Microthemes

GS-Mains 2013-2024
Last 12 Yrs of PYQ Analysis | Updated with Questions of UPSC CSE Mains 2024
Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS 2013-2024)

Table of Contents
Art and Culture 6
Modern History 8
Post Independence 10
World History 11
Society 12
Geography 17
Polity 27
Governance 35
Social Justice 41
International Relations 44
Economic Development 52
Agriculture 59
Science & Technology 63
Environment 67
Disaster Management 69
Internal Security 71
Ethic 7
s 8

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Art forms • Bhakti and Sufi movement • Buddhism • Civilizations and their Highlights • Indian Philosophy •
Kingdoms and their Highlights • Miscellaneous • Sources of Indian History • Colonial rule and impact • Gandhi X
Indian Leaders of Freedom Struggle
•Revolt and Mutiny • Socio-religious reform • Viceroy and their Administration • Acts and their Features •
Important contributors/ contribution • Various stages of Freedom struggle • Foreign influence on Independent
India's policies • Land reform • Personalities Contribution • Slogan based • States Reorganistion • Wars after
Independence • American and French revolution • Anti-colonial struggles • Great Economic Depression •
Industrial Revolution • Miscellaneous • World wars • Diversity and pluralism • Family
•Uniqueness of Indian society • Population and associated issues • Poverty and Developmental issues. • Women
and Associated concerns • Environmental Problems • Government Programme • Emerging urban issues •
Miscelleneous • Globalisation • Caste system
• Communalism • Miscellaneous • Regionalism • Secularism • Social empowerment • Climatology •
Cryosphere and Himalayan Eco- system • Geomorphology • Monsoon • Oceanography • Energy • Natural
resources Potential • Water Management • Primary sector
• Secondary sector • Tertiary sector • Cyclone • Desertification • Landslides • Volcanic activity •
Cloudbursts • Twisters • Flora & Fauna and related changes • Geographical features and their location •
Miscellaneous • Amendments • Case Laws • DPSP • Fundamental Rights • Making of the Constitution • Center-
State Relations • Emergency • Nature of Indian Federalism • Special Provisions • Executive Vs Judiciary • Executive
Vs Legislature • Judiciary Vs Legislature • Separation of Powers • Local Self Government • Constitutional
Comparison • Bicameralism • Parliamentary Committees • Parliamentary Privileges • Presiding Officers • Role of
MPs • Informal associations and their role in polity • Alternate Dispute Resolution • Judiciary • Pressure Groups •
Union Executive • ECI • Elections
•Political Parties • RP Act • Government Schemes and Policies • Structural reforms and Actions • Civil Society • Donor
Agencies
• SHGs • Citizens Charter • E-governance • Transaparency and Accountability • Civil Services •
Constitutional Bodies • Enforcement Agencies • Quasi judicial Bodies • Sectoral Regulatory Bodies • Statutory
Bodies • Children • Disables • Welfare and Development Schemes • Women • Education • Health • Human
Resources • Miscellenous • Hunger • Miscellenous • Poverty • Neighbourhood

Microthem
• Bilateral Relations • Groupings involving Immediate and Extended neighbours • Groupings beyond South Asia •
Geo-politics affecting India's Interest • Indian Diaspora • Miscelleneous • Miscelleneous • International Funding
Agencies • United Nations • WTO
• Jobless growth • Capital formation in Economy • Care X Monetized Economy • Demographic Dividend • Digitalization of
Economy
• GDP • GDP X Saving Rate • Labour Activity
X Economic Growth • Miscellaneous
• Monetary policy • MSME X
Economic Growth • Niti Aayog X
Planning Commission
• Taxes • Trends of Macro economy

es
• Unemployment • Urban Development
•Corporate Social Responsibilty •
Financial Inclusion • Inclusive
Growth • Inclusive
Growth X Capitalism • Inclusive Growth X Infrastructure • Inclusive Growth X Public Expenditure • Inclusive Growth
X Sustainable Development • Current Budget • Gender Budgeting • Static Budget • Static X Current Budget • Food
Processing Sector • Revolutions and Missions • BoP and External value of rupee X Gold Monetization Scheme • FDI
• Globalisation X Formal & Informal Economy
• Industrial Reform • Labour Reform • Labour-intensive X Capital-intensive Export • Post-reform period X
Industrial Growth • Post-reform period X Service-Led Transition • Protectionism and Currency Manipulations •
Special Economic Zones • Airports X Infrastructure
•Energy X SDGs • Green Energy X Infrastructure • Hydroelectricity • PPP X Infrastructure • Renewable Energy •
Transport • Crop Diversification • Cropping pattern • Horticulture • Integrated Farming System • Millets •
Organic Farming • Irrigation system and Challenges • Micro-Irrigation • Water storage and Conservation • Agri-
marketing • Tech in Agri Production and Marketing • Tech in Agriculture Credit • Tech in Farm Productivity and
Income • Agri finance & Subsidies • Agriculture Vulnerability & Crop Insurance
•Buffer stock & food security • Miscellaneous • MSP • PDS • Revolutions and Missions • Non-Farm Activities
(Livestock) • Act based • Contract farming & Land leasing • Land Reforms • Miscellaneous • Innovative
Technologies • Material Science and Industry Applications • Medical and Health Technologies • Miscellaneous •
Nobel Prizes • Sports and Technology • Tech in crisis Management
•Tech solutions for daily challenges • Achievements of Indians in S&T • Indigenisation of technology • Artificial
Intelligence • Bio- Technology • Defence Technology • Intellectual Property Rights • IT • Nano Technology •
Robotics • Space Technology • Biodiversity
• Climate Change Impact • Ecosystem carrying capacity and SDG • EIA • Environmental Pollution and Mitigation •
EVs • IPCC Reports
• Mining and Erosion • River Iinking and Impact • UNFCCC • Wetlands • Cloudburst • Disaster Preparedness •
Disaster Risk Reduction
• Drought • Earthquake • Government Disaster Initiatives • Landslide • Structural failure causing Disaster •
Tsunami • Urban floods
•Vulnerability and Risk Assessment • Left-Wing Extremism • N-E Insurgency • Threat from External state and Non-
 state actors
•Threat from Non-state Actors • Threat from State Actors • Act based • Cyber security • Drug trafficking and
its Linkages • Mob Violence • Money-laundering and Prevention • Role of Media and Social Networking sites in
Internal Security Threats • Border Area Management • Maritime Security challenges • Organized Crime and
Terrorism • Act based • Security Forces and Their Mandates
•Applied Ethics • Consequences of Ethics • Normative Ethics (Deontology vs Teleology) • Determinants of Ethics
• Dimensions of Ethics • Essence of Ethics • Ethics in Private and Public sphere • Term Based • Innovative
Measures to Curb Sexual Violence
•Role of Educational institutions • Teachings of Great Leaders • Value Based Questions • Attitude for Civil
Servants • Attitude for Individuals • Moral and Political Attitude • Organisational Attitude • Social influence
and persuasion • EI in Administration • EI X Crisis of Conscience • EI: Concept and utility • EQ vs IQ • A.P.J.
Abdul Kalam • Abraham Lincoln • Aristotle • Dalai Lama • Erik Erikson • Immanuel Kant • Jawaharlal Nehru •
John Rawls's concept of social Justice • Kautilya • Mahatma Gandhi • Plato • Potter Stewart • Sardar Patel •
Socrates • Swami Vivekananda • Tirukkural • Empathy and compassion • Foundational values • Impartiality and
Non-Partisanship • Integrity • Integrity X Intelligence X Energy • Trustworthiness and Fortitude •
Accountability and Ethical Governance • Public/Civil Service Values • Corporate Governance • Conflict of interest
• Ethical dilemmas in Public Administration
• Ethical Issues in International Relations and funding • Laws, Rules, Regulations and Conscience as Ethical
Guidance • Challenges of Corruption • Citizen's Charter • Codes of Ethics and Codes of Conduct • Information
Sharing and Transparency in Government X RTI • Probity in Governance • Utilization of public funds • Quality of
Service Delivery
GS-I
01. Indian Culture-Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature
and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
02. Modern Indian History-Mid-18th century - Present
(significant events, personalities, issues);
03. Freedom Struggle-various stages, important
contributors/contributions from different parts
of the country
04. Post-Independence-consolidation and reorganisation
within country
05. History of the world will include events from 18th
century such as industrial revolution, world wars,
redrawal of national boundaries, colonization,
decolonization, political philosophies like
communism, capitalism, socialism etc.— their forms
and effect on the society.
[Link] features of Indian Society; Diversity of India;
07. Role of women and women’s organization,
population and associated issues, poverty
and developmental issues.
08. Urbanisation: problems and remedies
09. Globalisation and its effects on Indian society
10. Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism &
secularism.
11. Salient Features of World Physical Geography
12. Distribution of key Natural Resources (world, South
Asia and Indian subcontinent)
13. Factors responsible for the location of primary,
secondary, and tertiary sector industries in
various parts of the world (including India).
14. Important Geophysical phenomena such as
earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc.,
15. Geographical features and their location-changes in
critical geographical features (including water-
bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the
effects of such changes.
Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

