Unit 8

The Internet and Internet

Services

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 In this chapter
 What is Internet?
 History of Internet
 Internetworking Protocol
 The Internet Architecture
 Managing the Internet
 Connecting to Internet
 Internet Connections
 Internet Address
 Internet Services
 Uses of Internet
 Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT), Wearable Computing, and
Cloud Computing
 Introduction to Ecommerce, Egovernance, Smart City, and GIS

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 What is Internet?

 Internet is defined as an interconnection of networks.

 Internet allows computers on different kinds of networks to
interact with each other.
 Any two computers, often having different software and
hardware, can exchange information over the Internet, as long
as they obey the technical rules of Internet communication.
 The exchange of information may be among connected
computers located anywhere, like military and research
institutions, different kinds of organizations, banks,
educational institutions (elementary schools, high schools,
colleges), public libraries, commercial sectors etc.

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 Internetworking Protocol (TCP/IP)
 TCP/IP is the communication protocol for the Internet.
 The TCP/IP protocol has two parts: TCP and IP.
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) provides reliable
transport service, i.e. it ensures that messages sent from sender
to receiver are properly routed and arrive intact at the
destination.
 TCP converts messages into a set of packets at the source,
which are then reassembled back into messages at the
destination.
 Internet Protocol (IP) allows different computers to
communicate by creating a network of networks.
 IP handles the dispatch of packets over the network.
 It handles the addressing of packets, and ensures that a packet
reaches its destination traveling through multiple networks
with multiple standards.
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The Internet Architecture

Figure: Internet hierarchy

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 The Internet Architecture
 The architecture of Internet is hierarchical in nature.
 A brief description of the architecture of Internet is as follows:
 Client (user of computer) at home or in a LAN network is at
the lowest level in hierarchy.
 Local Internet Service Provider (ISP)
 An ISP is an organization that has its own computers connected to
the Internet and provides facility to individual users to connect to
Internet through their computers.
 Local ISP is the local telephone company located in the telephone
switching office, where the telephone of client terminates.
 Regional ISP: The local ISP is connected to regional ISP.
 Backbone: Backbone operators are large corporations like
AT&T which have their own server farms connected to the
backbone.
 Network Access Point (NAP) connects different backbones, so
that packets travel across different backbones.
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 Managing the Internet
 Internet is not controlled by any one person or an organization.
 A number of organizations manage the Internet.
 Some of the governing bodies of the Internet and their functions are:
Governing Bodies of Internet Functions
Internet Society (ISOC)  Provides information about Internet
 Responsible for development of
standards and protocols related to
Internet
Internet Architecture Board  Advisory group of ISOC
(IAB)  Responsible for development of Internet
architecture
Internet Engineering Task  Community of network designers,
Force (IETF) operators, vendors, and researchers
 Responsible for evolution of Internet
 Open to all individuals
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 Managing the Internet
Governing Bodies of Internet Functions

Internet Engineering Steering  Reviews standards developed by IETF

Group (IESG)

Internet Research Task Force  Focuses on research towards the future of

(IRTF) Internet (Internet protocol, architecture
etc.)

Internet Assigned Number  Allots IP address to organizations and

Authority (IANA) individuals

Internet Network Information  Responsible for domain name registration

Center (InterNIC)

World Wide Web Consortium  Responsible for development of

(W3C) technologies for World Wide Web

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 Connecting to Internet

 To be able to connect the computer to the Internet, you require:

1. a TCP/IP enabled computer
2. web browser software
3. an account with an ISP
4. a telephone line and
5. a modem or Network Interface Card (NIC) to connect the
telephone line to the computer

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 Internet Connections

 Internet connections that are nowadays available for Internet

access.
1. Dial-up Access
2. Leased Line
3. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
4. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
5. Cable Modem

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 1. Dial-up Access
 Dial-up access is a method of connecting to the Internet using an
existing telephone line.
 When your computer is connected to the Internet, you cannot
receive voice telephone calls on this telephone line during that time.
 In Dial-up access, you are assigned an account on the server of ISP
along with some storage space on the disk of server.
 You connect to Internet by dialing-up one of the computers of ISP.
 For this, you use a telephone number provided by ISP and connect
via a 56 Kbps modem.
 The computer that dials-up is the client or remote machine, and the
computer of ISP is the server or host.
 The client enters the user-id and password, and gets connected to the
Internet via the ISP.

