CROSSING STRUCTURES

1. SEWERS

1.1. INTRODUCTION

a) Aim.-

Culverts are intended to convey water from an irrigation canal or drain under a road
crossing or other channel or drain. They are ducts with a circular section or tubes (the
most used), or a frame (square or rectangular section). They can flow full or partially
full depending on certain factors such as: diameter, length, roughness and mainly the
water levels, both at the inlet and outlet.

To meet the objectives of crossing a road or canal, the culvert can be straight with a
single slope or it can have curves, both in the vertical and horizontal planes, and
sections with different slopes. In these notes, we will discuss straight sewers with a
single slope that are characterized by having a minimum internal hydrostatic pressure,
that is, the hydraulic gradient is above the top of the pipe and sometimes within the
pipe itself.

b) Advantages.-

Generally the available hydraulic head (H), flow rate (Q) and economic considerations
determine whether a culvert or bridge is used. For flows less than 3 m3/s a culvert is
generally cheaper than a bridge. In addition, the design and construction of a culvert is
simpler than that of a bridge. Installation is also quicker without much disruption to
traffic or irrigation.

1.2. TYPES OF SEWERS

a) According to the flow at the entrance and exit

FLOW TYPE 1, FLOW TYPE 2, FLOW TYPE 3, FLOW TYPE 4 and 5

b) According to their capacity

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b.1) Single-pipe sewer

For flow rates equal to or less than 1.2 m3/s

d2 m3
Qmax = ( /s)
Transition length: Lt  4 d
The entrance transition has no protection and the exit transition has a rockfill
protection with a layer thickness equal to 0.20 m.
Protection length: Lp  3 d
Minimum internal diameter: d = 0.51

b.2) Two-pipe sewer

For flow rates ranging between 0.5 m3/s and 2.2 m3/s
Qmax = 2 d2 (m3/s)
Length of transitions: Lt  5 d
The entrance and exit transitions have rockfill protection with a rock layer
thickness of 0.25 m up to a height above the channel bottom of 1.2 d.
Protection length at the entrance: Lp  4 d
Protection length at output: Lp  5 d
Minimum internal diameter: d = 0.51 m

b.3) Two-eye sewer

For flow rates ranging between 1.5 m3/s and 4.5 m3/s
Eye section = width x height = dx 1.25 d
Maximum sewer capacity: Qmax = 3.1 d2 (m3/s)
Entrance and exit with rock protection and rock layer thickness of 0.25 m.
Length of transitions: Lt = d + b; where b = channel template
Protection length at the entrance: Lp = 3 d
Protection length at the output: Lp = 5 d
Minimum internal diameter: d = 0.80 m.

b.4) Three-eyed sewer

For flow rates ranging between 2.3 m3/s and 10.5 m3/s
Eye section = width x height = dx 1.25 d
Maximum sewer capacity: Qmax = 4.8 d2 (m3/s)

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 Entrance and exit with rock protection and rock layer thickness of 0.25 m.
Length of transitions: Lt = d + b; where b = channel template
Protection length at the entrance: Lp  3 d
Protection length at output: Lp  5 d
Minimum internal diameter: d = 0.80 m.

SEWER

HYDRAULIC AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF A BOX-TYPE

SEWER

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A carriageway crosses a canal via an embankment installed in the bed of said
canal. The embankment in turn obstructs the flow of water in the canal and to
solve the problem it is considered advisable to install a box-type culvert. The
hydraulic parameters of the channel are:
3
m
Caudal Q=1.524
seg

m
Speed V =1.53
seg

Water level y=0.8 m

Template b=1.25 m

Earring S=0.007

Roughness coefficient n=0.030

Slope m=1

The bearing capacity of the channel bottom σ =2 kg /cm2

Elevation of the channel bottom EA ¿ 26.430 msnm

The characteristics of the embankment are Elevation at the crown ¿ 27.470 msn m

Slope m=1.5

Angle of internal friction φ ¿ 33 °

Specific weight γs = 1800 kg /m3

The width of the embankment, equal to 10 m, allows the transit of a H-20 type train.

