CS304 - Object Oriented Programming
Final Term Short Question & Answers (Lecture 19 to 45)
Q1: What is the purpose of overloading the stream insertion (<<) and extraction (>>)
operators?
To allow objects of user-defined classes to be input and output using cin and cout, just like
built-in types.
Q2: What is the syntax for overloading the subscript [] operator?
ReturnType operator[](int index);
Q3: What is the difference between pre-increment (++obj) and post-increment (obj++)
operators?
Pre-increment increments then returns the new value, while post-increment returns the original
value then increments.
Q4: What is the syntax for defining a type conversion operator?
operator TargetType() const;
Q5: What are the three types of inheritance in C++?
Public, protected, and private inheritance.
Q6: What is a virtual function?
A function declared in a base class that can be overridden in derived classes to achieve runtime
polymorphism.
Q7: What is a pure virtual function?
A virtual function set to 0 in the base class, making the class abstract and requiring derived
classes to override it.
Q8: What is the purpose of a virtual destructor?
To ensure the proper destructor is called when deleting a derived class object through a base
class pointer.
Q9: What is multiple inheritance?
When a class inherits from more than one base class.
Prepared by Sheikh Abdul Rehman (BC200416639)
CS304 - Object Oriented Programming
Final Term Short Question & Answers (Lecture 19 to 45)
Q10: What is a template?
A blueprint for creating generic classes or functions that can work with different data types.
Q11: What is the syntax for a function template?
template <typename T>
ReturnType functionName(T parameter);
Q12: What is a class template?
A blueprint for creating a family of classes that can work with different data types.
Q13: What is template specialization?
Providing a specific implementation for a template when used with a particular data type.
Q14: What is the Standard Template Library (STL)?
A collection of powerful, reusable, and adaptable software components in C++.
Q15: What are the main components of STL?
Containers, algorithms, and iterators.
Q16: What is an iterator?
An object that provides a way to access elements of a container sequentially without exposing
the underlying structure.
Q17: What is a container in STL?
An object that stores a collection of other objects and organizes them in a well-defined way.
Q18: What is the difference between sequence containers and associative containers?
Sequence containers store elements in a linear sequence, while associative containers store
elements in a way that allows fast retrieval based on keys.
Q19: What is an algorithm in STL?
A function template that implements a procedure to be performed on containers.
Prepared by Sheikh Abdul Rehman (BC200416639)
CS304 - Object Oriented Programming
Final Term Short Question & Answers (Lecture 19 to 45)
Q20: What is exception handling?
A mechanism for handling runtime errors or exceptional situations in a program.
Q21: What are the keywords used for exception handling in C++?
try, catch, and throw.
Q22: What is the purpose of the try block?
To enclose the code that might throw an exception.
Q23: What is the purpose of the catch block?
To handle exceptions that are thrown in the corresponding try block.
Q24: What is the purpose of the throw keyword?
To explicitly throw an exception.
Q25: What is stack unwinding?
The process of destroying local objects and calling destructors for automatic objects when an
exception is thrown.
Q26: What is a function object (functor)?
An object that can be used as if it were a function.
Q27: What is the advantage of using function objects over regular functions?
Function objects can maintain state between calls and can be customized through their member
variables.
Q28: What is a lambda expression?
A convenient way to create anonymous function objects.
Q29: What is the syntax for a basic lambda expression?
[capture clause](parameters) -> return_type { function body }
Prepared by Sheikh Abdul Rehman (BC200416639)
CS304 - Object Oriented Programming
Final Term Short Question & Answers (Lecture 19 to 45)
Q30: What is smart pointer?
An object that acts like a pointer but provides additional features such as automatic memory
management.
Q31: What are the three main types of smart pointers in C++11?
unique_ptr, shared_ptr, and weak_ptr.
Q32: What is the purpose of unique_ptr?
To manage a single object and ensure it is deleted when the unique_ptr goes out of scope.
Q33: What is the purpose of shared_ptr?
To allow multiple pointers to share ownership of a dynamically allocated object.
Q34: What is the purpose of weak_ptr?
To observe an object owned by shared_ptr without affecting its lifetime.
Q35: What is RAII?
Resource Acquisition Is Initialization, a programming technique where resource management is
tied to object lifetime.
Q36: What is a move constructor?
A special constructor that transfers ownership of resources from one object to another instead
of copying.
Q37: What is a move assignment operator?
An assignment operator that transfers ownership of resources from one object to another
instead of copying.
Q38: What is the purpose of the noexcept specifier?
To indicate that a function will not throw exceptions.
Q39: What is a constexpr function?
A function that can be evaluated at compile time.
Prepared by Sheikh Abdul Rehman (BC200416639)
CS304 - Object Oriented Programming
Final Term Short Question & Answers (Lecture 19 to 45)
Q40: What is a default function?
A function that the compiler will automatically generate if it is used but not explicitly defined.
Q41: What is a deleted function?
A function that is explicitly forbidden to be used.
Q42: What is a friend function?
A function that is not a member of a class but has access to its private and protected members.
Q43: What is a friend class?
A class whose members have access to the private and protected members of another class.
Q44: What is the purpose of the const keyword when used with member functions?
To indicate that the function will not modify the object's state.
Q45: What is a mutable data member?
A data member that can be modified even in a const object.
Q46: What is a static data member?
A data member that belongs to the class rather than to any specific object of the class.
Q47: What is a static member function?
A function that belongs to the class rather than to any specific object of the class.
Q48: What is the purpose of the explicit keyword?
To prevent implicit type conversions for constructors or conversion operators.
Q49: What is a namespace?
A declarative region that provides a scope for the identifiers inside it.
Q50: What is the purpose of the using directive?
To bring all names from a namespace into the current scope.