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 2. Leased Line
 Leased line is a dedicated phone line that connects a computer (also
known as gateway) to Internet, using special kind of modems.
 At the other end, the gateway is connected to a large number of
computers, which access the Internet via the gateway.
 Leased lines provide reliable and high-speed Internet access.
 The entire bandwidth of leased line is reserved for the traffic
between gateway and Internet.
 Leased lines are generally used by large organizations and
universities that have their own internal network, and have large
number of users.
 The leased lines are on-line, twenty-four hours a day and seven days
a week.
 The leased lines are normally provided on a yearly contract basis.
The charges for the leased line are fixed based on many criteria like
the bandwidth, number of users etc.
 The fixed charges do not vary with the actual usage of Internet.
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 3. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

 ISDN is a digital telephone service that can transmit voice,

data and control information over an existing single telephone
line.
 Internet access is faster using ISDN than Dial-up access.
 ISDN is commonly used for business purposes. You are able to
connect a computer, a fax machine or a telephone to a single
ISDN line, and also use them simultaneously.
 ISDN is costlier than Dial-up connection. It requires a special
phone service and modem.
 Nowadays, ISDN services are largely being replaced by high
speed broadband connection.

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 4. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
 DSL is a broadband connection that allows connecting to Internet
over the existing telephone lines.
 It does not affect your telephone voice services.
 DSL uses the modem provided by ISP.
 The data transmission speed of DSL ranges from 128 Kbps to 8.448
Mbps.
 Asymmetric DSL (ADSL), a variant of DSL, provides high-speed
delivery of download data (from Internet to user), than that for
upload (from user to Internet), since most users download much
more than they upload.
 The bandwidth of connecting wire is divided into three bands—(1)
0–25kHz for regular telephone, (2) 25kHz–200kHz for user to
Internet (upload), and (3) 250kHz–1MHz for Internet to the user
(download).
 DSL is almost ten times faster than Dial-up access and is an always-
on connection.

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 5. Cable Modem
 The user can connect to the Internet via a cable modem through
cable television.
 The cable modem provides two connections—one for television and
other for computer.
 The cable modem sends and receives data through the coaxial cable
which connects the cable modem to the cable service provider.
 Coaxial cables allow transmission of Internet data, audio, and video,
and control over its several channels simultaneously.
 The user can access the Internet and watch television at the same
time.
 Like DSL, cable modem provides high-speed Internet connection.
 However, while using cable modem, the bandwidth is shared by
many users.
 If many users access the Internet simultaneously then the available
bandwidth for each of the user reduces.
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 Internet Address

 A computer connected to the Internet must have a unique

address in order to communicate across the Internet.
 Mostly used addresses in Internet are:
 IP Address
 Domain Name

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 IP Address

 The Internet Protocol (IP) is one of the core protocols in the

layers of the Internet, as you might guess from its name. It's
used in all Internet communication to handle both addressing
and routing.
 The protocol describes the use of IP addresses to uniquely
identify Internet-connected devices.
 There are actually two versions of the Internet Protocol in use
today:
 IPv4
 IPv6

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 IP Address
IPv4

 IPv4 stands for Internet Protocol version 4.

 In the IPv4 protocol, IP addresses look like this:
[Link]
 Each IP address is split into 4 numbers, and each of those
numbers can range from 0 to 255.
 We write those numbers in decimal, but the computer stores
them in binary, like so:
01010101 01010101 01010101 01010101
 Each number can represent 2 8 values, so is also called octet.
 Overall, that’s 2 32 is about 4.2 billion possible addresses.

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 IP Address
IPv6

 IPv6 stands for Internet Protocol version 6.

 When it became obvious in the 1990s that the IPv4 addresses
were running out, the IPv6 protocol was proposed with a much
longer addressing scheme.
 In total, each IP v6 address is represented by 128 bits, so there
are 2 128 possible IP v6 addresses.

