@ Bharath

1. Define the term “speaking”.

Speaking is an act of making vocal sounds. We can say that speaking

means to converse or expressing one's thoughts and feelings in spoken
language. To speak often implies conveying information. It may be from
an informal remark to a scholarly presentation to a formal address.
Speaking skills are the skills that give us the ability to communicate
effectively. These skills allow the speaker, to convey his message in a
passionate, thoughtful, and convincing manner.

2. Discuss the significance of speaking.

Language is a tool for communication. We communicate with others, to

express our ideas, and to know others’ ideas as well. Communication
takes place, where there is speech. Without speech we cannot
communicate with one another. The importance of speaking skills hence
is enormous for the learners of any language. Without speech, a
language is reduced to a mere script. The use of language is an activity
which takes place within the confines of our community. We use
language in a variety of situations. People at their workplaces, i.e.,
researchers working either in a medical laboratory or in a language
laboratory, are supposed to speak correctly and effectively in-order to
communicate well with one another.

3. Mention any four aspects of essentials for effective speaking.

 (Write any four; extra points added for reference)

• The audience is not the enemy

The reason why many people avoid public speaking is because they
have a fear of it, which is partially fear of an unknown and possibly
hostile audience. It is to be remembered that the audience is not the
enemy.
• Write your speech word for word
Good speaking begins with good writing; good writing depends on
good editing.
• Bring life to your words with colourful images and examples
This is where style becomes apparent. Choose those words which
evoke the audience ‘s own imagination so that they start to
experience what you are saying, rather than just hearing it.
• Six words that can change the way you speak: Make a Point; Tell a
Story
The speaker should have a point in his/her speech; rather than
explain that point to audience, He needs to have them discover it
through experiencing it as part of the story he tells
• Six emotions that will connect with any audience: happiness,
sadness, anger, surprise, disgust, and fear
Choose words which not only create an image but evoke at least one
of the emotions listed above. When people empathize with you, they
are more willing to accept your message that you want to convey in
your speech.
• Do not underestimate the power of laughter
When we laugh, we relax. When we relax, our minds are more
receptive to learning.
• Do not tell us, take us
Rather than describing the incident like a reporter, take us as an
eyewitness to the event by acting it out with movements, gestures,
vocal inflections that put us right there in the middle of the action.

4. Explain the issues to handle the fear of audience.

 When the speaker is faced with the fear of speaking to an audience, it is
imperative to recognize the fact that the audience is not, in fact, the
speaker’s enemy. Do not try to get rid of your fear; strap up it and
consider it a constant companion which keeps you trying to do your
best. The audience will forgive an occasional mistake; Just remember to
locate some friendly faces out there, those people who seem to be
nodding and in general getting enthusiastic about your message. If you
do happen to make a mistake, locate those friendly faces! Just
remember that because you see somewhat who seems not to be
enthusiastic, it could be a combination of culture, personality, or
occupation that does permit them to show it as openly as others.

5. What are the six words that can change the way we speak?

The six words that can change the way you speak: Make a Point; Tell a
Story.
The speaker should have a point in his/her speech; rather than explain
that point to audience, He needs to have them discover it through
experiencing it as part of the story he tells.

6. Explain the power of laughter.

When we laugh, we relax. When we relax, our minds are more receptive
to learning. People tend to be more open and empathizing when
laughing. When people empathize with you, they are more willing to
accept your message that you want to convey in your speech.
Well-placed jokes can be highly impactful in a speech in this regard.

7. Define verbal communication.

Verbal Communication is a type of oral communication wherein the

message is transmitted through the spoken words. Here the sender gives
words to his/her feelings, thoughts, ideas and opinions and expresses
 them in the form of speeches, discussions, presentations, and
conversations.

8. Define non-verbal communication.

Nonverbal communication includes gestures, facial expressions, and

body positions (known collectively as ―body language‖), as well as
unspoken understandings and presuppositions, and cultural and
environmental conditions that may affect any encounter between
people.

9. Mention the various elements of nonverbal communication.

• Gestures: It means a movement of part of the body, especially a hand

or the head, to express an idea or meaning. There are different types
of them.
• Posture: Posture can reflect emotions, attitudes, and intentions.
Research has identified a wide range of postural signals and their
meanings.
• Facial Expressions: Facial expressions are one form of nonverbal
communication. These subtle - and sometimes not so subtle -
expressions can communicate everything from pleasure or
displeasure to surprise or boredom.

