father of the journalist and the diplomat is the
father of the man in Paris.
2. Simon is the son of the man in Rome and Bernard is the artist’s son
3. Eric is the father of the man in Madrid and Ver is the father of the student.
4. Her cousin does not live in Paris.

H. Joyce the Baby Sitter

Joyce is a popular babysitter. Billy, Bobby, Sam, Tommy, and Pete are her charges
and she babysits for each one on a different day of the week. Saturdays and
Sundays are her off days. No two children are the same age and range in age from
one to five. The mother of the boys are Mrs. Cenon, Mrs. Juanito, Mrs. Paras, Mrs.
Feleo, and Mrs. Wigan. From the clues given, try to determine, each child’s full
name and age as well as the day of the week on which Joyce baby sits for him.
1. Thursday’s child is the oldest and Mrs. Juanito’s child is not the youngest
2. She sits for Mrs. Feleo’s son earlier in the week than for Pete but later than sits
for the two-year old.
3. She doesn’t sit for Billy or Tommy on Monday or Friday but one of them is the
one-year old and the other is the three-year old.
30

4. She sits for Tommy the day before Billy but the day after the Clark baby.
5. In no particular order the three youngest children are the Monday child, the
Tuesday child and Mrs Juanito’s child.
6. Mrs. Paras son Sam is not the oldest nor is he the child watched on Monday.

I. Birthday Boys
Mrs. Santos has five sons, Norman, Felix, Raymond, William and Edward. Each
was born in a different year ( 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007 ) and each was born in a
different month ( January, April, July, September, and November). No son was born on
a weekend but each son was born on a different day of the week. From the clues given
try to determine the day of the week, the month and the year of birth of each son.
1. William was not the son born on a Wednesday nor was he the son born in July.
2. Raymond is older than the son born on a Tuesday and younger than the son
born in November, however, it is the two remaining sons who are the oldest and
the youngest.
3. The second eldest one and Felix both wear glasses but the son born on a Friday,
the son born in January and Wilbur do not.
4. The son born in April was not born on Tuesday or Thursday and the son born in
2001 was not born on Monday or Friday.
5. The son born in 1998 was born on Wednesday and Norman was born on a
Monday.

J. Visiting Relatives
During summer vacation, John decided to visit some of his relatives: his cousin
his parents, his uncle, his nephew and his brother who all live in different cities. The
five cities they live are Laoag, Tuguegarao, Malolos, Batangas,and Legaspi. John used
different means of transportation to get from one city to another. He went by car , jeep,
bus, train and motorcycle. From the clues given try to determine the city in which each
of his relative live and the means of transportation John used to reach there.
1. He arrived by plane and bus at the two cities which are not on the north regions.
2. His uncle and cousin live on the south cities
3. His nephew met his plane when he arrived.
31

4. He did not arrive at his uncles city by car and his uncle does not live in Legaspi City.
5. He did not go by bus to Laoag City or to visit his parents and he did not go to his
cousin’s city by train or car.