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 Domain Names
 Domain name is a text name (string of words) corresponding
to the numeric IP address of a computer on the Internet.
 Domain names are used for the convenience of the user.
 A domain name combines a group of hosts on the Internet and
a top level domain.
 Some examples of top-level domain are as follows:
 com—for commercial organizations,
 edu—for educational institutions,
 net—for gateways and administrative hosts,
 org—for non-profit organizations,
 co—for companies, and
 ac—for academics

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 Domain Names
 Some examples of domain name are: [Link], [Link],
[Link] and [Link].
 Additionally, top-level domain is also provided based on the
two-letter Internet country code.
 For example, np for Nepal, in for India, au for Australia etc.
 E.g. [Link]
 Domain Name System (DNS) server is a computer having a
database that stores the IP addresses and their domain names.
 Whenever a user uses the domain name, DNS translates it into
its corresponding IP address, to access the computer on
Internet.
 For example, DNS translates [Link] to the IP address of
the computer that houses Google.
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 Internet Services

 Internet has grown as the biggest network for communication

and provides several services to its users.
 Each service has its own features and uses.
 Some of the important services provided by Internet are:
1. World Wide Web
2. Electronic mail
3. News
4. Chat
5. Discussion groups

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 1. World Wide Web (WWW)
 WWW (also called as Web) is a large scale, online store of
information.
 It is a system of creating, organizing, and linking of
documents.
 Information is stored on WWW as a collection of documents
that are interconnected with each other via links.
 The interconnected documents may be located on one or more
than one computer, worldwide, thus, the name world wide
web.
 Features:
 The documents on web are created in hypertext format.
 HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is used.
 Hyperlink is used to connect.
 HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is used.

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 Website
 A single hypertext document is called a Web page.
 A group of related web pages is called a Web site.
 The first web page or main page of a website is called
Homepage.
 The web pages are stored on the Internet on the Web Server.
Web servers are host computers that can store thousands of
web pages.
 The process of storing a web page on a web server is called
uploading.
 The process of retrieving a web page from a web server onto
the user’s computer is downloading.
 The web pages stored on web server on the Internet, can be
viewed from the user’s computer using a tool called Web
browser.
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 Web Browser

 Web Browser (or browser) is a software program that extracts

information on user request from the Internet and presents it as
a web page to the user.
 It is also referred to as the user interface of the web.
 Some of the popular web browsers are:
1. Internet Explorer from Microsoft
2. Mosaic browser, Google’s chrome, and
3. Netscape Navigator from Netscape Inc.

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 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
 A web page on the Internet is uniquely identified by its address,
called URL.
 URL is the address on the Internet at which the web page resides.
 The user uses this address to get a web page from the Internet.
 The general form of URL is:
protocol://address/path
where,
 protocol defines the method used to access the web page, e.g., http,
ftp, news etc.
 address is the Internet address of the server where the web page
resides. It contains the service (e.g. www) and the domain name (e.g.
[Link]), and
 path is the location of web page on the server.
Example,
[Link]

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 Internet Search Engines

 Internet Search engines or Search engines are specific web

sites that help the users to find information stored on the
Internet.
 Search engines search the Internet based on some important
words (keywords) or combinations of words.
 Some of the common and well-known search engines are:
 [Link]
 [Link]
 [Link]
 [Link]

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 WWW Development Languages
 HTML is a descriptive language that uses tags or element to
convert text into hypertext.
 DHTML is a collection of technologies that allows creation of
dynamic web pages.
 eXtensible Markup Language (XML) allows the author to
define unlimited number of tags.
 Scripting languages are used for client side programming.
Javascript, Java applets, and VBscript by Microsoft (works
only in Internet Explorer), are some client side scripting
languages.
 Practical Extraction and Reporting Language (Perl), Hypertext
Preprocessor (PHP), server side VBscript, Java Server Pages
(JSP), Active Server Pages (ASP), and Ruby on Rails are some
server side programming languages.
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 2. Electronic Mail
 Electronic mail (E-mail) is an electronic message transmitted
over a network from one user to another.
 E-mail is a text-based mail consisting of lines of text, and can
include attachments such as audio messages, pictures and
documents.
 The features of e-mail are as follows:
 E-mail can be sent to one person or more than one person at the
same time.
 Communicating via e-mail does not require physical presence
of the recipient.
 Since messages are transmitted electronically, e-mail is a fast
way of communication.
 E-mail messages can be sent at any time of the day.
 A copy of e-mail message that the sender has sent is available
on the senders computer for later reference.

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 E-mail Address
 To use e-mail, a user must have an e-mail address.
 The e-mail address contains all information required to send or
receive a message from anywhere in the world.
 An e-mail address consists of two parts separated by @
symbol (spelled as at)
 the first part is user_name and
 the second part is host computer name.
 Example,
abc@[Link]
where,
 abc is the user_name,
 [Link] is the host computer name (domain name) i.e. the
mailbox where finally the mail will be delivered.
 gmail is the mail server where the mailbox “abc” exists.