[Link] briefly the terms postures and gestures.

Gestures: It means a movement of part of the body, especially a hand or

the head, to express an idea or meaning. These are divided into four
types.
• Emblems
• Illustrators
• Regulators
• Adaptors
 Posture: Posture can reflect emotions, attitudes, and intentions. Two
forms of posture have been identified, ‘open‘ and ‘closed‘, which may
reflect an individual's degree of confidence, status, or receptivity to
another person.

[Link] the various aspects of facial expressions.

Facial expressions are one form of nonverbal communication. These

subtle - and sometimes not so subtle - expressions can communicate
everything from pleasure or displeasure to surprise or boredom. A smile
can indicate approval or happiness. A frown can signal disapproval or
unhappiness. In some cases, our facial expressions may reveal our true
feelings about a situation. While you say that you are feeling fine, the
look on your face may tell people otherwise. A smile can indicate
approval or happiness. A frown can signal disapproval or unhappiness. In
some cases, our facial expressions may reveal our true feelings about a
situation. While you say that you are feeling fine, the look on your face
may tell people otherwise.

[Link] visual aids.

Visual aids mean an item of illustrative matter, such as a film, slide, or

model, designed to supplement written or spoken information so that it
can be understood more easily. If visual aids are used well, they will
enhance a presentation by adding impact and strengthening audience
involvement, yet if they are managed badly, they can ruin a
presentation.
Some commonly used visual aids are:
i. Whiteboards and Interactive Whiteboards
ii. Flip chart
iii. Over-head projector (OHP)
iv. Slides
v. Video
vi. PowerPoint or other presentation software
vii. Handouts
[Link] a short note on slide preparation.

Slides of excellent visual quality can have great impact on any size of
group. However, a good blackout is required for the images to be seen
clearly and this causes eye contact with the audience to be lost. Unlike
with other methods of presentation, you will not be able to add any
spontaneous notes or records to the slides. If you are using slides,
ensure that they are prepared in the correct order, ideally numbering
the slides so that if the carousel is dropped the slides can quickly be
reordered.

[Link] briefly the preparation of power point presentation.

Use of PowerPoint and other presentation software is quite common

when preparing for a presentation. Care should be taken, however, that
visual effects do not detract from the presentation itself. If you choose
to use PowerPoint, try to have a practice run well in advance of a
presentation so that you are confident when giving the presentation
itself.

[Link] are flip charts?

A flip chart is a popular, low cost, low tech solution to recording

interactive meetings and brainstorming sessions. A flip chart can be
prepared in advance and is portable; it requires no power source and no
technical expertise. Flip charts are ideal for collecting ideas and
responses from the audience and are good for spontaneous summaries.
However, if the audience is large, a flip chart will be too small to be seen
by everyone.

[Link] the utility of OHP and TV in a presentation activity.

A. Over-Head Projector (OHP): Displays can be prepared on acetates,
both in written and graphic form. They command attention but, as with
 other visual aids, care must be taken to talk to the audience and not the
screen. OHPs are suitable for both large and small groups although the
machines can be noisy and unreliable, and the projector can obscure the
screen. OHPs as a method of presenting have now largely been replaced
by presentations projected from a computer onto a whiteboard or other
screen.
TV: Videos are excellent for training purposes but can be difficult to fit
into a presentation structure. If a computer connected to a TV is
available then videos can be played as files, from a DVD or with an
Internet connection via YouTube or other online sources. Videos can also
be built into a presentation using PowerPoint or other presentation
software

[Link] are the basic techniques of oral presentation?

Some basics techniques that can be used during an oral presentation

are:
● Maintain eye contact. Only look at notes or slides very briefly. Sweep
the room with your gaze, pausing. Briefly on various people.
● Be aware of your body posture.
● Be enthusiastic about your topic.
● Smile
● Slow down your speech. We naturally talk faster when we are
nervous. Include pauses to allow your listeners to keep up and time for
you to think ahead.
● Use gestures to emphasize points and move about the space if
possible.

[Link] the ways to strengthen your speech.