GS 1 Year-wise PYQ Analysis

Syllabus 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Total
01. Indian Culture-Salient aspects of Art Forms, 3 4 2 2 1 3 1 4 1 3 3 3 30
Literature and Architecture from ancient to
modern times.
02. Modern Indian History-Mid-18th century 1 3 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 19
- Present (significant events, personalities,
issues);
03. Freedom Struggle-various stages, 2 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 13
import- ant contributors/contributions from
different parts of the country
04. Post-Independence-consolidation and 5 1 1 1 1 1 10
reorganisation within country
05. History of the world will include events 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 16
from 18th century such as industrial revolu-
tion, world wars, redrawal of national bound-
aries, colonization, decolonization, political
philosophies like communism, capitalism,
socialism etc.— their forms and effect on the
society.
06. Salient features of Indian Society; Diversity of 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 3 14
India;
07. Role of women and women’s organi- 1 3 3 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 22
zation, population and associated
issues, poverty and developmental
issues.
08. Urbanisation: problems and remedies 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 15
09. Globalisation and its effects on Indian 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8
society
10. Social empowerment, communalism, 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 3 2 2 1 19
regionalism & secularism.
11. Salient Features of World Physical Geog- 2 2 2 1 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 1 25
raphy
12. Distribution of key Natural Resources 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 3 1 3 2 1 22
(world, South Asia and Indian subcontinent)
13. Factors responsible for the location of 2 3 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 16
primary, secondary, and tertiary sector indus-
tries in various parts of the world (including
India).
14. Important Geophysical phenomena such 2 1 1 1 2 1 3 11
as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity,
cyclone etc.,
15. Geographical features and their loca- 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 15
tion-changes in critical geographical
features (including water-bodies and ice-
caps) and
in flora and fauna and the effects of such
changes.
Grand Total 30 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 255

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Art and Culture

01. Indian Culture- Salient aspects of Art Forms,
Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern
times.

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Discuss the significance of the lion and bull figures in Indian mythology, art and
2022 15
architecture.
Art forms
Discuss the Tandava dance as recorded in the early Indian inscriptions. 2013 10
Safeguarding the Indian art heritage is the need of the moment. Discuss. 2018 10
Evaluate the nature of the Bhakti literature and its contribution to Indian cul-
2021 10
ture.
Sufis and medieval mystic saints failed to modify either the religious ideas and
Bhakti and Sufi movement practices or the outward structure of Hindu/Muslim societies to any appreciable 2014 10
extent. Comment.
The Bhakti movement received a remarkable re-orientation with the advent of
2018 15
Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. Discuss.
Early Buddhist Stupa-art, while depicting folk motifs and narratives successfully
2016 12.5
expounds Buddhist ideals. Elucidate.
Buddhism
Gandhara sculpture owed as much to the Romans as to the Greeks. Explain. 2014 10
Highlight the Central Asian and Greco -Bactrian elements in Gandhara art. 2019 10
The ancient civilization in Indian sub-continent differed from those of Egypt,
Mesopotamia and Greece in that its culture and traditions have been preserved 2015 12.5
without a breakdown to the present day. Comment.
Civilizations and their
To what extent has the urban planning and culture of the Indus Valley Civiliza-
Highlights 2014 10
tion provided inputs to the present day urbanization? Discuss.
Underline the changes in the field of society and economy from the Rig Vedic to
2024 10
the later Vedic period.

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Indian philosophy and tradition played a significant role in conceiving and shap-
Indian Philosophy 2020 15
ing the monuments and their art in India. Discuss.
Chola architecture represents a high watermark in the evolution of temple
2013 10
architecture. Discuss.
Discuss the main contributions of Gupta period and Chola period to Indian heri-
2022 15
tage and culture.
How do you justify the view that the level of excellence of Gupta numismatic
2017 10
art is not at all noticeable in later times?
Krishnadeva Raya, the King of Vijayanagar, was not only an accomplished scholar
2016 12.5
himself but was also a great patron of learning and literature. Discuss.
Kingdoms and their High-
Pala period is the most significant phase in the history of Buddhism in India.
lights 2020 10
Enumerate.
What were the major technological changes introduced during the Sultanate
2023 15
period? How did those technological changes influence the Indian society?
Estimate the contribution of Pallavas of Kanchi for the development of art and
2024 10
literature of South India.
“Though the great Cholas are no more yet their name is still remembered with
great pride because of their highest achievements in the domain of art and 2024 15
architecture.” Comment.
Explain the role of geographical factors towards the development of Ancient
2023 10
India.
Miscellaneous Taxila university was one of the oldest universities of the world with which were
associated a number of renowned learned personalities of different disciplines.
2014 10
Its strategic location caused its fame to flourish, but unlike Nalanda, it is not
considered as a university in the modern sense. Discuss.
Assess the importance of the accounts of the Chinese and Arab travellers in the
2018 10
reconstruction of the history of India.
How will you explain that medieval Indian temple sculptures represent the
2022 10
social life of those days?
Mesolithic rock cut architecture of India not only reflects the cultural life of
the times but also a tine aesthetic sense comparable to modern painting. 2015 12.5
Critically evaluate this comment.
Sources of Indian History Persian literary sources of medieval India reflect the spirit of the age. Comment. 2020 15
The rock-cut architecture represents one of the most important sources of our
2020 10
knowledge of early Indian art and history. Discuss.
Though not very useful from the point of view of a connected political history
of South India, the Sangam literature portrays the social and economic 2013 10
conditions of its time with remarkable vividness. Comment.
What are the main features of Vedic society and religion? Do you think some of
2023 15
the features are still prevailing in Indian society?

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Modern History
02. Modern Indian History- Mid-18th century -
Present (significant events, personalities, issues);

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Colonial rule and impact Examine critically the various facets of economic policies of the British in India
from mid-eighteenth century till independence. 2014 10
Examine how the decline of traditional artisanal industry in colonial India crip-
pled the rural economy. 2017 15
How did the colonial rule affect the tribals in India and what was the tribal re-
sponse to the colonial oppression? 2023 15
Why did the armies of the British East India Company - mostly comprising of
In- dian soldiers-win consistently against the more numerous and better
equipped armies of the then Indian rulers ? Give reasons. 2022 10
Why was there a sudden spurt in famines in colonial India since the mid-eigh-
teenth century ? Give reasons. 2022 10
Gandhi X Indian Leaders of Highlight the differences in the approach of Subhash Chandra Bose and Mahat-
Freedom Struggle ma Gandhi in the struggle for freedom. 2016 12.5
How different would have been the achievement of Indian independence with-
out Mahatma Gandhi? Discuss. 2015 12.5
Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, despite having divergent
approaches and strategies, had a common goal of amelioration of the
downtrodden. Eluci- date. 2015 12.5
Throw light on the significance of the thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi in the pres-
ent times. 2018 10
What was the difference between Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore in
their approach towards education and nationalism?
2023 10

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Revolt and Mutiny Clarify how mid-eighteenth century India was beset with the spectre of a frag-
mented polity. 2017 10
Explain how the Uprising of 1857 constitutes an important watershed in the
evolution of British policies towards colonial India. 2016 12.5
In what ways did the naval mutiny prove to be the last nail in the coffin of British
colonial aspirations in India? 2014 10
The 1857 Uprising was the culmination the recurrent big and small local rebel-
lions that had occurred in the preceding hundred years of British rule. Elucidate. 2019 10
The third battle of Panipat was fought in 1761. Why were so many empire-shak-
ing battles fought at Panipat? 2014 10
Socio-religious reform The women’s questions arose in modern India as a part of the 19th century
social reform movement. What were the major issues and debates concerning
women in that period? 2017 15
Trace the rise and growth of socio-religious reform movements with special
reference to Young Bengal and Brahmo Samaj. 2021 10
Viceroy and their Adminis- In many ways, Lord Dalhousie was the founder of modern India. Elaborate. 2013 10
tration
Evaluate the policies of Lord Curzon and their long term implications on the
national movement. 2020 10

Modern History
03. Freedom Struggle- Various stages, important contributors/
contributions from different parts of the country

