Introduction to IT Physical

Infrastructure
(Layer 1)

Foundational Infrastructure

11/19/15

Intro to the Physical Layer v2 1

 Agenda
• Wave 2/NBASE-T
• Physical Infrastructure Topology
• Access Point Installation
• Cable and Wiring
• Rack and Cabinet Mounting
• Design Requirements
• Labeling
• Power and Grounding
• Checklist
• Summary
Intro to the Physical Layer 2
Planning for Wave 2 WiFi: 2016
– 11ac clients consuming less airtime by speaking three times as fast
– MU-MIMO is a novel technology that might double or even quadruple
WLAN user density by increasing the number of simultaneously supported
clients.

Intro to the Physical Layer 3

 NBASE-T Ethernet
• New Ethernet standard to provide 1Gbps and
greater network speeds (2.5 and 5 Gbps) over
copper wires
– 330 feet (100 meter) max.

References:
http://www.nbaset.org/technology/
http://blogs.cisco.com/enterprise/introducing-the-
nbase-t-alliance-redefining-access-networks

Intro to the Physical Layer 4

 Physical Infrastructure Topology
Permanent Link and Channel Connectivity
330 Foot Maximum (100 Meters) end to end Channel Connectivity
Wall Cabinet

Patch Panel
310 Foot Maximum
10 Foot Patch Cord Horizontal UTP
48 Port Switch
10 Foot Patch Cord
OR

Work Station or
Patch Panel Wireless Access
Point
10 Foot Patch Cord
310 Foot Maximum
48 Port Switch Horizontal UTP

Data Rack
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 School Wireless Access Point

Access Point mounted on ceiling in middle of

classroom and labelled with the room number.

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Access Point Mounting Bracket Details
http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/wireless/access_point/mo
unting/guide/apmount.html#pgfId-23144

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 Station Wire Categories
Preparing for Wave 2 (Multigigabit) WiFi Access Points:
• Wiring that supports NBASE-T 1, 2.5, and 5Gbps connections and maximum length
• Cat-6/6a should be considered for 10G future proofing
• Cat-5e is the most cost effective and ease of use cable

FE – Fast Ethernet (100Mbps)

Intro to the Physical Layer 8

Relative Diameter of Cat 5e, 6 and 6A

http://blog.blackbox.com/technology/2014/04/the-difference-between-cat6-and-cat6a-cable-diameters/

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 Station Wire Categories
Cat 5e Cable Electrical Specifications

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 Category 5e Station Wire
• There is no difference between cat5e and cat5E, it is marketing hype. The correct text is category
5e.

• Cat 5e must be tested at 100Mhz for near end/far end cross talk per IEEE 802.3 1000BASE-T
(Gigabit Ethernet) standards
•
The standard stops at 100 MHz, the only limit lines beyond 100 MHz are defined as category 6 (250
MHz) and augmented category 6 (500 MHz) In most cases, the vendor has characterized the cable
to 350 MHz.

The limit lines in the standards represent the minimum acceptable quality for an installation. Vendors
like to show how they exceed the standard. Quoting 350 MHz is seen as a way of doing this, but a
number of vendors have started guaranteeing headroom (amount better than the limit line) rather
than extended frequency, which is far more meaningful.

• Category 5e vs Category 5E | Fluke Networks

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 Copper Station Wire
Design/Install Requirements

• Horizontal wiring installed in a ceiling or raised floor utilized as a return air plenum environments
shall be plenum rated

• Wires should run in a straight line at 90-degree angles to the building structure and be formed
properly. Wire clamps/rings shall be placed 4’ horizontally or 8’ vertically. Cable/wire tie wraps or
Velcro straps will be every 6’ horizontally or 8’ vertically in columns. the installed cable must not be
under tension greater than 25 pounds (II kg). This will be visually apparent by the sag of the
cables.

• Cables shall not be laid directly on ceiling tiles, HVAC ducts or attach to sprinkler pipes, electrical
conduit, ceiling tile hangers or any other structure not specifically intended for communications
support.

• Splices, Bridge-Taps, or any method of repairing a damaged cable are not allowed. Damaged
cables shall be replaced. This does not preclude being able to re-terminate a cable that is
damaged at either end.

• It is recommended that a 30 foot service loop be provided in the horizontal permanent link to
enable future drop location move requirements

• Installation test results are required. Additional transmission parameters for bi-directional multi-pair
transmission used in 1000Base-T, 100 MHz. near end/ far end cross talk should all have passing
results.

Intro to the Physical Layer 12

 Copper Station Wire Distance Separations
EMI

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to either electromagnetic induction or
electromagnetic radiation emitted from an external source. The UTP cable should be installed some distance away from an
EMI sources.