• Know Your Audience:
Find ways to get acquainted with your listeners. Aim to be intimate
with them. Dig up their eccentricities, wants, aches, and pet peeves.
Be aware of their age bracket. Demographics are an integral part of
discovering your audience.
• Be an Expert on Your Topic:
 Make sure there is nothing you are embarrassed to say or are not
positive of the pronunciation. It will also help to not use words you
do not know the meaning to, so you do not use a wrong word or do
not give it the right emotion. It is advisable to not use too many
words that the audience might not know and run the risk of
alienating them.
• Accentuate the Positive:
Get in touch with your strengths and weaknesses as a speaker and
zero in on what you do best. After a thorough analysis, pick your kind
and focus on delivering your talk with your own style. Do not alter
yourself because you think one style is better than another or try to
be somebody you are not.
• Visualize Your Audience:
Imagine that you are talking to a group of people who are ignorant.
Maintain eye contact.

[Link] the factors of planning while preparing for a presentation.

Oral presentations require a good deal of planning. Some important

factors to be considered in the planning stage are:
i. Focus your presentation on the audience.
ii. Organize your information into three to five points/categories.
iii. Build repetition.

[Link] the significance of power point presentation.

Use of PowerPoint and other presentation software is quite common

when preparing for a presentation. PowerPoint slides can be powerful
visual aids and well-done slides can capture the audience’s interest
strongly. Care should be taken, however, that visual effects do not
detract from the presentation itself.
Multiple Sources

1. What are the important essentials of speaking skills? Explain in detail

with examples.

• The audience is not the enemy

The reason why many people avoid public speaking is because they
have a fear of it, which is partially fear of an unknown and possibly
hostile audience. It is to be remembered that the audience is not the
enemy.
• Write your speech word for word
Good speaking begins with good writing; good writing depends on
good editing.
• Bring life to your words with colourful images and examples
This is where style becomes apparent. Choose those words which
evoke the audience’s own imagination so that they start to
experience what you are saying, rather than just hearing it.
• Six words that can change the way you speak: Make a Point; Tell a
Story
The speaker should have a point in his/her speech; rather than
explain that point to audience, He needs to have them discover it
through experiencing it as part of the story he tells
• Six emotions that will connect with any audience: happiness,
sadness, anger, surprise, disgust, and fear
Choose words which not only create an image but evoke at least one
of the emotions listed above. When people empathize with you, they
are more willing to accept your message that you want to convey in
your speech.
• Do not underestimate the power of laughter
 When we laugh, we relax. When we relax, our minds are more
receptive to learning.
• Do not tell us, take us
Rather than describing the incident like a reporter, take us as an
eyewitness to the event by acting it out with movements, gestures,
vocal inflections that put us right there in the middle of the action.

2. Explain the term ‘barrier’. Give a list of various barriers that obstruct
speaking skills.

Barriers of Speaking skills:

It does not matter how effective you are in communicating with others,
sometimes you may face communication barriers. Communication
barriers are defined as the factors that break or interrupt a
communication process.
They are roughly classified as two – a) Listening barriers and b) Speaking
barriers
Listening Barriers:
1. Interrupting the speaker with improper body language and meaningless
questions.
2. Less concentration on speaker‘s facial expressions and not keeping eye
contact with the
speaker
3. Provoking the speaker to conclude the topic as soon as possible.
4. Giving the impression that the speaker is wasting his/her time with his
speech
5. More concentration on distracting material which is not a part of the
ongoing discussion
6. Going ahead of the speaker and concluding his/her ideas
7. Less memory power – this makes you out of the subject being discussed
8. Asking too many questions to prove your attentiveness
Speaking Barriers:
1. Rough and unclear data or information about the topic
2. Inconsistent communication – Missing the flow and going too fast or
too slow
 3. Unclear pronunciation – abrupt sentences or words
4. Miscommunication or not understanding the listener
5. Using negative words – Meaning of some words may differ from region
to region and culture to culture.

3. Define oral presentation. Explain the important aspects of planning a

presentation

A) An oral presentation is the process of presenting a topic to an audience. It

is typically a demonstration, introduction, lecture, or speech meant to
inform, persuade, inspire, motivate, or to build good will or to present a
new idea. Scholars, professionals, and students in all fields desire to
disseminate the new knowledge they produce, and this is often
accomplished by delivering oral presentations in class, at conferences, in
public lectures, or in company meetings. Therefore, learning to deliver
effective presentations is a necessary skill to master both for college and
further endeavours.