A. Hydraulic design

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The sewer will be designed for type I flow, with a rectangular section, with protruding
ends, with rounded edges (r=0.09) and with concrete transitions at the entrance and
exit of the structure. If the transition is made of concrete, the maximum recommended
velocity in the culvert is 1.5 m/sec, consequently, the minimum area:

1.52 2
Aminima =Q/V max =¿ =1.013 m
1.5

For a rectangular section, Aminima =a0 b0 wherea 0 is the width and b 0is the height. If we
do thisb 0=1.2 a0 it turns out that:

2
Aminima =1.2 a0

Yes Aminima =1.013 m , then a 0=0.91 m

2

Then b 0=1.10 m

By adjusting the cross-sectiona 0=1.0 m dimensions andb 0=1.15 m , the velocity

of the culvert will change to 1.32 m/sec.

As mentioned above, for this type of flow, it is recommended that above the
culvert at the inlet there should be a velocity head equal to 1.5 V 21 /2 g and that the
slope of the culvert should be equal to or greater than 0.005, recommending that the
slope be equal to the channel as long as it is not less than this limit. With these
premises we will proceed to carry out the following calculations to determine the
available hydraulic load. H

a.1 Transition length

The transition to be designed is of the straight line type of

concrete. To determine it we apply the equation.

Lt =
{[( ) ] }
b
2
+my −
a0
2
tang 12 °30 ´

Where: b=1.25m=1 y=0.8, ,,a 0=1.0

Replacing values:

({[ 1.252 )+( 1) (.8)]− 1.02 } = 4.17 m, for design purposes we rounded the
Lt =
tang 12° 30 ´
length obtained Lt =¿4.2 m

a.2 Elevation at point B

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Elev.B = Elev.A + y1 -1.5 V 21 /2 g -b 0

Elevation B = 26.430+.80−1.5 x 1.532 /2 x 9.81−1.15

= 25.90 masl

a.3 Culvert Length

L0=( C 0 +2 m h ) ❑√ 1+S 20 /(1−m S 0)

2 1/ 2
L=( l 0 ) /(1+ S0 )

WHERE

L0=¿ Slant length

L = horizontal length

C 0=¿Path width = 10m

h = Elev.E–Elev.B = 27.740- 25.90 =1.84m

m= 1.5

S0 =0.007 (The slope is equal to that of the channel because S>0.005)

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 Replacing values

L0=15.739

L = 15.738

L0=L For selecting a sewer length L0=L=15.74 m

a.4 Elevation of point C and D

Elev.C = Elev.B - S0 L

= 25.90- 0.007x15.74

= 25,789 masl

Elev.D = Elev.A – SL´

Considering that the slope of the drain cannot be modified, the location of
point D is determined based on the total L length, which includes that of the
transitions and the sewer, that is, L´ = 2 Lt L + = 2x4.2 + 15.74 = 24.14 m

Elev.D = 26.430-0.007x24.14

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 =26,261 masl

a.5 Available hydraulic load H

The available hydraulic load, H

¿ Elev . del nivel del agua en A−Elev del nivel del agua D

Elev . del nivel del agua en A = Elevation. A+y1 = 26.430+.80

= 27.23 masl

At point D, the water depth will be equal to the depth at point A because the
flow, section and slope are the same at both points, therefore

Elev . del nivel del agua en D = Elevation. D + y1

= 26.261 +.80

= 27,061 masl

Conclusion H = 27.23 – 27.061= 0.169 m

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a.6 Pressure loss in the sewer
Three types of pressure loss occur in the sewer. Pressure loss at the inlet,
pressure loss in the tube and pressure loss at the outlet. The sum of these load
losses is summarized in the following expression

