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Understanding Atomic Structure and Density

Unit 2 covers the properties of materials, focusing on atomic structure and the periodic table. It explains atomic number, mass number, and the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom, as well as the significance of the periodic table in understanding element properties. Additionally, it discusses density as a property related to atomic structure and the arrangement of electrons in energy levels.

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19 views2 pages

Understanding Atomic Structure and Density

Unit 2 covers the properties of materials, focusing on atomic structure and the periodic table. It explains atomic number, mass number, and the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom, as well as the significance of the periodic table in understanding element properties. Additionally, it discusses density as a property related to atomic structure and the arrangement of electrons in energy levels.

Uploaded by

elee.ellouze.maarif
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Unit 2: Properties of Materials

2.1 Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table


1. Atomic Number

• The number of protons in an atom.

• For Lithium: Atomic Number = 3.

2. Mass Number

• Total number of protons + neutrons in an atom.

• For Lithium: Mass Number = 7.

3. Number of Protons

• Equal to the atomic number.

• For Lithium: Protons = 3

4. Number of Electrons

• Equal to the number of protons in a neutral atom.

• For Lithium: Electrons = 3.

5. Number of Neutrons

• Calculated as: Mass Number - Atomic Number.

• For Lithium: Neutrons = 7 - 3 = 4.

1. Atomic Structure

An atom is made up of a central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons.


The nucleus contains protons (positively charged) and neutrons (neutral).
Electrons have a negative charge and orbit the nucleus. The atomic number
of an element is determined by the number of protons in its nucleus, which
defines the element’s identity. The mass number represents the total number
of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

2. Formulas for Calculations

• Atomic Number = Number of Protons.

• Mass Number = Number of Protons + Number of Neutrons.


• Number of Electrons = Mass Number - Number of Protons (in
neutral atoms).

3. Periodic Table

The Periodic Table is a tool used to understand the relationship between the
atomic structure of elements and their properties. It is organized by
increasing atomic number, starting with the lightest element, hydrogen, at
the top or left, and moving to the heaviest elements at the bottom or right.
Elements in vertical columns are called groups, and they share similar
chemical properties. Horizontal rows are called periods, and elements in the
same period have similar electron configurations.

Density and Atomic Structure

Another important property of elements is their density, which is the mass of a substance per
unit volume. Density is directly related to the atomic structure of an element.

Density = Mass / volume

The density of an element depends on the mass of its atoms and the way they are arranged in
the material. Heavier atoms, with more protons and neutrons, generally have

number of electons = Number of protens.

1. Atomic Density

• Density depends on two factors:

• Mass of the atoms: Heavier atoms have higher density.

• Atomic structure: The way atoms are packed together influences


density.

2. Electron Arrangement and Electronic Structure

• Electronic Structure: Describes how electrons are arranged in shells


around the nucleus.

• Energy Levels:

• Electrons fill the lowest energy levels (closest to the nucleus) first.

• Higher energy levels are filled only after the lower ones are complete.

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