Oral presentations typically involve three important steps:

1) Planning,
2) Practicing, and
3) Presenting
1. Planning
Oral presentations require a good deal of planning. Scholars estimate that
approximately 50% of all mistakes in an oral presentation actually occur in
the planning stage (or rather, lack of a planning stage). Make sure to
address the following issues:
Audience:
I. Focus your presentation on the audience.
II. Organize your information into three to five points/categories.
III. Build repetition.
 2. Practicing
Practicing your presentation is essential. It is at this stage of the process
that you figure out word and phrase emphasis and the timing of your
sections and overall presentation.
❖ Record your presentation and review it in order to know how you
sound and appear to your audience.
❖ Consider using different colored highlighters to remind yourself when
to pause, when to emphasize a particular point, when you have a
slide change on your PowerPoint, etc.
❖ Practice in front of peers and elicit feedback. Ask your peers to
comment on your delivery and content.
3. Presenting
As the person in charge of the situation when presenting, it is your job to
make your audience feel comfortable and engaged with both you and the
material of the presentation.
• maintain eye contact. Only look at notes or slides very briefly.
• Sweep the room with your gaze, pausing.
• Briefly on various people.
• be aware of your body posture.
• be enthusiastic about your topic.
• Smile
• Slow down your speech. We naturally talk faster when we are nervous.
• Include pause to allow your listeners to keep up and time for you to
think
Ahead
● Use gestures to emphasize points and move about the space if
possible.
 4. Explain in detail the various aspects of practicing and presenting parts of
an oral presentation.

A. Practicing:
Practicing your presentation is essential. It is at this stage of the process
that you figure out word and phrase emphasis and the timing of your
sections and overall presentation.
❖ Record your presentation and review it in order to know how you
sound and appear to your audience.
❖ Consider using different coloured highlighters to remind yourself
when to pause, when to emphasize a particular point, when you have
a slide change on your PowerPoint, etc.
❖ Practice in front of peers and elicit feedback. Ask your peers to
comment on your delivery and content.
Presenting:
As the person in charge of the situation when presenting, it is your job to
make your audience feel comfortable and engaged with both you and the
material of the presentation.
• maintain eye contact. Only look at notes or slides very briefly.
• Sweep the room with your gaze, pausing.
• Briefly on various people.
• be aware of your body posture.
• be enthusiastic about your topic.
• Smile
• Slow down your speech. We naturally talk faster when we are nervous.
• Include pause to allow your listeners to keep up and time for you to
think
Ahead
● Use gestures to emphasize points and move about the space if
possible.
5. Give reasons that “Oral presentation requires a good planning”.

An effective oral presentation makes the best use of the relationship

between the presenter and the audience. It takes full consideration of the
audience’s needs in order to capture their interest, develop their
understanding, inspire their confidence and achieve the presenter’s
objectives. Careful planning is essential.
Six stages in planning an oral presentation
1. Preparation
Many factors affect the design of your oral presentation. A powerful
presenter will acknowledge and address each of the following:
• objectives
• audience
• venue
• remit.
2. Choosing your main points
Once you have thought about the design of your presentation, you can
define your main points. Try to present not more than three main points
in a ten minutes presentation. Always allow time for an adequate
introduction and conclusion. It is difficult for an audience to follow a more
complex argument without significant help from the presenter. A
powerful presentation delivers information in a logical, structured
manner, building on the previous point and avoiding large jumps in
sequence.

3. Choosing your supporting information

The supporting information helps your audience understand, believe in
and agree with your main points. This evidence might take the form of
factual data, points of detail or an explanation of process. It might be
presented in imaginative ways using diagrams, pictures or video
segments.

4. Establishing linking statements

 The next stage is to develop the linear flow of your presentation. This can
be achieved by using linking statements to show clearly how your main
points fit together. Common linking statements include:
• “The next stage in our project was to …”;
• “Another important issue of consideration was …”;
• “By following this argument,t we can now see that …”.
Linking statements send signals to your audience, highlighting the next
point in your argument, linking to earlier ideas or clarifying the stage you
have reached in your argument overall. This may be of particular
importance in a lengthy presentation where even the most effective
presenter has to work hard to keep an audience involved.
5. Developing an opening
The introduction to your presentation is crucial. It is your first point of
contact with your audience; you can either capture or lose your
audience’s interest in a matter of seconds. Use your introduction to lay a
clear foundation for the presentation to follow. Try using the following
structure:
• introduce yourself;
• state what you will be talking about (a title or subject area);
• state how you will be talking about it (e.g. by comparing test results or
reviewing the supporting literature);

