Introduction to Forestry
Course Code: FR-301
Credit Hours: 3(2-1)
Course Teacher : Prof. Dr. Syed Moazzam Nizami – Chairman
Marks Distribution:
Max. Marks 60 Midterm: 15 marks (25%)
Passing: 30 Assignment: 9 marks (15%)
(In Aggregate) Final: 24 Marks ( 40%)
Practical: 12 Marks ( 20%)
Total : 60 Marks (100%)
Course Objectives:
To orientate the students with forests, their importance and issues
concerning forest protection.
Course Outcome:
After Completion of the course you will be able to
differentiate:
• Between Trees, Shrubs and Herbs
• Natural Forest & Man Made forest?
• What is Forestry Structure in Pakistan and other countries.
• Forests Types of Pakistan
• Dominant tree species of different forest types
• Issues of management in different forest types
What is Forest?
A Plant Community predominantly of trees and other woody
& non woody vegetation, usually closed conopy and
covering an extent of areas (atleast 25ha) is known as
Forest. (BCFT)
An area set aside for the production of timber and other
forest produce or maintain under the woody vegetation for
certain indirect benefits which it provide e,g climate or
protection is a forest (SAF)
An area proclaimed to be a forest irrespective of any
vegetation under a forest act or ordinance. ( legal definition
Glimpse of a forest
Forest of Pakistan in 3.48 minutes
Difference between Trees/ Shrubs/ Herbs
Tree, woody plant that regularly renews its growth (perennial).
Most plants classified as trees have a single self-supporting trunk
containing woody tissues, and in most species the trunk produces
secondary limbs, called branches.
Trees are organized into three major organs:
1,the roots,
2. the stems, and
3. the leaves.
Parts of trees
Stem, in botany, the plant axis that bears buds and shoots with leaves
and, at its basal end, roots. The stem conducts water, minerals, and
food to other parts of the plant; it may also store food, and green stems
themselves produce food. In most plants the stem is the major vertical
shoot, in some it is inconspicuous, and in others it is modified and
resembles other plant parts (e.g., underground stems may look like
roots).
The Branch/shoot is divided into nodes (points where leaves are or
were attached) and internodes (the length of the stem between
nodes). Shoots/ Branches can be separated into long shoots and short
shoots on the basis of the distance between buds (internode length).
The stem provides support, water and food conduction, and storage.
Parts of trees
A twig is a thin branch of a tree or bush.
Difference between shoot & Twig
Twig: A small branch or division of a branch (especially a terminal
division).
Branch: A division of a stem, or secondary stem arising from the
main stem of a plant
Parts of trees
Leaves: A leaf is an organ of a vascular plant and is the principal lateral appendage of
the stem. Leaves are collectively referred to as foliage.
Roots: In vascular plants, the root is the organ of a plant that typically lies below the
surface of the soil. Roots can also be aerial or aerating, that is, growing up above the
ground or especially above water.
Bark is the outermost layers of stems and roots of woody plants. Plants with bark include
trees, woody vines, and shrubs. Bark refers to all the tissues outside the vascular cambium
and is a nontechnical term. It overlays the wood and consists of the inner bark and the
outer bark.
Root Sucker: a shoot springing from the roots of a plant
Parts of trees
A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer
covering . The formation of the seed is part of the process of
reproduction in seed plants.
In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering
plants (also known as angiosperms) formed from the ovary
after flowering. Fruits are the means by which angiosperms
disseminate seeds.
Which one is reproduction and Vegetative organ of the
tree?
Shrubs/Bush
A shrub or bush is a small- to medium-sized woody plant. Unlike herbs,
shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. They are
distinguished from trees by their multiple stems and shorter height, and
are usually under 6 m (~19 ft) tall. Plants of many species may grow either
into shrubs or trees, depending on their growing conditions.
Herb is plant having non-woody stem. OR In general use, herbs are plants
with savory or aromatic properties that are used for flavoring and
garnishing food, medicinal purposes, or for fragrances; excluding
vegetables and other plants consumed for macronutrients.
What is Grass?
Grass, any of many low, green, nonwoody plants belonging to the
grass family (Poaceae).
A plant having nodes and internodes on the main stem.
Forbs
A forb (sometimes spelled phorb) is an herbaceous flowering
plant that is not a graminoid (grasses, sedges and rushes). The
term is used in biology and in vegetation ecology, especially in
relation to grasslands and understory.
These are grass like plants but are not grass.
In botany and ecology, the term graminoid
refers to a herbaceous plant with a grass-like
morphology, i.e. elongated culms with long,
blade-like leaves. They are contrasted to
forbs, herbaceous plants without grass-like
features.
Mosses
Mosses are small flowerless plants that typically
grow in dense green clumps or mats, often in
damp or shady locations.
Ferns
A fern is a member of a
group of vascular
plants (plants with
xylem and phloem)
that reproduce via
spores and have
neither seeds nor
flowers. They differ from
mosses by being
vascular, i.e., having
specialized tissues that
conduct water and
nutrients, in having
branched stems and in
having life cycles in
which the sporophyte is
the dominant phase.
Rangelands
These are those areas of the world which by the reasons of their
physical limitations (rough topography, poor drainage, erratic rainfall
and Extreme temperatures) are unfit for cultivation but are the source
of forage for the domestic livestock.
Watershed Areas
A reservoir or drainage basin which collects waters
and drain it to a common outlet is known as
watershed.
Tangible Importance
Tangible means which can be measured in terms of Money
* Wood /Timber /Lumber
• Fuelwood
• Non Timber Forest produces (NTFPs) eg
• Nuts
• Herbs
• Honey
• Ropes
• Grasses
• Paper
Non tangible/ Ecological Importance
Non tangible means which cannot be measured in
terms of Money
Integral Part of Ecosystem (provide Microorganism)
Source of Rainfall
Source of Water
Habitat for Wildlife
Conserve soil
Soil Fertility
Clean Environment (Carbon Sequestration)
Religious Importance
End of Lecture 1
Next lecture
World Vegetation