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Acts and their Features It would have been difficult for the Constituent Assembly to complete its
historic task of drafting the Constitution for Independent India in just three
years but for the experience gained with the Government of India Act, 1935. 2015 12.5
Discuss.
Important contributors/ Several foreigners made India their homeland and participated in various move-
contribution ments. Analyze their role in the Indian struggle for freedom. 2013 10
Why did the ‘Moderates’ fail to carry conviction with the nation about their pro-
claimed ideology and political goals by the end of the nineteenth century? 2017 10
Highlight the importance of the new objectives that got added to the vision of
Indian independence since twenties of the last century. 2017 15
Discuss the role of women in the freedom struggle especially during the Gand-
hian phase. 2016 12.5
Various stages of Many voices had strengthened and enriched the nationalist movement during
Freedom struggle the Gandhian phase. Elaborate. 2019 15
Bring out the constructive programmes of Mahatma Gandhi during Non-Cooper-
ation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement. 2021 15
Assess the role of British imperial power in complicating the process of transfer
of power during the 1940s. 2019 15
Examine the linkages between 19th centuries ‘Indian Renaissance’ and the
emergence of national identity. 2019 10
What were the events that led to the Quit India Movement? Point out its re-
sults. 2024 10

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Post Independence
04. Post-Independence- Consolidation and
reorganisation within country

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Foreign influence on Inde- The New Economic Policy - 1921 of Lenin had influenced the policies adopted by
2014 10
pendent India’s policies India soon after independence. Evaluate.
Land reform Critically discuss the objectives of Bhoodan and Gramdan movements initiated
2013 10
by Acharya Vinoba Bhave and their success.
Personalities Contribution Discuss the contribution of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad to pre-and post-indepen-
2013 10
dent India.
Slogan based Write a critical note on the evolution and significance of the slogan “Jai Jawana
2013 10
Jai Kisan”.
States Reorganistion Assess the main administrative issues and socio-cultural problems in the integra-
2021 10
tion process of Indian Princely States. (150 words)
Discuss whether formation of new states in recent times is beneficial or not for
2018 15
the economy of India.
Has the formation of linguistic States strengthened the cause of Indian Unity? 2016 12.5
The political and administrative reorganization of states and territories has
been a continuous ongoing process since the mid-nineteenth century. Discuss 2022 15
with examples.
Wars after Independence Analyze the circumstances that led to Tashkent Agreement in 1966. Discuss the
2013 10
highlights of the agreement.
Critically examine the compulsions which prompted India to play a decisive roles
2013 10
in the emergence of Bangladesh.

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

World History
05. History of the world will include events from 18th
century such as industrial revolution, world wars, redrawal
of national boundaries, colonization, decolonization,
political philosophies like communism, capitalism,
socialism etc.— their forms and effect on the society.

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

American and French rev- American Revolution was an economic revolt against mercantilism. Substantiate. 2013 10
olution
Explain how the foundations of the modern world were laid by the American
and French revolution. (15m,250 words) 2019 15
Anti-colonial struggles Africa was chopped into states artificially created by accident of European com-
petition. Analyse. 2013 10
The anti-colonial struggles in West Africa were led by the new elite of
West- ern-educated Africans. Examine. 2016 12.5
What problems were germane to the decolonization process of Malay Peninsula. 2017 10
What were the major political, economic and social developments in the world
which motivated the anti-colonial struggle in India? 2014 10
Great Economic Depression What policy instruments were deployed to contain the great economic
depression? 2013 10
Industrial Revolution How far was the Industrial Revolution in England responsible for the decline of
handicrafts and cottage industries in India? 2024 15
Latecomer Industrial revolution in Japan involved certain factors that were
markedly different from what west had experience. 2013 10
Why did the industrial revolution first occur in England? Discuss the quality of
life of the people there during the industrialization. How does it compare
with that in India at present? 2015 12.5
Miscellaneous Bring out the socio-economic effects of the introduction of railways in different
countries of the world. 2023 10
What were the events that led to the Suez Crisis in 1956? How did it deal a final
blow to Britain’s self-image as a world power? 2014 10
Why indentured labour was taken by the British from India to other colonies?
Have they been able to preserve their cultural identity over there? 2018 15
World wars “There arose a serious challenge to the Democratic State System between the
two World Wars.” Evaluate the statement. 2021 15
How far is it correct to say that the First World War was fought essentially for
the preservation of balance of power? 2024 15
To what extent can Germany be held responsible for causing the two World
Wars? Discuss critically 2015 12.5

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Society
06. Salient features of Indian Society; Diversity of India;

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Diversity and pluralism Describe any four cultural elements of diversity in India and rate their relative
significance in building a national identity. 2015 12.5
Do we have cultural pockets of small India all over the nation? Elaborate with 2019 15
examples.
Given the diversities among tribal communities in India, in which specific con-
texts should they be considered as a single category ? 2022 10
In the context of diversity of India, can it be said that the regions form cultural
units rather than the States? Give reasons with examples for your viewpoint. 2017 10
What is regional disparity? How does it differ from diversity? How serious is the
issue of regional disparity in India? 2024 15
Critically analyse the proposition that there is a high correlation between India’s
cultural diversities and socio-economic marginalities. 2024 15
Family Child cuddling is now being replaced by mobile phones. Discuss its impact on
the socialization of children. 2023 10
Do you think marriage as a sacrament in losing its value in Modern India? 2023 10
The life cycle of a joint family depends on economic factors rather than social
values. Discuss. 2014 10
Intercaste marriages between castes which have socio-economic parity have in-
creased, to some extent, but this is less true of interreligious marriages. Discuss. 2024 10
Uniqueness of Indian Examine the uniqueness of tribal knowledge system when compared with main-
society stream knowledge and cultural systems. 2021 10
How does Indian society maintain continuity in traditional social values? Enu-
merate the changes taking place in it. 2021 15
The spirit tolerance and love is not only an interesting feature of Indian society
from very early times, but it is also playing an important part at the present. 2017 15
Elaborate.
What makes Indian society unique in sustaining its culture? Discuss. 2019 10

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Society
07. Role of women and women’s organization,
population and associated issues, poverty and
developmental issues.

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Population and Critically examine whether growing population is the cause of poverty OR pover-
associated issues ty is the main cause of population increase in India. 2015 12.5
Discuss the changes in the trends of labour migration within and outside India in
the last four decades. 2015 12.5
Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures
to achieve them in India in detail. (250 words) 2021 15
How do you explain the statistics that show that the sex ratio in Tribes in India is
more favourable to women than the sex ratio among Scheduled Castes? 2015 12.5
Why did human development fail to keep pace with economic development in
India? 2023 15
Why do some of the most prosperous regions of India have an adverse sex ratio
for women? Give your arguments. 2014 10
What is the concept of a ‘demographic winter’? Is the world moving towards
such a situation? Elaborate. 2024 10
Poverty and An essential condition to eradicate poverty is to liberate the poor from depriva-
Developmen- tal issues. tion. Substantiate this statement with suitable examples 2016 12.5
COVID-19 pandemic accelerated class inequalities and poverty in India. Com-
ment. 2020 10
Despite implementation of various programmes for eradication of poverty by
the government in India, poverty is still existing.’ Explain by giving reasons. 2018 10
How have digital initiatives in India contributed to the functioning of the educa-
tional system in the country? Elaborate your answer. 2020 15
What is Cryptocurrency? How does it affect global society? Has it been affecting
Indian society also? (250 words) 2021 15
In dealing with socio-economic issues of development, what kind of collabora-
tion between government, NGO’s and private sector would be most productive? 2024 10
Women and “Empowering women is the key to control population growth”. Discuss
Associated concerns (10m,150 words) 2019 10
Discuss the various economic and socio-cultural forces that are driving increas-
ing feminization of agriculture in India. 2014 10
Examine the role of ‘Gig Economy’ in the process of empowerment of women in
India. (150 words) 2021 10
Explain why suicide among young women is increasing in Indian Society. 2023 10
How does patriarchy impact the position of a middle class working woman in
India? 2014 10
Male membership needs to be encouraged in order to make women’s organiza-
tion free from gender bias. Comment. 2013 10
What are the continued challenges for women in India against time and space?
(15m,250 words) 2019 15
Women’s movement in India has not addressed the issues of women of lower
social strata. Substantiate your view. 2018 15
Distinguish between gender equality, gender equity and women’s empower-
ment. Why is it important to take gender concerns into account in programme
design and implementation? 2024 10

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Society
08. Urbanisation: problems and remedies

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Environmental Problems Account for the huge flooding of million cities in India including the smart ones
like Hyderabad and Pune. Suggest lasting remedial measures. 2020 15
Bring out the causes for the formation of heat islands in the urban habitat of the
world. 2013 5
Major cities of India are becoming more vulnerable to flood conditions. Discuss. 2016 12.5
What are the environmental implications of the reclamation of water bodies
into urban land use? Explain with examples. 2021 10
Government Programme Mention core strategies for the transformation of aspirational districts in India
and explain the nature of convergence, collaboration and competition for its
success. 2018 15
With a brief background of quality of urban life in India, introduce the objectives
and strategy of the ‘Smart City Programme’. 2016 12.5
Emerging urban issues Explore and evaluate the impact of ‘Work From Home’ on family relationships. 2022 10
How is the growth of Tier 2 cities related to the rise of a new middle class with
an emphasis on the culture of consumption? 2022 10
The growth of cities as I.T. hubs has opened up new avenues employment but
has also created new problems. Substantiate this statement with examples.
2017 15
What are the main socio-economic implications arising out of the development
of IT industries in major cities of India? (250 words) 2021 15
Why do large cities tend to attract more migrants than smaller towns? Discuss in
the light of conditions in developing countries. 2024 10