Q= A 0 C D ¿¿

3 3
m pies
WhereQ=1.524 : = 53.77
seg seg

2
A0 =1.15 m =12.37 pies2
❑
2 pies
G=9.81m/ seg = 32.174 2
seg

n=0.014

L=15.74 m = 51.62 feet

❑
Ro =0.298 m = 0.977 feet

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 r
Checking from table =.09/¿ 1.15 = 0.078------- C D =0.95
b0

Replacing values

[ ]
1 /2
2 x 32.174( h1−h 4)
53.77=12.37 x .95 2 2 4 /3
1+ 29 x .95 x 0.014 x 51.62/.977 ❑

h1−h4 = H 0=0.0421 pies=0.138 m

If H ≥1.1 H 0 is verified, the hydraulic operation of the system is guaranteed. In

this case this condition is given

(0.169m ≥0.151m)

a.7 Check the transition slope

It must be verified that the transition ST slope ≤ 0.25

Elev . A−Elev . B 0.53

In the transition to the entrance ST = 4.00
=
4
=0.1325

Elev . D− Elev .C 0.472

In the transition to the exit ST = 4.00
=
4
=0.118

From the results, it can be deduced that the slope of the transition is correct as
it is less than required, (0.132<0.25, 0.118<0.25)

B. STRUCTURAL DESIGN

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 H-20
h-hfgffgffgf

h1

hc t

h2

b 0 =1.15m Lb =1.3m

a 0=1.0 m

The =1.15

Specific weight γs = 1800 kg /m3

Angle of internal friction φ ¿ 33 °

Box culvert cross section and parameters for structural design

The box cross section is shown in the figure. For the structural design, a slab
thickness of t=15cm and a covering r=4cm are assumed.

The technical specifications of the concrete and reinforcement are fc =210kg /c m2

,

γc=2400kg /c m2 and fy =4200kg /c m2. The critical design condition occurs when
the sewer is empty.

b.1 Coverage height

hc = elev.E-(elevB+b 0+ t ¿
= 27.740-(25.9+1.15+.15)

= 0.54m

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b.2 Pressure exerted by the systemσsi on the bottom of the
channel
The stratum on which the culvert rests experiences pressureσsi generated by
the weight of the structure, the weight of the water contained in the structure,
the weight of the fill and the weight of the freight train. In order to ensure that
the sewer does not fail due to settlement, it must be verified that the pressure
exerted by the systemσsi on the bottom of the channel is less than the load-
bearing capacity of the materialσsi located at that level.

σsi< σs
2
σ =2 kg /cm

σsi=σ r + σ e + σ a + σ t

σ r is pressure exerted by the fillingkg /m2σ r=γ s . hc=1800 x 0.54 , = 972 kg /m2

σ e is pressure exerted by the structure, kg /m2

σ e =γ c ( Ae−Ai )/(a 0+ 2t)

Ae is external area of the cross section

Ae = (a 0+ 2t ¿(b 0+ 2t ) = (1.0+0.30) (1.15+0.30) = 1.88 m2

Ai is internal area of the cross section

Ai =a 0 b 0 = 1.15 m2

Replacing values

σ e =2400(1.88-1.15)/(1.0+0.3) =1347.69 kg /m2

σ a It is the pressure exerted by water kg /m2

σ a= =γ w . b01000x1.15 = 1150 kg /m2

σ t It is pressure exerted by traffic,kg /m2

The pressure exerted by traffic on the upper part of the sewer is transmitted by it to the
lower part. To calculate it we must take into account that:

a) If hc≥1 σ t=ΦP t

WhereΦ : = impact coefficient = 1+ (0.3/ hc)

Pt = traffic load

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 b) If hc<1 σ t=0.4 w (1+ I )/(0.6 +2 hc)(0.10+ 2hc )
c) If hc= 0 σ t=0.4 w (1+ I )/(0.6 +2 d)( 0.10+2 d)

Where

W= total weight of the vehicle (10.15 to 20 tons)