Minimum Separation Distances per ANSI/TIA/EIA-569 between power and Data Cables (possible sources of EMI)

Minimum Separation Distance

< 2 kVA 2 - 5 kVA > 5 kVA
in (mm) in (mm) in (mm)
Unshielded power lines or electrical equipment 5 (127) 12 (305) 24 (610)
in proximity to open or nonmetal pathways.

Unshielded power lines or electrical equipment 2.5 (64) 6 (152) 12 (305)

in proximity to a grounded metal conduit pathway.

Power lines enclosed in a grounded metal conduit 3 (76) 6 (152)

(or equivalent - shielding) in proximity to a
Grounded metal conduit pathway.

Electrical motors and transformers 48 (1,220)

Florescent Lighting 12 (305)

The distances referenced above are guidelines meant to protect the integrity of the data signal from induced noise. The following
separations are required (NESC Section 320.B.2) for safety of personnel and for protection of equipment:

STRUCTURE MINIMUM SEPARATION

Power or other foreign conduit 3 inch concrete
4 inch masonry
12 inch earth
Pipes (gas, oil, water, etc.) 6 inch when crossing
12 inch when parallel

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Small Size Equipment Cabinet

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Small Size Equipment Cabinet

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Small Size Equipment Cabinet

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Typical Rack Design

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 Data Room Layout
with front/back rack clearance

42 Inches 48 Inches

Minimum

Intro to the Physical Layer 18

 Data Room Design Requirements
• Network Data Room Components
– Free standing equipment racks
– Ladder/cable trays for communications cabling pathway
– Grounding and bonding
– HVAC, Power
– Conduits, sleeves for communications cabling pathways entering/exiting the room
– Fire stopping conduits and sleeves
– Fiber and copper patch panels
– Vertical and horizontal cable managers for communications cabling pathway
– Lockable door
– Plywood on one wall for voice grade circuits

• Data Cabinet
– Ladder/cable trays for communications cabling pathway distribution
– Grounding and bonding
– Power
– Fiber and copper patch panels
– Lockable door

Intro to the Physical Layer 19

 Data Room/Cabinet Component Definitions

• Ladder tray systems are used to support low voltage COAX, Fiber , ARMM, F1 and F2 cables used
for distribution and IT communication in a uniform fashion. System allows for end-user data cables
to be ran from data room point of entry to vertical cable manager in an environmentally safe manner
and meet building code requirements.

• Vertical cable managers securely route cables to keep them neat, organized and out of the way,
allowing for easy identification during maintenance. Allows for end-user data cables to be routed
from ladder tray to switch to provide connectivity.

• Horizontal wire managers help provide cable strain relief and maintain a clean, orderly and
maintainable rack installation.

• Free standing equipment racks are utilized for installing network electronics. They also provide a
structure for installing wire managers, power and grounding/bonding infrastructure.

• Wall mounted equipment enclosures & free standing equipment cabinets provide
environmental and malicious activity protection to switch. Provides network capability to areas
identified that are over 295ft from a data room.

Intro to the Physical Layer 20

 Data Room/Cabinet Component Definitions

• Conduit is a tube used to protect and route end user data wiring in a building and requirement to
reduce the risk of short-circuits, electrocution or fires. Provides distribution of end user data cables
throughout building and provides environmental protection while meeting building code
requirements.

• Conduit sleeves are a method of entry from building to data room. Provide environmental
protection to end user data cables while meeting building code requirements. A requirement to
reduce the risk of short-circuits, electrocution or fires, e.g. fire barriers and walls.

• Grounding and Bonding is a National Electric Code (NEC) and Building Industry Consultant
Service International (BCSI) requirement which provides equipment and personnel protection.

Intro to the Physical Layer 21

 Station Connectors
A dual 4 pair station wire will be terminated on an un-keyed 8 pin modular jack which shall conform to
the appropriate performance specifications as set forth in EIA/TIA 568B.

All jacks shall be labeled with its appropriate assigned number.

Intro to the Physical Layer 22

 Proper Wire Termination
with EIA/TIA 568B

Proper attachment or punch down of the cable to the jack is critical to performance.
The maximum amount of untwisting is 0.5”
Intro to the Physical Layer 23
 Connection Hardware Labeling
• The numbering scheme will consist of two fields, separated by a dash, in order, by floor and room
number of serving communications room (CR) and jack number.

• The actual jack number shall consist of a minimum of 3 and a maximum of 4 characters. The
three characters shall be 001-999, preferably numbered in sequence by closest proximity to the
CR where possible. When assigning jack numbers on floors with more than one CR, a logical
geographical division of feed(s) shall be considered based on cabling distances and building
environment.

• An example of this numbering scheme would be the following: 2A6-001, meaning; 2 = Floor, A6 =
room number and 001 being the first jack number.