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Miscelleneous Discussion the various social problems which originated out of the speedy pro-
cess of urbanization in India. 2013 10
Does urbanization lead to more segregation and/or marginalization of the
poor in Indian metropolises? 2023 15
How is efficient and affordable urban mass transport key to the rapid economic
development of India? 2019 15
Smart cities in India cannot sustain without smart villages. Discuss this state-
ment in the backdrop of rural urban integration. 2015 12.5

Society
09. Globalisation and its effects on Indian society
Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks
Globalisation Are we losing our local identity for the global identity? Discuss. (15m,250 words) 2019 15
Critically examine the effects of globalization on the aged population in India. 2013 10
Discuss the positive and negative effects of globalization on women in India. 2015 12.5
Elucidate the relationship between globalization and new technology in a world
of scarce resources, with special reference to India. 2022 15
Globalization is generally said to promote cultural homogenization but due to
this cultural specificities appear to be strengthened in the Indian Society. Eluci-
date. 2018 15
Is diversity and pluralism in India under threat due to globalisation? Justify your
answer. 2020 15
To what extent globalization has influenced the core of cultural diversity in
India? Explain. 2016 12.5
Globalization has increased urban migration by skilled, young, unmarried
women from various classes. How has this trend impacted upon their personal
freedom and relationship with family? 2024 15

Society
10. Social empowerment, communalism,
regionalism & secularism.
Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks
Caste system Caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms. Hence, caste
system cannot be eradicated in India. Comment. 2018 10
Has caste lost its relevance in understanding the multi-cultural Indian Society?
Elaborate your answer with illustrations. 2020 10
Why is caste identity in India both fluid and static? 2023 15
Communalism Communalism arises either due to power struggle or relative deprivation. Argue
by giving suitable illustrations. 2018 15
Discuss the impact of post-liberal economy on ethnic identity and communalism. 2023 15
Distinguish between religiousness/religiosity and communalism giving one
example of how the former has got transformed into the latter in independent 2017 15
India.

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Miscellaneous Analyse the salience of ‘sect’ in Indian society vis-a-vis caste, region and religion. 2022 15
Customs and traditions suppress reason leading to obscurantism. Do you agree? 2020 15
Regionalism Do you agree that regionalism in India appears to be a consequence of rising
cultural assertiveness? Argue. 2020 10
Growing feeling of regionalism is an important factor in the generation of de-
mand for a separate state. Discuss. 2013 10
What is the basis of regionalism? Is it that unequal distribution of benefits of
development on regional basis eventually promotes regionalism? Substantiate
your answer. 2016 12.5
Secularism Are tolerance, assimilation and pluralism the key elements in the making of an
Indian form of secularism? Justify your answer. 2022 15
How do the Indian debates on secularism differ from the debates in the West? 2014 10
How the Indian concept of secularism is different from the western model of
secularism? Discuss. 2018 10
What are the challenges to our cultural practices in the name of secularism.
(10m,150 words) 2019 10
Social empowerment Debate the issue of whether and how contemporary movements for assertion
of Dalit identity work towards annihilation of caste. 2015 12.5
What are the two major legal initiatives by the State since Independence, ad-
dressing discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (STs)? 2017 10
Why are the tribals in India referred to as the Scheduled Tribes? Indicate the
major provisions enshrined in the Constitution of India for their upliftment. 2016 12.5
Despite comprehensive policies for equity and social justice, underprivileged
sections are not yet getting the full benefits of affirmative action envisaged by
the Constitution. Comment. 2024 15

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Geography
11. Salient Features of World Physical Geography

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Climatology Discuss the concept of air mass and explain its role in macro-climatic changes. 2016 12.5
Most of the unusual climatic happenings are explained as an outcome of
the El-Nino effect. Do you agree? 2014 10
Troposphere is a very significant atmospheric layer that determines weather
processes. How? 2022 15
What do you understand by the phenomenon of temperature inversion in mete-
orology? How does it affect the weather and the habitants of the place? 2013 5
What are aurora australis and aurora borealis? How are these triggered?
2024 15
Cryosphere and Bring out the relationship between the shrinking Himalayan glaciers and the
Himalayan Eco-system symptoms of climate change in the Indian sub-continent. 2014 10
How can the mountain ecosystem be restored from the negative impact of de-
velopment initiatives and tourism? 2019 15
How does the cryosphere affect global climate? 2017 10
How does the melting of the Arctic ice and glaciers of the Antarctic differently
affect the weather patterns and human activities on the Earth? Explain. 2021 15
How will the melting of Himalayan glaciers have a far-reaching impact on the
water resources of India? 2020 10
Why is India taking keen interest in resources of Arctic Region? 2018 10

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Geomorphology Define mantle plume and explain its role in plate tectonics. 2018 10
Describe the characteristics and types of primary rocks. 2022 10
Discuss the geophysical characteristics of Circum-Pacific Zone. 2020 10
How are the Ƞords formed? Why do they constitute some of the most pictur-
esque areas of the world? 2023 10
What do you understand by the theory of continental drift? Discuss the promi-
nent evidences in its support. 2013 5
Why is India considered as a subcontinent? Elaborate your answer. 2021 10
Monsoon How far do you agree that the behavior of the Indian monsoon has been chang-
ing due to humanizing landscapes? Discuss. 2015 12.5
What characteristics can be assigned to monsoon climate that succeeds in feed-
ing more than 50 percent of the world population residing in Monsoon Asia? 2017 15
Why is the South-West monsoon called ‘Purvaiya’ (easterly) in Bhojpur Region?
How has this directional seasonal wind system influenced the cultural ethos of
the region? 2023 10
Oceanography What are the consequences of spreading of ‘Dead Zones’ on marine ecosystem? 2018 10
How do ocean currents and water masses differ in their impacts on marine life
and the coastal environment? Give suitable examples? 2019 15
Explain the factors responsible for the origin of ocean currents. How do they
influence regional climates, fishing and navigation? 2015 12.5
Account for variations in oceanic salinity and discuss its multi-dimensional
effects. 2017 15

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Geography
12. Distribution of key Natural Resources
(world, South Asia and Indian subcontinent)

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Energy Discuss the multi-dimensional implications of uneven distribution of mineral oil
in the world. 2021 15
Examine the potential of wind energy in India and explain the reasons for their
limited spatial spread. 2022 10
India has immense potential of solar energy though there are regional variations
in its development. Elaborate. 2020 15
It is said the India has substantial reserves of shale oil and gas, which can feed
the needs of country for quarter century. However, tapping of the resources
doesn’t appear to be high on the agenda. Discuss critically the availability and
issues involved. 2013 10
What are the economic significances of discovery of oil in Arctic Sea and its
possible environmental consequences? 2015 12.5
With growing scarcity of fossil fuels, the atomic energy is gaining more and
more significance in India. Discuss the availability of raw material required for
the generation of atomic energy in India and in the world. 2013 10

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Natural resources Potential Account for the present location of iron and steel industries away from the
source of raw material, by giving examples. 2020 15
Comment on the resource potentials of the long coastline of India and highlight
the status of natural hazard preparedness in these areas. 2023 15
Critically evaluate the various resources of the oceans which can be harnessed
to meet the resource crisis in the world. 2014 10
Describing the distribution of rubber producing countries, indicate the major
environmental issues faced by them. 2022 15
Discuss the natural resource potentials of ‘Deccan Trap’. 2022 10
How does India see its place in the economic space of rising natural resource
rich Africa? 2014 10
Water Management In what way can flood be converted into a sustainable source of irrigation
and all-weather inland navigation in India? 2017 15
In what way micro-watershed Development projects help in water conservation
in drought prone and semi-arid regions of India. 2016 12.5
India is well endowed with fresh water resources. Critically examine why it still
suffers from water scarcity. 2015 12.5
Present an account of the Indus Water Treaty and examine its ecological, eco-
nomic and political implications in the context of changing bilateral relations. 2016 12.5
The effective management of land and water resources will drastically reduce
the human miseries. Explain 2016 12.5
The ideal solution of depleting ground water resources in India is water harvest-
ing system. How can it be made effective in urban areas? 2018 15
The interlinking of rivers can provide viable solutions to the multi-dimensional
inter-related problems of droughts, floods and interrupted navigation.
Critically examine. 2020 15
What is water stress? How and why does it differ regionally in India? 2019 15
Why is the world today confronted with a crisis of availability of and access to
freshwater resources? 2023 10
The groundwater potential of the gangetic valley is on a serious decline. How
may it affect the food security of India? 2024 15

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Geography
13. Factors responsible for the location of
primary, secondary, and tertiary sector
industries in various parts of the world
(including India).