D = effective height of the slab, m

I = impact coefficient = 14.97 /(l+37.41) ≤ 0.30

L = wheelbase = La = 1.15

For the calculation, the coverage height hc = 0.54m and the equation that is applied
is:

σ t=0.4 w (1+ I )/(0.6 +2 hc)(0.10+ 2hc )

W = 20000kg, as it is the H-20 freight train

I = 14.97/(1.15+37.41) ≤ 0.30

I = 0.38 ≤ 0.30 then I = 0.30

Consequently:

σ t=0.4 x 20000(1+ 0.3)/(0.6+ 2 x 0.54)(0.10+2 x 0.54)

σ t = 5246.1 kg /m2

Finally, the pressure exerted by the system on the stratum on which the sewer
rests is:

σsi = (972 +1347.69+1150+ 5246.1) kg /m2

σsi = 8715.79 kg /m2

0.87kg /cm2 , Conclusion 0.87 <2. Therefore the structure will not fail due to settlement.

b.3 Load measurement ω

For structural analysis it is necessary to know the magnitude of the uniformly
distributed loads acting on the upper, lower and side slabs.

Loads on the upper slab ωs

Slab's own weight = 2400 x.15x1 = 360 kg/m

Filling weight = 1260 x 1 = 1260 kg/m

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Traffic weight = 3467 x 1 = 3467 kg/m

ωs = 5087 kg/m

Loads on the lower slab ωi

The weight of the lower slab is not considered because it does not generate
moments.

Load on top slab = 5087 kg/m

Load of vertical slabs = γc (b0 t) 2 / The

= 2400(1.15x0.15x1)2/1.15 =720 kg/m

ωi = 5807 kg/m

Loads on the side slab

The pressure exerted by the filling at vertex level 2: ps = Ca. γs.h1

The pressure exerted by the filling at vertex level 4: pi = Ca. γs.h2

C a=(1−sen ∅ )/(1+ sen ∅ )

C a=(1−sen 33 °)/(1+ sen 33 ° )

C a = 0.295

h1 = hc+ t/2= 0.54+0.075 = 0.615m

h2= h1 +b0+t =0.615 +1.15 +0.15 =1.915 m

Ps=0.294x1800x 0.615 =325.458 kg /m2

Pi = 0.294x1800x 1.915 = 1013.418 kg /m2

❑
These pressures expressed inkg /m are equivalent to

ωns = psx 1 = 325.458 kg/m

ωni = Pi x 1 = 1012.418 kg/m

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In summary, the uniformly distributed loads acting on the top, bottom and side
slabs of the culvert are presented in the following diagram:

5087 kg/m

325.458kg/m 325.458 kg/m

1012.41 kg/m 1012.41 kg/m

5807kg/m

b.4 Moment calculations

The moment required for design is determined by combining the embedment
moment with the isostatic moment.

b.4.1 Moment of embedment

Structurally, the upper and lower slabs are considered as elements embedded
at both ends and with uniformly distributed loads. The schematic representation
is given in Figure

M max =w (6 Lx−6 x ¿ ¿ 2−L )/12 ¿

2

In a built-in structural element the maximum moments occur at the extremities and their
mathematical expression, deduced from the previous equation, is:

When X = 0 M 1=¿−wL /12 ¿

2

When X=L M 2=¿−wL /12 ¿

2

Then, we proceed to calculate the maximum moments of the ends of the slab.

top M 1=¿ M ¿ horizontal = −wL 2 /12

2

= -5087x 1.152 /12

= - 560.62 kg-m

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On the lower M 3=¿ M ¿ slab = −wL 2 /12
4

= -5807x1.152/12
=- 640 kg-m
In the side slab they are considered embedded at both ends with loads distributed in a
trapezoidal shape. With the previous equation, we obtain the formula that allows us to
calculate the moments at the ends, establishing that