• When labeling the number on the patch panel, the serving wire closet or IDF number need appear
only once on each labeling strip with the 3 character jack number at each jack position. The jack
at the station end of the wire run will be labeled with both the CR. (or IDF.) number and jack
number.

• Each school shall make a best effort to conform to this standard. However, during normal Move
and Change (MAC) activities utilizing the existing number scheme should be continued for
consistency. Migration to this standard shall be accomplished in a phased approach when 1 or
more of the following applies:
• New building
• Major remodel
• Where an entire communications/data room can be renumbered

Intro to the Physical Layer 24

Connection Hardware Labeling

Intro to the Physical Layer 25

 Power Standard

Code Compliance
All power design and installation practices shall adhere to the most current version of the National
Electric Code (NEC), which is published by the National Fire Protection Association. The NEC
should be reviewed as each edition is released (every 3 years). All installations practices shall
also adhere to applicable state or local codes.

Power Requirements
Adequate power outlets shall be provided for the number of cabinets and (or) racks to be
powered. Power may be required from the ceiling or from the floor, depending on the type of
equipment and physical environment. The type of power outlet must be identified for proper
installation.
In addition to the power connections to telecommunications equipment, sufficient standard
convenience outlets should be provided to power auxiliary equipment, power tools, test
equipment, etc.

Intro to the Physical Layer 26

 Power Standard Guidelines
• When the equipment in a particular rack or cabinet exceeds the capacity of the existing service
outlets or associated 20-amp circuit breaker, installing additional service outlets dedicated to a
second 20-amp circuit breaker is permissible.

• Communication Rooms and shall have a dedicated sub-power panel if requirements are sufficient
enough to justify the cost. Each outlet in the room must be clearly marked with panel and circuit
designations. An isolation transformer may be included in the room design where known
contaminated power exists. All power distribution to the telecommunications equipment in the room
shall be provided from this dedicated panel, and the panel should be in view of and as close as
possible to the telecommunications equipment.

• A minimum clearance will be maintained in front of electrical panels per NEC 110.16. When
considering clearance take into account the depth of the electronic chassis to be installed in the
cabinet or rack.

UPS and Generator Power Receptacles

(Located on left side of data rack “facing receptacles”
standing at rack rear)

House Power Receptacles

(Located on right side of data rack
“facing receptacles” standing at
rack rear)

Intro to the Physical Layer 27

Power Receptacle Chart
120VAC 15/20Amps

Intro to the Physical Layer 28

Small Data Room Grounding Details
(for 3 or less racks/cabinets)

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Grounding Conductor (Green Wire) Sizing

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 Bonding and Grounding
General
The basic elements of the grounding and bonding infrastructure specified in this document shall
be followed for all telecommunications installations regardless of the building structure.
This standard specifies the elements that comprise the grounding and bonding infrastructure. The
following section provides the detailed requirements associated with each system component.
Grounding and bonding of building electrical services is outside the scope of this document.
However, coordination between electrical and telecommunications grounding and bonding
systems is essential for the proper application of this Standard.
In all cases the applicable electrical codes for grounding and bonding for telecommunications
shall be met.
The grounding and bonding infrastructure originates at the service equipment (power) ground and
extends throughout the building. It includes the following major components:
 Main Grounding Busbar;
 Bonding Conductor
 Bonding Backbone

Main Grounding Busbar (MGB)

The main grounding busbar (MGB) serves as the central attachment point for the
telecommunications bonding backbone and equipment. Typically there should be one MGB per
building as the dedicated extension of the building grounding electrode system. The MGB should
be located in the building Main Distribution Facility (MDF) and placed to minimize the length of the
bonding conductor required.

The MGB shall serve equipment located within the same room or space (MDF). Should the
building design call for other telecommunications spaces (i.e., Intermediate Distribution Facility
(IDF), Equipment cabinets) an extension of the MGB shall be installed to serve the equipment in
those spaces.

Intro to the Physical Layer 31

 Bonding and Grounding
Bonding Conductor
The bonding conductor shall bond the MGB to the service equipment (power) ground.

The bonding conductor for telecommunications shall be, as a minimum, the same size as the
bonding backbone.

Bonding Backbone
The bonding backbone is a conductor that interconnects all grounding busbars in IDFs, equipment
rooms and cabinets with the MGB.
The bonding backbone should be designed with consideration given to the type of building
construction, building size, general telecommunications requirements, and the configuration of the
pathways and spaces.
The interior water piping system of the building shall not be used as a bonding backbone.
The metallic cable shield shall not be used as a bonding backbone.
When two or more bonding backbones are used within a multistory building, they shall be bonded
together with a grounding equalizer (GE) at the top floor and at a minimum of every third floor in
between.
The bonding backbone and grounding equalizer shall be a copper conductor. The minimum
conductor size shall be a No. 6 AWG. The conductor may be insulated and shall meet the fire
ratings of its pathway. The sizing of the bonding backbone is not intended to account for the
reduction or control of electromagnetic interference.