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 E-mail Message Format
 The e-mail message consists of two parts: header and body.
 The header contains information about the message, such as:
 From—Sender’s e-mail address.
 To—Recipient’s e-mail address.
 Date—When the e-mail was sent.
 Subject—The topic of the message.
 Cc—Addresses where carbon copies of the same e-mail will be
sent. The recipients of e-mail can see all e-mail addresses to
which the copies have been sent.
 Bcc—Addresses where Blind carbon copies (Bcc) of the same
e-mail will be sent. The recipients of e-mail do not know that
the same e-mail has been sent to other e-mail addresses.
 The size of e-mail.
 The body contains the text of the message and any attachments
to be sent.

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 E-mail Services

 There are two kinds of e-mail services:

1. Application-based e-mail, and
2. Web-based e-mail.
 Application-based e-mail is installed onto the user’s computer.
The mail is stored on the user’s computer. For using an
application based e-mail, the user uses a program such as
Microsoft Outlook, Outlook Express etc.
 Web-based e-mail or Webmail appears in a web browser’s
window. A web-based e-mail can be accessed by the user from
any Internet-connected computer anywhere in the world. Web-
based e-mail is not stored on the user’s computer. E.g. Gmail.

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 How E-mail Works
 The e-mail works on the client-server model.
 E-mail clients are the users who wish to use the e-mail facility.
 E-mail server is a combination of processes running on a
server with a large storage capacity.
 The e-mail client interacts with the e-mail server to send or
receive e-mail.
 SMTP is used to send e-mail from the client to server and from
one server to another server.
 POP3 is used by client for application based e-mail to access
mail from the server.
 IMAP is used by client for web-based e-mail to access mail on
server.

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 How E-mail Works

 The e-mail client-server work as follows:

 The client connects to e-mail server when the user wants to
send, check or receive e- mail.
 SMTP server accepts outgoing email from client (sender e-mail
client).
 POP3 stores e-mail for a client on a remote server.
 IMAP also stores e-mails on a remote server. However, the e-
mail messages are not downloaded to the client’s computer.

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 How E-mail Works

Figure: Interaction between e-mail client and server

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 3. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

 FTP is an Internet tool used for copying files from one

computer to another.
 The goals of FTP are as follows:
 FTP promotes sharing of files, articles, and other types of data.
 FTP encourages indirect use of remote computers.
 Heterogeneous systems use different operating systems,
character sets, directory structures, file structures, and formats.
FTP shields users from these variations and transfers data
reliably and efficiently.
 Universities and software companies use FTP host computers
to provide visitors with access to data

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 How FTP Works
 FTP works on the client-server model.
 FTP client is a program running on the user’s computer that
enables the user to talk to, and get files from remote
computers.
 FTP server is the remote computer or the host computer from
which files are accessed by the FTP client.
 The FTP client-server works as follows:
 The FTP client gives the ftp command with the address of FTP
server, using a URL. For example, [Link]
 When the FTP client gets connected to FTP server, the user
enters the User Login and password.
 FTP server verifies the User Login and password to allow the
FTP client to access its files.
 FTP client looks in the directory for files in the FTP server.
 FTP client gets the requested file(s) and quits.