6. Developing a conclusion
Your conclusion is another important stage in your presentation. You can
use it to remind your audience of your main points, draw these points to a
stimulating conclusion and leave your audience with a lasting impression
of the quality of your presentation. The following structure provides a
powerful conclusion:
• a review of your title or subject area
“In this presentation I wanted to explore the relationship between X and
Y.”;
• a summary of your main points
“We have discussed the following points…”;
• a summary of the process you have been through
“By looking at X we have found that Y …”;

6. Do you think one must need speaking skills in professional life? Explain
A. Yes, one must need speaking skills in professional life because;
speaking skills can help you in all areas of life. Having the vocabulary
and wide range of English skills will assist you in acquiring a good job,
communicating well to others, in business, at work or in school. The
more knowledgeable you are in your speaking skills, the less
frustration in conveying yourself to others. Good speaking skills
widen your options in job choices. Seas, business, teaching,
communications, computers, management, administration, law,
police work, government jobs, reception, hospitality industry,
marketing, doctorates, customer service, all depend on excellent
speaking skills, to name a few. Probably one of the most needed
skills in advancing your profession or job.
In short, speaking skills enable you to put your point across
succinctly and evocatively whether in conversations,
teleconversations, interviews, group discussions, elevator pitches,
presentations, and so on. We are taught a lot of subjects in depth
during our formal education.

7. What is public speaking? Explaining in detail about addressing a

large formal gathering?

A) Public speaking (also called oratory or oration) is the process or act of

performing a speech to a live audience. It is the process of
communicating information to an audience. It is usually done before a
large audience, like in school, the workplace and even in our personal
lives. The benefits of knowing how to communicate to an audience
include sharpening critical thinking and verbal/non-verbal
communication skills.
Addressing a large formal gathering
Addressing a small group or a large formal gathering is not an easy goal
but it can be done. Begin by setting aside time to assemble your piece.
Move on by jotting down points you want to get across to your audience.
Then arrange them logically, so they flow naturally from one to the next.
After this you can mix in something more to hold your audience’s
 attention: stories, illustrations, and props, like images, and videos in your
slideshow.
Strengthen your speech following the given methods
➢ Know Your Audience
➢ Strengthen your speech following the given methods
➢ Know Your Audience
➢ Accentuate the Positive
➢ Get Comfortable with the Environment
➢ Visualize Your Audience
When you’re finally up on that podium, relax, take three long and deep
breaths, smile, and say hi to the crowd. If you’re still nervous after saying
hi, read your first two lines with all the confidence you can muster right
from your script. After your first two lines, move on to your third, the
fourth, and so on. Maintain eye contact.

8. What is power point presentation? Explain the ways to make

PowerPoint presentation?

PowerPoint (PPT) is a powerful, easy-to-use presentation graphics

software program that allows you to create professional-looking
electronic slide shows.
Use of PowerPoint and other presentation software is quite common in
presentation today. Care should be taken, however, that visual effects do
not distract from the presentation itself.
Some important things to remember when making a PowerPoint
presentation are
1. Build your slides last:
It is important to remember that the slides are meant to add to a
well-designed speech, not replace it. Therefore, it is advisable to
build the slides at the end of the speech-writing process.
2. Do not try to replace you:
It is advisable to keep the effects in the presentation to a minimum to
prevent distracting the audience from the actual speaker.
3. Use a consistent theme:
A consistent theme pulls together the variety in your images and
message, as you move from problem to solution
 4. One narrative per slide:
In 60-minute, speech, one can have 30-35 slides, depending on
content or complexity of the message. Each slide should represent a
complete thought. It might be presenting statistics (sparingly),
recalling an experience that leads to a lesson, or teaching a lesson.
5. Fade to black when speaking:
Fade to black every once in a while, to regain the audience’s
attention.
6. When in doubt, dump it:
It is a good idea to cut the fat out of your slides if it is not necessary.
Only keep slides that actually add to your speech.

