GENERAL CHEMISTRY
1st SEM: FINALS
LESSON 1
EXAMPLE
EMIPICAL FORMULA
- Gives the ration between the numbers of atoms - Find the Empirical formula of a compound that
of different elements present. contains 40% of C, 77% of H, and 53% of O. The
molar mass of the compound is 180.12 g/mol.
STEPS IN SOLVING EMPIRICAL FORMULA
Solve for molar mass of empirical formula using
1. Convert mass percentage of elements to mass. the periodic table. The empirical formula is 𝐶𝐻& 𝑂
- Change the percent sign into grams (g). 1. Using the given empirical formula, solve for the
2. Convert the mass to the number of moles of mole of each element.
atoms using molar mass. - C – 1 × 12 = 12 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
!"#$
- 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × %&"!'( !%**
= 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑙 - H – 2 × 1.01 = 2.02 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
- mol – unit for number of moles - O – 1 × 16 = 16𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
3. Divide the numbers of moles by the smallest 2. Add all the gotten values.
number of moles. - 12 + 2.02 + 16 = 30.02 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
3. Substitute all the values of the formula.
EXAMPLE
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
- Find the Empirical formula of a compound that 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎
× 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎
contains 40% of C, 7% of H, and 53% of O.
1. Convert mass percentage of elements to mass.
- C – 40g 180.12 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 = × 𝐶𝐻! 𝑂
- H – 7g 30.02 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
- O – 53g
- 6 (𝐶𝐻! 𝑂) = 𝐶" 𝐻#! 𝑂 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒
2. From the periodic table, look for the molar mass
of each element LESSON 3
!"#$
- C – 40𝑔 × = 3.3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION
%&'
!"#$
- H – 7𝑔 × %.)%'
= 6.9 𝑚𝑜𝑙 - Shows the correct mole relationship among
!"#$ reactions and products in a particular reaction.
- O – 53𝑔 × %*'
= 3.3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
3. Divide the numbers of moles by the smallest MOLE
number of moles. - It refers to the unit for the numbers of atoms or
+.+ !"#
- C – +.+ !"# = 1 molecules of a material.
*.- !"#
- H– =2 COEFFICIENT
+.+ !"#
+.+ !"#
- O – +.+ !"# = 1 - It refers to the number of mole before the symbol
4. Substitute the values of elements.
- Empirical Formula: 𝐶𝐻& 𝑂 SUBSCRIPT
LESSON 2 - It refers to the numbers of atom after the symbol
of element.
MOLECULAR FORMULA
- Shows the exact numbers of atoms of each BALANCING EQUATION
element per molecules. - Usually done by inspection.
- Example:
STEPS IN SOLVING MOLECULAR FORMULA
- 𝑁& + 𝐻& → 𝑁𝐻+
1. To find the molecular formula, use the same N–2–2 N–1–2
procedure as the empirical formula. H–2–6 H–3–6
2. Deriving molecular formula. 𝑁& + 3𝐻& → 2𝑁𝐻+
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 = × 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎
- Fe + 𝑂& → 𝐹𝑒& 𝑂+ - The coefficient multiplied by the subscript gives
Fe – 1 – 4 Fe – 2 – 4 the total number of a formula. Hence, the above
O–2–6 O–3–6 notation denotes 2 mol 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂+ ; made up of 2
4Fe + 3𝑂& → 2𝐹𝑒& 𝑂 Na atoms, 2 H atom, and 6 C atoms.
LESSON 4 EXAMPLE
CHEMICAL REACTION - 4𝐻& has 8 atoms
- 4𝐻& 𝑂 has 8 H atoms and 40 atoms
- A process in which at least one substance is
- 4(𝑁𝐻& )4𝑆 has 16 N atoms, 32 H atoms, and 4 S
produced as a result of chemical change. The
atoms
substances that enter into a chemical reaction are
called reactants, while substances formed from LESSON 6
this reaction are called products.
BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATION
- For example, in the reactions below, 𝑁𝑎& 𝐶𝑂+ ,
𝐻& 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑂& are the products. - Antoine Lavoisier’s law of conservation of mass
- 2𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂= (𝑠) → 𝑁𝑎> 𝐶𝑂= (𝑠) + 𝑁> 0(𝑎𝑎) + 𝐶𝑂> (𝑔) states that atoms cam neither be created nor
- This symbolic representation of a chemical destroyed in a chemical reaction; therefore,
reaction is called chemical equation, it uses equation must be balanced.
symbols and formulas to describe the changes - A balanced equation has equal number of atoms
that occurs in the reactants (s) is/are written on on both sides; meaning, some number of atoms.
the left hand side and the products on the right - Balanced Equation: 𝐶𝑎 + 𝑆 → 𝐶𝑎𝑆
hand side. Different symbols are used such as - Unbalanced Equation: 𝐻& + 𝑂& → 𝐻& 𝑂
follows: LESSON 7
- → – separates the reactants from the
products; read as yield, produces, form, MASS-TO-MASS RELATIONSHIP IN BALANCED
liberates EQUATION
- + – separates the reactants or products - When carrying a reaction in the lab, you need to
form each other. know the masses of the reactants needed to
- ↑ – indicates a gaseous product produce a certain mass of a product. In this
- ↓ – indicates the presence of a precipitate situation you need to know the mass to mass
- (𝑠), (𝑙), (𝑔), (𝑎𝑔) – signifies solid, aqueous relationship of the reactants and the products.
reactants or products respectively; The concept of the mole ration derived from a
“aqueous” means that the substance is in a balanced chemical reactants and molar masses
solution with water. can be used to perform mass to mass
- ∆ – indicates heating process conversation of reactants and products in the
- 2𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂+ – 2 before the symbols is the give reaction.
“coefficient” or the number of moles. “No
coefficient” indicates 1 mole. EXAMPLE
- Sample Problem:
LESSON 5
- The decomposition of ammonium nitrate
WRITING CHEMICAL SOLUTION (𝑁𝐻. 𝑁𝑂+ ) produces 𝑁& 𝑂 gas and 𝐻& 𝑂 .
- When writing a chemical equation; you must first What is the mass of the water produced
know how and where to replace the coefficient from the decomposition of 30.0g of solid
and the subscript. ammonium nitrate?
- Always remember that a coefficient applies to the - Required:
whole formula. Subscript, on the other hand, - You move to determine the mass of 𝐻& 𝑂
affects only the element to which is written. produced from the decomposition of 30.0g
Coefficient (refers to Na, H, C, O). of 𝑁𝐻. 𝑁𝑂+
2𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂+
- Given:
- Mass of 𝑁𝐻. 𝑁𝑂+ = 30.0g 𝑁𝐻. 𝑁𝑂+
- Steps:
1. Write a balanced chemical equation for the
reaction.
2. Convert mass of 𝑁𝐻. 𝑁𝑂+ to mole using its
molar mass
3. Desire the mole ration that related 𝑁𝐻. 𝑁𝑂+
to 𝐻& 𝑂 from the balanced equation and use
this to determine the number of mass of
mole 𝐻& 𝑂 produced.
4. Convert the computed number of mole
of𝐻& 𝑂 to mass using the molar mass of 𝐻& 𝑂
- Solve the Problem:
- The balanced equation is 𝑁𝐻. 𝑁𝑂+ (𝑠) →
𝑁& 𝑂(𝑔) + 2𝐻& 𝑂(𝑔) .
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑁𝐻4 𝑁𝑂3 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐻2 𝑂 18.02𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
30.0𝑔𝑁𝐻! 𝑁𝑂" × × ×
80.04𝑔 𝑁𝐻4 𝑁𝑂3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑁𝐻4 𝑁𝑂3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐻2 𝑂
= 13.5𝑔𝐻!
- Check your answer:
- Answer should be written in three significant
figures with g as the unit
- Sample Problem:
- The fertilizer ammonium sulfate (𝑁𝐻. )& 𝑆𝑂.
reacts with sodium hydroxide to produce
sodium, sulfate, water and ammonia.
Determine the mass of sodium hydroxide
needed to react with 15.0g of ammonium
sulfate.
- The Balanced equation is (𝑁𝐻@ )> 𝑆𝑂@ (𝑠) +
2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑔) → 𝑁> 𝑆𝑂@ (𝑎𝑔) + 2𝑁𝐻= (𝑔) + 2𝐻> 𝑂 (𝑙)
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 (𝑁𝐻! )" 𝑆𝑂! 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 40.00𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
15.0𝑔 (𝑁𝐻! )" 𝑆𝑂! × × ×
132.14𝑔 (𝑁𝐻! )" 𝑆𝑂! 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 (𝑁𝐻! )" 𝑆𝑂! 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
= 9.08𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