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Primary sector Despite India being one of the countries of the Gondwanaland, its mining
industry contributes much less to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in percentage.
Discuss. 2021 10
From being net food importer in 1960s, India has emerged as a net food export-
er to the world. Provide reasons. 2023 15
In spite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for devel-
opment.” Discuss. 2017 10
Mention the advantages of the cultivation of pulse because of which the year
2016 was declared as the International Year of Pulses by the United Nations. 2017 10
Whereas the British planters had developed tea gardens all along the Shivaliks
and Lesser Himalayas from Assam to Himachal Pradesh, in effect they did not
succeed beyond the Darjeeling area. Explain. 2014 10
Why did the Green Revolution in India virtually by-pass the eastern region de-
spite fertile soil and good availability of water? 2014 10
Secondary sector Account for the change in the spatial pattern of the Iron and Steel industry in
the world. 2014 10
Analyze the factors for highly decentralized cotton textile industry in India 2013 5
Can the strategy of regional-resource based manufacturing help in promoting
employment in India? 2019 10
Discuss the factors for localization of agro-based food processing industries
of North-West India. 2019 10
Do you agree that there is a growing trend of opening new sugar mills in the
Southern states of India? Discuss with justification 2013 5
Petroleum refineries are not necessarily located nearer to crude oil producing
areas, particularly in many of the developing countries. Explain its implications. 2017 15
What is the significance of Industrial Corridors in India? Identify industrial corri-
dors, explain their main characteristics. 2018 15
Tertiary sector Enumerate the problems and prospects of inland water transport in India. 2016 12.5
The states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand reaching
the limits of their ecological carrying capacity due to tourism. Critically evaluate. 2015 12.5
Why is Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) needed? How does
it help in navigation? 2018 10

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Geography
14. Important Geophysical phenomena such as
earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone
etc.,

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Cyclone Discuss the meaning of colour-coded weather warnings for cyclone prone areas
given by India Meteorological Department. 2022 10
The recent cyclone on the east coast of India was called “Phailin”. How are the
tropical cyclones named across the world? 2013 5
Tropical cyclones are largely confined to South China Sea, Bay of Bengal and Gulf
of Mexico. Why? 2014 10
What is sea surface temperature rise? How does it affect the formation of tropi-
cal cyclones? 2024 10
Desertification The process of desertification does not have climatic boundaries. Justify with
examples. 2020 10
Landslides Bring out the causes for more frequent landslides in the Himalayas than in West-
ern Ghats 2013 5
Differentiate the causes of landslides in the Himalayan region and Western
Ghats. 2021 10
The Himalayas are highly prone to landslides. Discuss the causes and suggest
suitable measures of mitigation. 2016 12.5
Volcanic activity Mention the global occurrence of volcanic eruptions in 2021 and their impact
on regional environment. 2021 10
Cloudbursts What is the phenomenon of ‘cloudbursts’? Explain.
2024 10
Twisters What is a twister? Why are the majority of twisters observed in areas around
the Gulf of Mexico? 2024 15

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Geography
15. Geographical features and their location- Changes in
critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-
caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such
changes.

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Flora & Fauna and related Assess the impact of global warming on coral life system with examples. 2019 15
changes
Define blue revolution, explain the problems and strategies for pisciculture
development in India. 2018 15
Discuss the causes of depletion of mangroves and explain their importance in
maintaining coastal ecology. 2019 10
Examine the status of forest resources of India and its resultant impact on cli-
mate change. 2020 15
Identify and discuss the factors responsible for diversity of natural vegetation
in India. Assess the significance of wildlife sanctuaries in rain forests regions of
India. 2023 15
Geographical features Briefly mention the alignment of major mountain ranges of the world and ex-
and their location plain their impact on local weather conditions, with examples. 2021 15
Explain the formation of thousands of islands in Indonesian and Philippines
archipelagos. 2014 10
Major hot deserts in northern hemisphere are located between 20-30 degree
north and on the western side of the continents. Why? 2013 10
Mention the significance of straits and isthmus in international trade. 2022 15
Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are the three mega cities of the country but the air
pollution is much more serious problem in Delhi as compared to the other two.
Why is this so? 2015 12.5
South China Sea has assumed great geopolitical significance in the present con-
text. Comment. 2016 12.5
There is no formation of deltas by rivers of the Western Ghat. Why? 2013 5
Why are the world’s fold mountain systems located along the margins of
continents? Bring out the association between the global distribution of Fold
Mountains and the earthquakes and volcanoes. 2014 10
Miscellaneous Discuss the consequences of climate change on the food security in tropical
countries. 2023 10
How does the Juno Mission of NASA help to understand the origin and evolution
of the Earth? 2017 10

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GS-II
01. Indian Constitution-Historical underpinnings & evolution;
Features, amendments, significant provisions, basic structure of
Constitution
02. Functions & responsibilities of the Union and the States;
issues and challenges of federal structure;
03. Separation of Powers between different organs, dispute
redressal mechanisms and institutions
04. Devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and
challenges therein
05. Comparison of Indian constitutional scheme with other countries’
06. Parliament and State Legislatures (structure, functioning,
conduct of business, powers & privileges; issues therein)
07. Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and
the Judiciary—Ministries and Departments of the
Government;
pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in
the Polity
08. Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.
09. Appointment to various Constitutional posts;
Constitutional Bodies (powers, functions and
responsibilities); Statutory, Regulatory and Quasi-judicial
bodies
10. Government Policies & Interventions for development of
various sectors (issues in their design, implementation)
11. Development processes and the development industry —the role
of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors,
charities, institutional and other stakeholders.
12. Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population
by the Centre and States and the performance of these
schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies
constituted for the protection and betterment of these
vulnerable sections.
13. Issues relating to development and management of Social
Sector/ Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
14. Issues relating to poverty and hunger
15. Transaparency and accountability (institutional and other
measures); Citizens Charter, E-Governance (applications,
models, successes, limitations, potential)
16. Role of Civil Services in a democracy.
[Link] and its neighborhood- relations.
18. Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements
involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
19. Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries
on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.
20. Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their
structure, mandate.
Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

GS 2 Year-wise PYQ Analysis

Syllabus 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Total
1. Indian Constitution-Historical underpinnings 1 1 2 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 16
& evolution; Features, amendments,
significant provisions, basic structure of
Constitution
2. Functions & responsibilities of the Union 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 14
and the States; issues and challenges of
federal structure;
3. Separation of Powers between 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 13
different organs, dispute redressal
mechanisms and institutions
4. Devolution of powers and finances up to 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8
local levels and challenges therein
5. Comparison of Indian constitutional 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7
scheme with other countries'
6. Parliament and State Legislatures 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 13
(structure, functioning, conduct of business,
powers & privileges; issues therein)
7. Structure, organization and functioning 1 3 1 1 2 2 1 11
of the Executive and the Judiciary—
Ministries and Departments of the
Government; pres- sure groups and
formal/informal associations and their role
in the Polity
8. Salient features of the Representation of 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 10
People’s Act.
9. Appointment to various Constitutional 3 2 1 2 1 5 1 1 3 1 1 1 22
posts; Constitutional Bodies (powers,
functions and responsibilities);
Statutory, Regulatory and Quasi-judicial
bodies
10. Government Policies & Interventions for 1 2 1 1 2 1 8
development of various sectors (issues in
their design, implementation)
[Link] processes and the 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 13
development industry —the role of NGOs,
SHGs, various groups and associations,
donors, charities, institutional and other
stakeholders.
12. Welfare schemes for vulnerable 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8
sections of the population by the Centre
and States and the performance of these
schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions
and Bodies constituted for the protection
and betterment of these vulnerable
sections.
13. Issues relating to development and 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 18
management of Social Sector/Services
relating to Health, Education, Human
Resources.