9. Interpret about verbal communication and its significance in detail

A) Verbal Communication is a type of oral communication wherein the

message is transmitted through the spoken words. Here the sender gives
words to his/her feelings, thoughts, ideas and opinions and expresses
them in the form of speeches, discussions, presentations, and
conversations.
Verbal communication depends on the tone of the speaker, clarity of
speech, volume, speed, body language and the quality of words used in
the conversation. In the case of the verbal communication, the feedback is
immediate since there are a simultaneous transmission and receipt of the
message by the sender and receiver respectively.
With a major rise in the use of technology, verbal communication is still
vitally important in the workplace. Email and smart phones may make it
more convenient to communicate, but sometimes only verbal
communication gets the point across effectively

Nothing beats verbal communication. For example, many people can

retain information more easily when it's presented directly to them or by
watching someone in-person complete the task. During an in-person
meeting or training session, participants can ask spontaneous questions,
get immediate answers and fully understand the situation or task at hand.
 So, the success of the verbal communication depends not only on the
speaking ability of an individual but also on the listening skills. How
effectively an individual listen to the subject matter decides the
effectiveness of the communication. The verbal communication is
applicable in both the formal and informal kind of situations.

10. Differentiate the methods that are followed in Oral presentation and
power point presentation?

A. If you do choose to use PowerPoint presentation, try to have a practice run

well in advance of a presentation so that you are confident when giving the
presentation itself. A few methods followed in power point presentation are:
1. Build your slides last
2. Don't try to replace you
3. Use a consistent theme
4. Use a consistent theme
5. One narrative per slide
6. Fade to black when speaking
7. When in doubt, dump it
An oral presentation is the process of presenting a topic to an audience. It is
typically a demonstration, introduction, lecture, or speech meant to inform,
persuade, inspire, motivate, or to build good will or to present a new idea.
Different methods followed in Oral presentations are:
1) Planning,
2) Practicing, and
3) Presenting

11. What is meant by Oral communication? Explain in detailed formal oral

communication?

A. Oral communication implies communication through mouth. It includes

individuals conversing with each other, be it direct conversation or telephonic
conversation. Speeches, presentations, discussions are all forms of oral
communication. Oral communication is generally recommended when the
communication matter is of temporary kind or where a direct interaction is
required. Face to face communication (meetings, lectures, conferences,
interviews, etc.) is significant so as to build a rapport and trust.
Formal Oral Communication:
In formal oral communication, certain rules, conventions and principles are
followed while communicating message. Formal communication occurs in
formal and official style. Usually professional settings, corporate meetings,
conferences undergo in formal pattern. In formal communication, use of slang
and foul language is avoided and correct pronunciation is required. Authority
lines are needed to be followed in formal communication.

12. Discuss the importance of audience in public speaking?

A. Audience analysis involves identifying the audience and adapting a speech

to their interests, level of understanding, attitudes, and beliefs. Taking an
audience-centered approach is important because a speaker's effectiveness
will be improved if the presentation is created and delivered in an appropriate
manner. However, there are those extremely shy and very sensitive members
of the audience who might withdraw from going through the rest of your
presentation if they hear you will be calling on them up on the stage. The
objective is to gain an audience and not to lose any of them. Another way to
get the audience to participate as well as pay attention is by giving them due
recognition. Try to acknowledge a single member of the audience for a specific
achievement or a moment of a good performance, or at least acknowledge a
group of the audience.

13. What are the older visual aids that may still be effective in the class
room? Explain

A. Older Visual Aids That May Still Be Effective:

Over-Head Projector (OHP)Displays can be prepared on acetates, both in
written and graphic form. They command attention but, as with other visual
aids, care must be taken to talk to the audience and not the screen. OHPs are
suitable for both large and small groups although the machines can be noisy
and unreliable and the projector can obscure the screen. OHPs as a method of
presenting have now largely been replaced by presentations projected from a
computer onto a whiteboard or other screen.
Slides
Slides of excellent visual quality can have great impact on any size of group.
However, a good blackout is required for the images to be seen clearly and this
causes eye contact with the audience to be lost. Unlike with other methods of
presentation, you will not be able to add any spontaneous notes or records to
the slides. If you are using slides, ensure that they are prepared in the correct
order, ideally numbering the slides so that if the carousel is dropped the slides
can quickly be reordered.
Handouts
Handouts summarizing or including the main points of a presentation are an
excellent addition but must be relevant. Presentation software packages such
as PowerPoint can automatically generate handouts from your presentation
slides.