Prepared by Sheikh Abdul Rehman (BC200416639)
CS304 - Object Oriented Programming
Final Term Short Question & Answers (Lecture 19 to 45)
Q51: What is the difference between struct and class in C++?
The default access specifier for members and bases is public for struct and private for class.
Q52: What is an abstract class?
A class that contains at least one pure virtual function and cannot be instantiated.
Q53: What is a concrete class?
A class that can be instantiated, i.e., it has no pure virtual functions.
Q54: What is the diamond problem in multiple inheritance?
An ambiguity that arises when a class inherits from two classes that have a common base class.
Q55: What is virtual inheritance?
A way to solve the diamond problem by ensuring only one instance of the common base class is
inherited.
Q56: What is a vtable?
A table of function pointers used to implement virtual functions.
Q57: What is the purpose of the volatile keyword?
To indicate that a variable may change unexpectedly, preventing certain compiler optimizations.
Q58: What is a copy constructor?
A constructor that creates a new object as a copy of an existing object.
Q59: What is a destructor?
A special member function that is called when an object is destroyed.
Q60: What is the rule of three?
If a class defines any of the copy constructor, copy assignment operator, or destructor, it should
probably explicitly define all three.
Prepared by Sheikh Abdul Rehman (BC200416639)
CS304 - Object Oriented Programming
Final Term Short Question & Answers (Lecture 19 to 45)
Q61: What is the rule of five?
An extension of the rule of three that includes move constructor and move assignment operator.
Q62: What is a delegating constructor?
A constructor that calls another constructor of the same class to do part of the initialization.
Q63: What is a conversion operator?
A member function that defines how to convert an object to another type.
Q64: What is the purpose of the static_cast operator?
To perform conversions between related types, such as those in an inheritance hierarchy.
Q65: What is the purpose of the dynamic_cast operator?
To perform safe downcasting in inheritance hierarchies, with runtime type checking.
Q66: What is the purpose of the const_cast operator?
To add or remove the const qualifier from a variable.
Q67: What is the purpose of the reinterpret_cast operator?
To convert between unrelated types, such as between pointers and integers.
Q68: What is a union?
A special class type where all members share the same memory location.
Q69: What is an enumeration?
A user-defined type consisting of a set of named constants.
Q70: What is the difference between a C-style enum and a C++11 enum class?
An enum class provides stronger type safety and doesn't allow implicit conversions to int.
Q71: What is a reference?
An alias for an existing variable.
Prepared by Sheikh Abdul Rehman (BC200416639)
CS304 - Object Oriented Programming
Final Term Short Question & Answers (Lecture 19 to 45)
Q72: What is the difference between a pointer and a reference?
A reference must be initialized when declared and cannot be null, while a pointer can be null
and can be reassigned.
Q73: What is a function pointer?
A pointer that points to a function rather than a data object.
Q74: What is a member function pointer?
A pointer that points to a member function of a class.
Q75: What is the purpose of the typeid operator?
To obtain type information of an object at runtime.
Q76: What is RTTI?
Run-Time Type Information, a feature that exposes information about an object's data type at
runtime.
Q77: What is a placement new?
A version of the new operator that constructs an object at a specific memory address.
Q78: What is the purpose of the alignof operator?
To query the alignment requirement of a type.
Q79: What is the purpose of the alignas specifier?
To specify the alignment requirement for a type or object.
Q80: What is a trivial class?
A class that has compiler-provided default constructor, copy constructor, copy assignment
operator, and destructor.
Q81: What is a POD type?
Plain Old Data type, a class or struct that is both trivial and standard-layout.
Prepared by Sheikh Abdul Rehman (BC200416639)
CS304 - Object Oriented Programming
Final Term Short Question & Answers (Lecture 19 to 45)
Q82: What is a variadic template?
A template that can take a variable number of template arguments.
Q83: What is perfect forwarding?
A technique to pass arguments to another function while preserving their value category
(lvalue/rvalue).
Q84: What is SFINAE?
Substitution Failure Is Not An Error, a principle used in template metaprogramming.
Q85: What is a type trait?
A template that provides information about types at compile time.
Q86: What is std::initializer_list?
A lightweight proxy object that provides access to an array of objects.
Q87: What is uniform initialization?
A feature introduced in C++11 that provides a consistent syntax for initialization of objects.
Q88: What is a range-based for loop?
A control structure that iterates over all elements in a range without using an explicit iterator.
Q89: What is auto type deduction?
A feature that allows the compiler to deduce the type of a variable from its initializer.
Q90: What is decltype?
A keyword that yields the type of its operand, which is useful in generic programming.
Q91: What is a trailing return type?
A syntax for writing function declarations where the return type comes after the parameter list.
Q92: What is a scoped enumeration?
An enumeration where the enumerators are only accessible through the enumeration name.
Prepared by Sheikh Abdul Rehman (BC200416639)
CS304 - Object Oriented Programming
Final Term Short Question & Answers (Lecture 19 to 45)
Q93: What is a default member initializer?
An initializer for a non-static data member that is used if the member is not initialized by a
constructor.
Q94: What is a delegating constructor?
A constructor that calls another constructor in the same class as part of the initialization.
Q95: What is an inheriting constructor?
A feature that allows a derived class to inherit constructors from its base class.
Q96: What is a user-defined literal?
A feature that allows you to define your own suffixes for literals.
Q97: What is an inline namespace?
A namespace that allows its members to be treated as if they were members of the enclosing
namespace.
Q98: What is a thread_local variable?
A variable that has thread storage duration, meaning each thread has its own copy.
Q99: What is a constexpr variable?
A variable whose value can be computed at compile time.
Q100: What is a nullptr?
A keyword representing a null pointer literal, which is more type-safe than using 0 or NULL.
Prepared by Sheikh Abdul Rehman (BC200416639)