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)
Syllabus 201 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 202 202 202 202 2024
3 2019 0 1 2 3 Total
14. Issues relating to poverty and hunger
1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 9
15. Transaparency and accountability (institu- 1 1
tional and other measures); Citizens Charter, 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 3 17
E-Governance (applications, models, success-
es, limitations, potential)
16. Role of Civil Services in a democracy. 1 1 1 1 1 5
17. India and its neighborhood- relations. 4 2 1 7
18. Bilateral, regional and global 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 2 21
groupings and agreements involving India
and/or affecting India’s interests.
19. Effect of policies and politics of 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 13
developed and developing countries on
India’s interests, Indian diaspora.
[Link] International institutions, 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 12
agen- cies and fora- their structure,
mandate. 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 245
Grand Total

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Polity
01. Indian Constitution-Historical underpinnings
& evolution; Features, amendments,
significant provisions, basic structure of
Constitution

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Amendments “Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution is a limited power and it cannot
be enlarged into absolute power.” In the light of this statement explain
whether Parliament under Article 368 of the Constitution can destroy the Basic
Structure of the Constitution by expanding its amending power? 2019 15
Explain the salient features of the constitution(One Hundred and First Amend-
ment) Act, 2016. Do you think it is efficacious enough ‘to remove cascading
effect of taxes and provide for common national market for goods and 2017 15
services’?
Case Laws ‘Constitutional Morality’ is rooted in the Constitution itself and is founded on
its essential facets. Explain the doctrine of ‘Constitutional Morality’ with the
help of relevant judicial decisions. 2021 10
Explain the constitutional perspectives of Gender Justice with the help of rele-
vant Constitutional Provisions and case laws. 2023 15
The most significant achievement of modern law in India in the constitutional-
ization of environmental problems by the Supreme Court. Discuss this statement
with the help of relevant case laws. 2022 10
What was held in the Coelho case? In this context, can you say that judicial
review is of key importance amongst the basic features of the Constitution? 2016 12.5
DPSP Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting for its citizens a uni-
form civil code as provided for in the Directive Principles of State Policy. 2015 12.5
Making of the Constitution Did the Government of India Act, 1935 lay down a federal constitution? Discuss. 2016 12.5
Discuss each adjective attached to the word ‘Republic’ in the preamble. Are they
defendable in the present circumstances? 2016 12.5
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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Fundamental Rights “The Constitution of India is a living instrument with capabilities of enormous
dynamism. It is a constitution made for a progressive society”. Illustrate with
special reference to the expanding horizons of the right to life and personal 2023 15
liberty.
Discuss Section 66A of IT Act, with reference to its alleged violation of Article 19 2013 10
of the Constitution.
Does the right to clean environment entail legal regulations on burning crackers
during Diwali? Discuss in the light of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution and 2015 12.5
Judgement(s) of the Apex Court in this regard.
Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgement of 2017 15
the Supreme Court on Right to Privacy.
Right of movement and residence throughout the territory of India are freely 2022 10
available to the Indian citizens, but these rights are not absolute. Comment
What do you understand by the concept “freedom of speech and expression”?
Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly 2014 12.5
different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss.
Right to privacy is intrinsic to life and personal liberty and is inherently protect-
ed under Article 21 of the Constitution. Explain. In this reference discuss the law 2024 15
relating to D.N.A. testing of a child in the womb to establish its paternity.

Polity
02. Functions & responsibilities of the Union and
the States; issues and challenges of federal
structure;
Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks
Center-State Relations Discuss the essentials of the 69th Constitutional Amendment Act and anoma-
lies, if any that have led to recent reported conflicts between the elected
repre- sentatives and the institution of the Lieutenant Governor in the
administration of Delhi. Do you think that this will give rise to a new trend in
the functioning of the Indian federal politics? 2016 12.5
Explain the significance of the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act. To what
extent does it reflect the accommodative spirit of federalism? 2023 15
From the resolution of contentious issues regarding distribution of legislative
powers by the courts, ‘Principle of Federal Supremacy’ and ‘Harmonious
Con- struction’ have emerged. Explain. 2019 10
Many State Governments further bifurcate geographical administrative areas
like Districts and Talukas for better governance. In light of the above, can it also
be justified that more number of smaller States would bring in effective gover-
nance at State level? Discuss. 2013 10
What changes has the Union Government recently introduced in the
domain of Centre-State relations? Suggest measures to be adopted to build
the trust between the Centre and the States and for strengthening 2024 15
Emergency federalism.
Account for the legal and political factors responsible for the reduced 2023 15
frequency of using Article 356 by the Union Governments since mid 1990s.
Under what circumstances can the Financial Emergency be proclaimed by the
President of India? What consequences follow when such a declaration 2018 10
remains in force?

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Nature of Indian Constitutional mechanisms to resolve the inter-state water disputes have failed
Federalism to address and solve the problems. Is the failure due to structural or process
inadequacy or both? Discuss. 2013 10
How far do you think cooperation, competition and confrontation have shaped
the nature of federation in India? Cite some recent examples to validate your 2020 10
answer.
Indian Constitution exhibits centralising tendencies to maintain unity and in-
tegrity of the nation. Elucidate in the perspective of the Epidemic Diseases Act, 2020 15
1897; The Disaster Management Act, 2005 and recently passed Farm Acts.
The concept of cooperative federalism has been increasingly emphasized in
recent years. Highlight the drawbacks in the existing structure and the extent 2015 12.5
to which cooperative federalism would answer the shortcomings.
Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution and that principle
is one of its basic features, but it is equally true that federalism under the
Indian Constitution leans in favour of a strong Centre, a feature that militates 2014 12.5
Special Provisions against the concept of strong federalism. Discuss.
Recent directives from Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas are perceived
by the `Nagas’ as a threat to override the exceptional status enjoyed by the 2013 10
State. Discuss in light of Article 371A of the Indian Constitution.
To what extent is Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, bearing marginal note
“Temporary provision with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir”, temporary? 2016 12.5
Discuss the future prospects of this provision in the context of Indian polity.

Polity
03. Separation of Powers between different
organs, dispute redressal mechanisms and
institutions
Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks
Executive Vs Judiciary Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appoint-
ments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to appointment of judges of
higher judiciary in India. 2017 10
Executive Vs Legislature Discuss the essential conditions for exercise of the legislative powers by the
Governor. Discuss the legality of re-promulgation of ordinances by the Governor
without placing them before the Legislature. 2022 15
Resorting to ordinances has always raised concern on violation of the spirit of
separation of powers doctrine. While noting the rationales justifying the power
to promulgate ordinances, analyze whether the decisions of the Supreme Court
on the issue have further facilitated resorting to this power. Should the power
to promulgate ordinances be repealed? 2015 12.5
To what extent, in your view, the Parliament is able to ensure accountability of
the executive in India? 2021 10
Whether the Supreme Court Judgement (July 2018) can settle the political tussle
between the Lt. Governor and elected government of Delhi? Examine. 2018 15
“The growth of cabinet system has practically resulted in the marginalisation of
the parliamentary supremacy.” Elucidate. 2024 10
Judiciary Vs Legislature Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as
envisaged in the Indian Constitution. In this context justify the filing of large
number of public interest petitions praying for issuing guidelines to executive
authorities. 2020 15

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024) The Supreme Court of India keeps a check on arbitrary power of the Parliament
in amending the Constitution. Discuss critically. 2013 10

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Separation of Powers “Constitutionally guaranteed judicial independence is a prerequisite of democ-
racy”. Comment. 2023 10
Do you think that constitution of India does not accept principle of strict
separation of powers rather it is based on the principle of ‘checks and balance’? 2019 10
Explain.

Polity
04. Devolution of powers and finances up
to local levels and challenges therein
Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks
Local Self Government “The local self-government system in India has not proved to be effective
instru- ment of governance”. Critically examine the statement and give your
views to improve the situation. 2017 10
“The reservation of seats for women in the institutions of local self-
government has had a limited impact on the patriarchal character of the Indian
Political Process.” Comment. 2019 15
“The states in India seem reluctant to empower urban local bodies both func-
tionally as well as financially.” Comment. 2023 10
Assess the importance of Panchayat system in India as a part of local govern-
ment. Apart from government grants, what sources the Panchayats can look
out for financing developmental projects. 2018 15
In absence of a well-educated and organized local level government system,
`Panchayats’ and ‘Samitis’ have remained mainly political institutions and not
effective instruments of governance. Critically discuss. 2015 12.5
The strength and sustenance of local institutions in India has shifted from their
formative phase of ‘Functions, Functionaries and Funds’ to the contemporary
stage of ‘Functionality’. Highlight the critical challenges faced by local institu-
tions in terms of their functionality in recent times. 2020 15
To what extent, in your opinion, has the decentralisation of power in India
changed the governance landscape at the grassroots ? 2022 10
Analyse the role of local bodies in providing good governance at local level and
bring 2024 10
out the pros and cons merging the rural local bodies with the urban local bodies.