14. What are the common visual aids? Explain the purpose of the visual aids
in detail?

A. Visual aids mean an item of illustrative matter, such as a film, slide, or

model, designed to supplement written or spoken information so that it can be
understood more easily. One should only use visual aids if they are necessary
to maintain interest and assist comprehension in your presentation. If visual
aids are used well, they will enhance a presentation by adding impact and
strengthening audience involvement, yet if they are managed badly they can
ruin a presentation. The following are common visual aids:
a) Whiteboards and Interactive Whiteboards If available, whiteboards are good
for developing an explanation, diagrams and simple headings, and for
recording interaction with, and comments from, the audience during
brainstorming sessions. Remember if using a whiteboard, you should ensure
that your handwriting is legible, aligned horizontally, and is sufficiently large to
be seen by all the audience. Also ensure that you use non-permanent pens
(sometimes referred to as dry-wipe pens) rather than permanent markers so
that your writing can be erased later.
b)Flip Charts
A flip chart is a popular, low cost, low tech solution to recording interactive
meetings and brainstorming sessions. A flip chart can be prepared in advance
and is portable; it requires no power source and no technical expertise. Flip
charts are ideal for collecting ideas and responses from the audience and are
good for spontaneous summaries. However, if the audience is large, a flip chart
will be too small to be seen by everyone.
c)Video
Videos are excellent for training purposes, but can be difficult to fit into a
presentation structure. If a computer connected to a projector is available then
videos can be played as files, from a DVD or with an Internet connection via
YouTube or other online sources. Videos can also be built into a presentation
using PowerPoint or other presentation software.
d)PowerPoint
Use of PowerPoint and other presentation software is very common when
preparing for a presentation. Care should be taken, however, that visual
effects do not detract from the presentation itself. If you choose to use
PowerPoint, try to have a practice run well in advance of a presentation so that
you are confident when giving the presentation itself.

[Link] the various aspects of body language in establishing successful

communication.

A. Body language means the conscious and unconscious movements and

postures by which attitudes and feelings are communicated. Such behaviour
includes facial expressions, body posture, gestures, eye movement, touch and
the use of space. There are several different categories of body movement,
these include:
1. Gestures:
It means a movement of part of the body, especially a hand or the head, to
express an idea or meaning. These are divided into four types.
• Emblems
• Illustrators
• Regulators
• Adopters
2. Posture:
Posture can reflect emotions, attitudes and intentions. Research has identified
a wide range of postural signals and their meanings, such as:
• Open and Closed Posture
• Closed Posture
• open Posture
3. Facial Expressions:
Facial expressions are one form of nonverbal communication. A smile can
indicate approval or happiness. A frown can signal disapproval or unhappiness.
In some cases, our facial expressions may reveal our true feelings about a
particular situation. While you say that you are feeling fine, the look on your
face may tell people otherwise.

16. Discuss the importance of postures and gestures in communication

process.

A. Whenever we talk about communication, it is verbal communication that we

mostly consider. But besides oral communication, non-verbal communication
is also of great importance for determining our attitude and conveying our
feeling in any social situations, such as at workplace. In fact, it is recommended
that you pay enough attention to your posture at workplace in order to build
up a good reputation.
There are certain postures that convey a negative attitude
➢ Folded arms or crossed legs usually send the message that you are being
defensive or are not interested in what is happening. It also shows that you
withdraw from the entire situation and are not ready to embrace any new idea
that comes out.
➢ Maintain a more relaxed posture with your elbows opened out, knees a
little spaced out and the arms a bit away from the body. This will suggest a
more confident and open-minded attitude which must be exactly what we
want.
➢ Standing straight boosts up your confidence, leaning slightly can also be
effective at times. When you talk to someone, leaning towards that person
indicates that you are interested in him and whatever he has to say.
➢ Another interesting posture that can positively affect your communication
at the workplace is “mirroring.” Mirroring helps in developing a connection
with the other person in a very subtle manner
Gestures:
Gesture reflects speakers’ thoughts, often their unspoken thoughts, and thus
can serve as a window onto cognition. Encouraging speakers to gesture can
thus provide another route for teachers, clinicians, interviewers, etc., to better
understand their communication partners. Gesture can change speakers’
thoughts. Encouraging gesture thus has the potential to change how students,
patients, witnesses, etc., think about a problem. These are divided into four
types.
a) Emblems:
Gestures that serve the same function as a word are called emblems. For
example, the signals that mean 'OK', 'Come here!', or the hand movement
used when hitch-hiking. However, be aware that whilst some emblems are
internationally recognized, others may need to be interpreted in their cultural
context.
b) Illustrators:
Gestures which accompany words to illustrate a verbal message are known as
illustrators. For example, the common circular hand movement which
accompanies the phrase 'over and over again', or nodding the head in a
particular direction when saying 'over there'.
c) Regulators:
Gestures used to give feedback when conversing are called regulators.
Examples of 'regulators' include head nods, short sounds such as 'uh-huh',
'mm-mm', and expressions of interest or boredom.
d) Adaptors:
Adaptors are non-verbal behaviours which satisfies some physical need.
Adaptors include such actions as scratching or adjusting uncomfortable
glasses, or represent a psychological need such as biting fingernails when
nervous. Although normally subconscious, adaptors are more likely to be
restrained in public places than in the private world of individuals where they
are less likely to be noticed. Adaptive behaviours often accompany feelings of
anxiety or hostility.