M 2=−(w ¿ ¿1 L /12)−( w ¿ ¿ 2 L /30)¿ ¿

2 2
When X = 0
M 3=−(w ¿ ¿1 L /12)−( w ¿ ¿ 2 L /20)¿ ¿
2 2
When X=L

ω1 = ωns = 325.46 kg/m

ω2 = ωni - ωns =1012.41-325.46 =687 kg/m

Replacing Values in Moment Formula at Ends for:

The side slab:

( )
2
M 2=¿ 325.46 x 1.3 2
− −(687 x 1.3 /30)
12
= -84.53 kg-m

( )
2
M 3=¿ 325.46 x 1.3 2
− −(687 x 1.3 /20)
12

= 103.88 kg-m

With the calculated moments we build the diagram presented, observing that
the moments at its vertices are not balanced.

+560.62 kg-m -560.62 kg-m

-84.53 kg-m +84.53 kg-m

+ 103.88 kg-m - 103.88 kg-m

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 -640 kg-m +640 kg-m

Unbalanced moment diagram

To balance the moments we use the Hardy Cross method and for which it is
necessary to know

K = stiffness coefficient

= I/L = moment of inertia of the bar / bar span

C = distribution coefficient = -k /Σ Kr

Σ Kr = sum of stiffnesses surrounding the node

Moment of inertia: I1 = I2 = I because it is a slab of the same thickness

Stiffness coefficient K12 = K21 = K34 = K43 = I1/ The

K23 = K32 = K41 = K14 = I2/ Lb

Distribution coefficient

C1 = - K12 / (K12 + K14) = -Lb/ (Lb+ La) = -1.3/(1.3+1.15) = -0.530

C1`= -La/ (La+ Lb) = -0.469

C2 = -0.537

C2` =-0.463

C3 = -0.537

C3´ =-0.463

C4 = -0.537

C4`= -0.463

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b.4.2 Isostatic moments
For the moment in any simply supported structural element with a uniformly
distributed load, we will use the following equation.

M x=¿ wx(l−x )/ 2¿

The maximum moment for a simply supported element occurs in the central part, i.e.:

When x =l/2 M 12max = −w l 2 /8

The above equation allows us to calculate the maximum isostatic moment in

The upper M 12max ws l 2 /8 slab := = 5087 x1.152 /8 = 840.9 kg-m

The lower M 34 maxwi l 2 /8 slab : = = 5807 x1.152/ 8 = 959.96 kg-m

The side M x slab = Lb x [(w1/2)+ (w2/6)] – (w1x2/2) – (w2x3/6lb)

2 3
M x =484 x−205 x −88.4 x

To locate the position of the maximum moment, we derive the previous expression with
respect to x and equal it to 0.

484-410x-256x2 = 0

X = .0783

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Replacing the value of x in the formula for M x , we will obtain the value of the maximum
lateral isostatic moment
2 3
M x =484 ( 0.783 )−205(0.783) −88.4(0.783 )

M x = 211 kg-m

Using the general moment formulas, both for horizontal slabs and for lateral slabs, the
curves are graphed, locating the maximum moments obtained on them, thus obtaining
the ISOSTATIC MOMENT DIAGRAM

b.4.2 Calculation of shear forces

The general formula that allows us to calculate the shear force in the upper and
lower slabs is

v x = w [(l/2)-x]

When x = 0 ------ v 0 = wl/2

When x = l ------ v l=−wl /2

Calculations

On the top v 1=−wsl /2 slab = 5087x1.15/2 =2925.02 kg

−wsl
v 2= =−2925.02
2

On the lower v 3=−wil /2 slab = 5807x1.15/2 = 3339.025 kg

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 −wil
v 4= =−3339.025 kg
2

In the side slab, the shear force is determined

When x = 0 v 0=l ( w21 + w62 )± [( M −M ) /l]

2 1

When x = L v l=−l ( w21 + w632 )± [( M −M ) /l]

2 1

When x = 0 v 2=429 kg

When x = L v 3=−723 kg

LINKOGRAPHY

[Link]
archivoz/curzoz/Tipeo_Drenaje_I_Parte.pdf

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