Polity
05. Comparison of Indian constitutional scheme with other countries
Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks
Constitutional Comparison Analyze the distinguishing features of the notion of Right to Equality in the Con-
stitutions of the USA and India. 2021 15
Compare and contrast the British and Indian approaches to Parliamentary sovereignty. 2023 10
Critically examine the procedures through which the Presidents of India and
France are elected. 2022 15
India and USA are two large democracies. Examine the basic tenants on which
the two political systems are based. 2018 15
The judicial systems in India and UK seem to be converging as well as diverging
in recent times. Highlight the key points of convergence and divergence be-
tween the two nations in terms of their judicial practices. 2020 10
What can France learn from the Indian Constitution’s approach to secularism? 2019 10

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024) Discuss India as a secular state and compare with the secular principles of the US 2024 15
constitution

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Polity
06. Parliament and State Legislatures (structure, functioning,
conduct of business, powers & privileges; issues therein)

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Bicameralism Discuss the role of the Vice-President of India as the Chairman of the Rajya
Sabha. 2022 10
Explain the constitutional provisions under which Legislative Councils are
established. Review the working and current status of Legislative Councils with
suitable illustrations. 2021 15
Rajya Sabha has been transformed from a ‘useless stepney tyre’ to the most
useful supporting organ in past few decades. Highlight the factors as well as the
areas in which this transformation could be visible. 2020 15
The Indian Constitution has provisions for holding joint session of the two
houses of the Parliament. Enumerate the occasions when this would normally
happen and also the occasions when it cannot, with reasons thereof. 2017 15
Parliamentary Committees Discuss the role of Public Accounts Committee in establishing accountability of
the government to the people. 2017 10
Do Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committees keep the adminis-
tration on its toes and inspire reverence for parliamentary control? Evaluate the
working of such committees with suitable examples. 2021 15
Explain the structure of the Parliamentary Committee system. How far have the
financial committees helped in the institutionalization of Indian Parliament? 2023 15
Why do you think the committees are considered to be useful for parliamentary
work? Discuss, in this context, the role or the Estimates Committee. 2018 10

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Parliamentary Privileges The ‘Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members’ as
envisaged in Article 105 of the Constitution leave room for a large number of
un-codified and un-enumerated privileges to continue. Assess the reasons for
the absence of legal codification of the ‘parliamentary privileges’. How can
this problem be addressed? 2014 12.5
Presiding Officers ‘Once a Speaker, Always a Speaker’! Do you think this practice should be adopt-
ed to impart objectivity to the office of the Speaker of Lok Sabha? What could
be its implications for the robust functioning of parliamentary business in India? 2020 10
Discuss the role of Presiding Officers of state legislatures in maintaining order
and impartiality in conducting legislative work and in facilitating best democratic
practices. 2023 10
Role of MPs Individual Parliamentarian’s role as the national lawmaker is on a decline, which
in turn, has adversely impacted the quality of debates and their outcome. Dis-
cuss. 2019 15
The role of individual MPs (Members of Parliament) has diminished over the
years and as a result healthy constructive debates on policy issues are not usual-
ly witnessed. How far can this be attributed to the anti-defection law, which was
legislated but with a different intention? 2013 10

Polity
07. Structure, organization and functioning of the
Executive and the Judiciary—Ministries and
Departments of the Government; pressure groups and
formal/ informal associations and their role in the
Polity
Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks
Informal associations and Khap Panchayats have been in the news for functioning as extra-
their role in polity constitutional authorities, often delivering pronouncements amounting to
human rights vio- lations. Discuss critically the actions taken by the legislative,
executive and the judiciary to set the things right in this regard. 2015 12.5
Alternate Dispute Resolu- What are the major changes brought in the Arbitration and Conciliation Act,
tion 1996 through the recent Ordinance promulgated by the President? How far will
it improve India’s dispute resolution mechanism? Discuss. 2015 12.5
Who are entitled to receive free legal aid? Assess the role of the National Legal
Services Authority(NALSA) in rendering free legal aid in India. 2023 10
Explain and distinguish between Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals.
Whether they entertain civil as well as criminal cases ? 2024 10
Judiciary Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judi-
ciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness. 2021 10
Starting from inventing the ‘basic structure’ doctrine, the judiciary has played a
highly proactive role in ensuring that India develops into a thriving democracy.
In light of the statement, evaluate the role played by judicial activism in achiev-
ing the ideals of democracy. 2014 12.5
Explain the reasons for the growth of public interest litigation in India. As a
result of it, has the Indian Supreme Court emerged as the world’s most
powerful judiciary? 2024 15

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Pressure Groups “Pressure groups play a vital role in influencing public policy making in India.”
Explain how the business associations contribute to public policies. 2021 10
How do pressure groups influence Indian political process? Do you agree with
this view that informal pressure groups have emerged as powerful than formal
pressure groups in recent years? 2017 10
Pressure group politics is sometimes seen as the informal face of politics. With
regards to the above, assess the structure and functioning of pressure groups in
India. 2013 10
What are the methods used by the Farmers organizations to influence the poli-
cy- makers in India and how effective are these methods? 2019 10
Union Executive “The Attorney-General is the chief legal adviser and lawyer of the Government
of India.” Discuss. 2019 15
Instances of President’s delay in commuting death sentences has come under
public debate as denial of justice. Should there be a time limit specified for the
President to accept/reject such petitions? Analyse. 2014 12.5
The size of the cabinet should be as big as governmental work justifies and as
big as the Prime Minister can manage as a team. How far the efficacy of a gov-
ernment then is inversely related to the size of the cabinet? Discuss. 2014 12.5

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)
Polity
08. Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

ECI Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution
of the Model Code of Conduct. 2022 15
To enhance the quality of democracy in India the Election Commission of India
has proposed electoral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms and
how far are they significant to make democracy successful? 2017 15
Elections ‘Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the
amount of time and money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the govern-
ment’s accountability to the people’ Discuss. 2017 10
In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Ma-
chines (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India
to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India? 2018 10
Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees
with particular reference to “one nation-one election” principle. 2024 10
Political Parties The Indian party system is passing through a phase of transition which looks to
be full of contradictions and paradoxes.” Discuss. 2016 12.5
While the national political parties in India favour centralisation, the regional
parties are in favour of State autonomy. Comment. 2022 15
RP Act “There is a need for simplification of procedure for disqualification of persons
found guilty of corrupt practices under the Representation of Peoples Act”.
Comment. 2020 10
Discuss the procedures to decide the disputes arising out of the election of a
Member of the Parliament or State Legislature under The Representation of the
People Act, 1951. What are the grounds on which the election of any returned
candidate may be declared void? What remedy is available to the aggrieved
party against the decision? Refer to the case laws. 2022 15
On what grounds a people’s representative can be disqualified under the
Rep- resentation of People Act, 1951? Also mention the remedies available to
such person against his disqualification. 2019 15

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Governance
09. Appointment to various Constitutional posts;
Constitutional Bodies (powers, functions and
responsibilities); Statutory, Regulatory and Quasi-judicial
bodies
Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks
Constitutional Bodies Discuss the recommendations of the 13th Finance Commission which have been
a departure from the previous commissions for strengthening the local govern-
ment finances. 2013 10
Discuss the role of the National Commission for Backward Classes in the wake of
its transformation from a statutory body to a constitutional body. 2022 10
Exercise of CAG’s powers in relation to the accounts of the Union and the
States is derived from Article 149 of the Indian Constitution. Discuss whether
audit of the Government’s Policy implementation could amount to
overstepping its own (CAG) jurisdiction. 2016 12.5
How have the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission of India en-
abled the States to improve their fiscal position? 2021 10
How is the Finance Commission of India constituted? What do you about the
terms of reference of the recently constituted Finance Commission? Discuss. 2018 15
The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) has a very vital role to play.
Explain how this is reflected in the method and terms of his appointment as
well as the range of powers he can exercise. 2018 10
Whether National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) can enforce the
implementation of constitutional reservation for the Scheduled Castes in the
religious minority institutions? Examine. 2018 10
“The duty of the Comptroller and Auditor General is not merely to ensure the
legality of expenditure but also its propriety.” Comment. 2024 10
Enforcement Agencies The jurisdiction of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) regarding lodging
an FIR and conducting probe within a particular State is being questioned by
various States. However, the power of the States to withhold consent to the
CBI is not absolute. Explain with special reference to the federal character of 2021 15
India.
Quasi judicial Bodies “The Central Administration Tribunal which was established for redressal of
grievances and complaints by or against central government employees, nowa-
days is exercising its powers as an independent judicial authority.” Explain. 2019 10
How far do you agree with the view that tribunals curtail the jurisdiction of
ordinary courts? In view of the above, discuss the constitutional validity and
competency of the tribunals in India. 2018 15
What is a quasi-judicial body? Explain with the help of concrete examples. 2016 12.5
Sectoral Regulatory Bodies For achieving the desired objectives, it is necessary to ensure that the
regulato- ry institutions remain independent and autonomous. Discuss in the
light of the experiences in recent past. 2015 12.5
The product diversification of financial institutions and insurance companies,
resulting in overlapping of products and services strengthens the case for
the merger of the two regulatory agencies, namely SEBI and IRDA. Justify. 2013 10
The setting up of a Rail Tariff Authority to regulate fares will subject the cash
strapped Indian Railways to demand subsidy for obligation to operate non-prof-
itable routes and services. Taking into account the experience in the power
sector, discuss if the proposed reform is expected to benefit the consumers, the
Indian Railways or the private container operators. 2014 12.5