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 4. Terminal Network (Telnet)
 Telnet uses the telecommunication network facility that allows
a computer to access the contents of another computer (also
called host computer).
 A telnet program allows the user to access or edit files, or,
issue or execute commands on the host computer.
 Telnet is different from FTP. While FTP allows transfer of files
from the host computer, Telnet allows access to the computing
facility of the host computer but does not allow transfer of
files.
 Telnet is widely used by libraries, to allow visitors to look up
information, find articles, to access the computer of your office
from home, etc.
 To start telnet, the user gives a command to log to the host
computer, for example telnet [Link].
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 5. News
 News includes tens of thousands of newsgroups.
 Each newsgroup is focused to a specific topic for discussion.
 People who are interested in the topic, post their articles or
views on it for others to read.
 People can read articles and also respond to articles.
 The name of the newsgroup suggests the specific topic
handled by it.
 For example, prefix of comp indicates that the newsgroup is
about computers, and soc indicates a newsgroup about social
issues and socializing.
 To participate in a newsgroup, newsreader software like
Microsoft Outlook Express is needed.
 Newsreader software allows the user to read articles that have
been posted on a newsgroup.
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 6. Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
 IRC allows users to communicate in real time by typing text in
a special window.
 This means that other users with whom you chat are present
online on their computers.
 It is an instant sending and receiving of message, unlike e-mail
where the receiver may not be on-line when the e-mail
message is sent.
 There are several IRC channels, where each is a discussion
room for a user group or for discussion on a subject.
 A message sent by a user to IRC channel is received by all the
users who have joined the channel.
 Many chat rooms are set up in Web sites, enabling visitors to
chat directly in their browser window, without running special
chat software.
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 Uses of Internet
 E-Commerce (auction, buying, selling products etc.)
 Research (on-line journals, magazines, information etc.)
 Education (e-learning courses, virtual classroom, distance learning)
 E-Governance (online filing of application (Income Tax), on-line
application forms etc.)
 On-line ticket booking (airplane tickets, rail tickets, cinema hall
tickets etc.)
 On-line payments (credit card payments etc.)
 Video conferencing
 Exchange of views, music, files, mails, folders, data, information
etc.
 Outsourcing jobs (work flow software)
 Social networking (sites like facebook, linkedin, twitter, etc.)
 E-Telephony (sites like skype)
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 Internet of Things (IoT)

 The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical

objects (things) that are embedded with sensors, software, and
other technologies for the purpose of connecting and
exchanging data with other devices and systems over the
internet.
 These devices range from ordinary household objects to
sophisticated industrial tools.
 With more than 7 billion connected IoT devices today, experts
are expecting this number to grow to 10 billion by 2020 and 22
billion by 2025.

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 Wearable computing

 Wearable computing is the study or practice of inventing,

designing, building, or using miniature body-borne
computational and sensory devices.
 Wearable computers may be worn under, over, or in clothing,
or may also be themselves clothes.

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 Cloud computing

 Cloud computing is the on-demand delivery of IT resources

over the Internet.
 Instead of buying, owning, and maintaining physical data
centers and servers, it can be accessed technology services,
such as computing power, storage, and databases, on an as-
needed basis from a cloud provider like Amazon Web Services
(AWS).

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 E-Commerce
 E-Commerce or Electronic Commerce means buying and
selling of goods, products, or services over the internet.
 E-commerce is also known as electronic commerce or internet
commerce.
 These services provided online over the internet network.
 Transaction of money, funds, and data are also considered as
E-commerce.
 Online stores like Amazon, Flipkart, Shopify, Myntra, Ebay,
Quikr, Olx are examples of E-commerce websites.
 Types,
1. Business to Business (B2B)
2. Business to Customer (B2C)
3. Customer to Customer (C2C)
4. Customer to Business (C2B)

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 E-governance
 Electronic governance or e-governance is the application of
ICT for
 delivering government services,
 exchange of information,
 communication transactions,
 integration of various stand-alone systems between
 government to citizen (G2C),
 government-to-business (G2B),
 government-to-government (G2G),
 government-to-employees (G2E)
 as well as back-office processes and
 interactions within the entire government framework
 Through e-governance, government services are made
available to citizens in a convenient, efficient, and transparent
manner.
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 E-governance Applications

 Allow citizens, trades and government entities to access

available government information round the clock.
 Make the delivery of government services more effective and
reachable across various government domains.
 These applications reduce cost and streamline organizational
practices, evince re-engineering of government processes and
procedures.
 Improve the performance of government organizations and
help them deliver public service effectively and efficiently to
all stakeholders.

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 Smart City
 A smart city uses information and communication technology (ICT) to
improve operational efficiency, share information with the public and
provide a better quality of government service and citizen welfare.
 The main goal of a smart city is to optimize city functions and promote
economic growth while also improving the quality of life for citizens by
using smart technologies and data analysis.
 This includes data collected from citizens, devices, buildings and assets.
 Then collected data is processed and analyzed to
 monitor and manage traffic and transportation systems,
 power plants,
 utilities,
 water supply networks,
 waste,
 crime detection,
 information systems,
 schools,
 libraries,
 hospitals, and
 other community services.
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 GIS

 A geographic information system (GIS) is a framework for

gathering, managing, and analyzing data.
 Rooted in the science of geography, GIS integrates many types
of data.
 It analyzes spatial location and organizes layers of information
into visualizations using maps and 3D scenes.
 With this unique capability, GIS reveals deeper insights into
data, such as patterns, relationships, and situations—helping
users make smarter decisions.

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End of Unit 8

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