Intro to the Physical Layer 32

 Product Manufacturers
• UTP copper cables
– http://www.panduit.com/en/home
– http://www.commscope.com/Product-Catalog/Enterprise/
– http://www.belden.com/index.cfm
– http://www.leviton.com/OA_HTML/SectionDisplay.jsp?section=37665&minisite=10251
– http://www.hubbell-premise.com/catalog.aspx
– http://www.generalcable.com/na/us-can/products-solutions

• Fiber cables
– http://www.corning.com/worldwide/en.html
– http://www.ofsoptics.com/index.html
– http://www.panduit.com/en/home
– http://www.commscope.com/Product-Catalog/Enterprise/
– http://www.hubbell-premise.com/catalog.asp

• Wire managers
– http://www.chatsworth.com/products/
– http://www.panduit.com/en/home
– http://www.commscope.com/Product-Catalog/Enterprise/
– http://www.hubbell-premise.com/catalog.aspx

• Cabinets
– http://www.chatsworth.com/products/
– http://www.commscope.com/Product-Catalog/Enterprise/
– https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl#q=great+lakes+cabinets
– http://www.newark.com/hoffman-enclosures
– http://www.rittal.com/com-en/content/en/produkte/schaltschraenke/schaltschraenke.jsp
– http://www.hubbell-premise.com/catalog.aspx

• Racks
– http://www.chatsworth.com/products/
– http://www.panduit.com/en/home
– http://www.hubbell-premise.com/catalog.aspx

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Post Installation Check List

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 List of Industry Standards Documents
• The telecommunications industry standards. Listed below are the updated revision/version of the industry standard documents that the design/ installation
contractor will need to reference and follow as a condition under this contract.
• ANSI/BICSI:
• ANSI/BICSI 002-2014 - Data Center Design & Implementation Best Practices
• ANSI/BICSI 003-2014 - Building Information Modeling (BIM) Practices for Information Technology Systems
• BICSI:
• Information Technology Systems Installation Methods Manual - 6th Edition
• Outside Plant Design Reference Manual - 5th Edition
• Telecommunications Distribution Methods Manual - 13th Edition
• TIA:
• TIA-568-C.0 - Aug 14, 2012 - Generic Telecommunications Cabling for Customer Premises
• TIA-568-C.1 - May 3, 2012 - Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard
• TIA-568-C.2 - Nov 7, 2014 - Balanced Twisted-pair Telecommunications Cabling and Components Standards
• TIA-568-C.3 - Oct 13, 2011 - Optical Fiber Cabling Components Standard
• TIA-569 Rev B - Mar 12, 2015 - Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces
• TIA-606 Rev B - Jun 22, 2012 - Administration Standard for Telecommunications Infrastructure
• TIA-607 Rev B - Aug 21, 2013 - Generic Telecommunications Bonding and Grounding (Earthing) for Customer Premises
• TIA-758 Rev B - Mar 27, 2012 - Customer-owned Outside Plant Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard
• TIA-862 Rev A - Mar 30, 2011 - Building Automation Systems Cabling Standard
• TIA-942 Rev A - Mar 2014 - Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers
• TIA-1005 Rev A - Jan 7, 2015 - Telecommunications Standard for Industrial Premises
• TSB-162 Rev A - Nov 1, 2013 - Telecommunications Cabling Guidelines for Wireless Access Points
• IEEE:
• IEEE 802.3af-2003: Power over Ethernet. (PoE).
• IEEE 802.3at-2009: Power over Ethernet Plus (PoE Plus)
• IEEE 802.11-2012: Wireless Networking.
• IEEE 802.3an-2006: 10GBASE-T 10 Gbps (1250 Mbps) Ethernet over Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP).
• NFPA:
• NFPA 70 - National Electrical Code - 2014 Edition
• NFPA 70E - Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace - 2015 Edition

Intro to the Physical Layer 35

 Summary
• Plan wiring for Wave 2 Access Points
• Rack or cabinet mounting options
• Location and mounting of the AP is critical
• Contractor must follow the list of Industry
Standards Documents
– Cat 5E must be tested at 100Mhz for near end/far end
cross talk per IEEE 802.3 1000BASE-T (Gigabit
Ethernet) standards
– Locating the data closet/cabinet: max wiring distance
is 330 feet(100 meters)

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Q and A

Tom O’Callahan
[email protected]

Intro to the Physical Layer 37

Data Room Design Requirements

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Data Closet build out Components

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Station Connectors

Intro to the Physical Layer 40

http://www.commscope.com/catalog/enterprise/product_details.aspx?id=18299&tab=1

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