17. Define Oral presentation and explain the methods involved in its
preparation.

A. Refer ANSWER 11

18. Explain the various aspects of facial expressions to make effective use of
body language.

A. Facial expressions are one form of nonverbal communication. These subtle -

and sometimes not so subtle - expressions can communicate everything from
pleasure or displeasure to surprise or boredom. Think for a moment about
how much a person is able to convey with just a facial expression. A smile can
indicate approval or happiness. A frown can signal disapproval or unhappiness.
In some cases, our facial expressions may reveal our true feelings about a
particular situation. While you say that you are feeling fine, the look on your
face may tell people otherwise. Just a few examples of emotions that can be
expressed via facial expressions include:
1. Happiness
2. Sadness
3. Anger
4. Surprise
5. Disgust
6. Fear
7. Confusion
8. Excitement
9. Desire
[Link] (explain each expression on your own)

19. Explain the various ways of preparing power point presentation for oral
presentation PowerPoint presentation

A. Use of PowerPoint and other presentation software is very common in

presentation today. Care should be taken, however, that visual effects do not
detract from the presentation itself. If you do choose to use PowerPoint, try to
have a practice run well in advance of a presentation so that you are confident
when giving the presentation itself. Easy ways to make PowerPoint
presentation for oral presentation:
1) Build your slides last
2) Don't try to replace you
3) Use a consistent theme
4) One narrative per slide
5) Fade to black when speaking
6) When in doubt, dump it
1. BUILD YOUR SLIDES LAST. You could be tempted to start monk eying with
slides early in your speech writing process – don’t. It’s like building a road –
until you know where that road is heading there’s no point laying down
sidewalks and planting trees. Your slides are there to ADD to a well-designed
speech, not to replace it.
2. DON’T TRY TO REPLACE YOU. People come to listen to you – your thoughts,
interpretations and insights. Fancy transitions, YouTube clips, and tons of text
steal from your content and delivery. Remember: every time you hit that
clicker the audience leaves you and goes to the screen.
3. USE A CONSISTENT THEME. A consistent theme pulls together the variety in
your images and message, as you move from problem to solution. You could
use the baked-in themes supplied in PowerPoint or Keynote – I don’t because I
want a simpler, more unique look. I create a custom theme simply with my
titles, a consistent white background, and sometimes with my logo or my
client’s logo.
4. ONE NARRATIVE PER SLIDE. In60minutes speech, one can have 30-35 slides,
depending on content or complexity of the message. Each slide represents a
complete thought. It might be presenting statistics (sparingly), recalling an
experience that leads to a lesson, or teaching a lesson.
5. FADE TO BLACK WHEN SPEAKING. Your slides are not the point—you are.
When you fade to black, you regain your audience’s attention. For example,
after presenting one solution, you fade to black while you explain on how to
apply the solution in your work.
6. WHEN IN DOUBT, DUMP IT. In the process of presentation, slides can be
essential – they can also be a distraction. When you are struggling, trying to
decide if you need a slide, or not, ask yourself: “Will it make my speech?” If
not, dump it. Remember, nobody will miss what isn’t there.

20. Explain the various steps involved in slide preparation in presenting the
power point.

A. Similar to ANSWER 19

Part C Solutions have not been included as the questions can be

answered based on your personal opinion. There is no appropriate
content in the Lecture Notes as well. So please go through Part A and
Part B Solutions and try making answers on your own if it happens to
come in any of our exams…