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Statutory Bodies ‘A national Lokpal, however strong it may be, cannot resolve the problems of
immorality in public affairs’. Discuss. 2013 10
Discuss the role of the Competition Commission of India in containing the
abuse of dominant position by the Multi-National Corporations in India. Refer
to the recent decisions. 2023 10
Is the National Commission for Women able to strategize and tackle the
problems that women face at both public and private spheres? Give reasons in
support of your answer. 2017 15
Multiplicity of various commissions for the vulnerable sections or the society
leads to problems or overlapping jurisdiction and duplication of functions. Is it
better to merge all commissions into an umbrella Human Rights Commission?
Argue your case. 2018 15
National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in India can be most effective
when its tasks are adequately supported by other mechanisms that ensure the
accountability of a government. In light of the above observation assess the
role of NHRC as an effective complement to the judiciary and other institutions
in promoting and protecting human rights standards. 2014 12.5
Though the Human Rights Commissions have contributed immensely to the
protection of human rights in India, yet they have failed to assert themselves
against the mighty and powerful. Analyzing their structural and practical limita-
tions, suggest remedial measures. 2021 15
Which steps are required for constitutionalization of a Commission? Do you
think imparting constitutionality to the National Commission for Women would
ensure greater gender justice and empowerment in India? Give reasons. 2020 15

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Governance
10. Government Policies & Interventions for development
of various sectors (issues in their design,
implementation)

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Government Schemes and The basis of providing urban amenities in rural areas (PURA) is rooted in estab-
Policies lishing connectivity. Comment. 2013 10
The Gati-Shakti Yojana needs meticulous coordination between the government
and the private sector to achieve the goal of connectivity. Discuss. 2022 10
Two parallel run schemes of the Government viz. the Adhaar Card and NPR,
one as voluntary and the other as compulsory, have led to debates at national
levels and also litigations. On merits, discuss whether or not both schemes
need run concurrently. Analyse the potential of the schemes to achieve
developmental benefits and equitable growth. 2014 12.5
Structural reforms ‘In the context of neo-liberal paradigm of development planning, multi-level
and Actions planning is expected to make operations cost effective and remove many imple-
mentation blockages.’-Discuss. 2019 15
Has the Indian governmental system responded adequately to the demands
of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization started in 1991? What can
the government do to be responsive to this important change? 2016 12.5
Policy contradictions among various competing sectors and stakeholders
have resulted in inadequate ‘protection and prevention of degradation’ to
environ- ment. “ Comment with relevant illustration. 2018 10
The need for cooperation among various service sector has been an inherent
component of development discourse. Partnership bridges bring the gap among
the sectors. It also sets in motion a culture of ‘Collaboration’ and ‘team spirit’. In
the light of statements above examine India’s Development process. 2019 15
Though 100 percent FDI is already allowed in non-news media like a trade pub-
lication and general entertainment channel, the Government is mulling over the
proposal for increased FDI in news media for quite some time. What difference
would an increase in FDI make? Critically evaluate the pros and cons. 2014 12.5

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Governance
11. Development processes and the development industry
—the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations,
donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders.
Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks
Civil Society Can Civil Society and Non-Governmental Organizations present an alternative
model of public service delivery to benefit the common citizen? Discuss the
challenges of this alternative model. 2021 15
Discuss the contribution of civil society groups for women’s effective and mean-
ingful participation and representation in state legislatures in India. 2023 15
Examine critically the recent changes in the rules governing foreign funding of
NGOs under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 1976. 2015 12.5
How can the role of NGOs be strengthened in India for development works
relating to protection of the environment? Discuss throwing light on the major
constraints. 2015 12.5
In the Indian governance system, the role of non-state actors has been only
marginal. Critically examine this statement. 2016 12.5
Donor Agencies Do you agree with the view that increasing dependence on donor agencies for
development reduces the importance of community participation in the
devel- opment process ? Justify your answer. 2022 15
Public charitable trusts have the potential to make India’s development more
inclusive as they relate to certain vital public issues. Comment. 2024 10
SHGs ‘The emergence of Self Help Groups(SHGs) in contemporary times points to the
slow but steady withdrawal of the state from developmental activities’. Examine
the role of the SHGs in developmental activities and the measures taken by the
Government of India to promote the SHGs. 2017 15
“Micro-Finance as an anti-poverty vaccine, is aimed at asset creation and in-
come security of the rural poor in India”. Evaluate the role of Self Help Groups in
achieving the twin objectives along with empowering women in rural India. 2020 15
Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty and malnutrition be broken
through microfinancing of women SHGs? Explain with examples. 2021 10
The legitimacy and accountability of Self Help Groups (SHGs) and their
patrons, the micro-finance outfits, need systematic assessment and scrutiny
for the sus- tained success of the concept. Discuss. 2013 10
The penetration of Self Help Groups (SHGs) in rural areas in promoting participa-
tion in development programmes is facing socio-cultural hurdles. Examine. 2014 12.5
The Self-Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkage Programme (SBLP), which is India’s own
innovation, has proved to be one of the most effective poverty alleviation and
women empowerment programmes. Elucidate. 2015 12.5

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Governance
15. Transaparency and accountability (institutional
and other measures); Citizens Charter, E-
Governance
(applications, models, successes, limitations, potential)

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

E-governance
“The emergence of Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated
e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. 2020 10
E-Governance is not only about utilization of the power of new technology, but
also much about critical importance of the ‘use value’ of information Explain. 2018 10
e-governance, as a critical tool of governance, has ushered in effectiveness,
transparency and accountability in governments. What inadequacies hamper
the enhancement of these features? 2023 10
Electronic cash transfer system for the welfare schemes is an ambitious project
to minimize corruption, eliminate wastage and facilitate reforms. Comment. 2013 10
Has digital illiteracy, particularly in rural areas, coupled with lack of Information
and Communication Technology (ICT) accessibility hindered socio-economic
development? Examine with justification. 2021 15
Implementation of information and Communication Technology (ICT) based
Projects / Programmes usually suffers in terms of certain vital factors. Identify
these factors, and suggest measures for their effective implementation. 2019 10
e-governance is not just about the routine application of digital technology
in service delivery process. It is as much about multifarious interactions for
ensuring transparency and accountability. In this context evaluate the role of the
‘Interactive Service Model’ of e-governance. 2024 15

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
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Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Citizens Charter Citizens’ Charter is an ideal instrument of organizational transparency and
accountability, but it has its own limitations. Identify the limitations and suggest
measures for greater effectiveness or the Citizens Charter. 2018 15
Though Citizen’s charters have been formulated by many public service delivery
organizations, there is no corresponding improvement in the level of citizens’
satisfaction and quality of services being provided. Analyze. 2013 10
The Citizens’charter has been a land mark initiative in ensuring citizen-centric
administration. But it is yet to reach its full potential. Identify the factors hinder-
ing the realisation of its promise and suggest measures to overcome them. 2024 15
Transaparency and Ac- “Recent amendments to the Right to Information Act will have profound impact
countability on the autonomy and independence of the Information Commission”. Discuss. 2020 10
Effectiveness of the goverment system at various levels and people’s participa-
tion in the governance system are inter-dependent. Discuss their relationship
with each other in context of India. 2016 12.5
If amendment bill to the Whistleblowers Act, 2011 tabled in the Parliament is
passed, there may be no one left to protect. Critically evaluate. 2015 12.5
In the integrity index of Transparency International, India stands very low.
Discuss briefly the legal, political, economic, social and cultural factors that
have caused the decline of public morality in India. 2016 12.5
In the light of the Satyam Scandal (2009), discuss the changes brought in corpo-
rate governance to ensure transparency, accountability. 2015 12.5
Reforming the government delivery system through the Direct Benefit Transfer
Scheme is a progressive step, but it has its limitations too. Comment. 2022 10
What are the aims and objects of the recently passed and enforced, The Public
Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024? Whether University/State
Education Board examinations, too, are covered under the Act ? 2024 15

Governance
16. Role of Civil Services in a democracy.
Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks
Civil Services “Institutional quality is a crucial driver of economic performance”. In this con-
text suggest reforms in Civil Service for strengthening democracy. 2020 10
Has the Cadre based Civil Services Organisation been the cause of slow change
in India? Critically examine. 2014 12.5
Initially Civil Services in India were designed to achieve the goals of neutrality
and effectiveness, which seems to be lacking in the present context. Do you
agree with the view that drastic reforms are required in Civil Services. 2017 15
Comment
Traditional bureaucratic structure and culture have hampered the process
of socio-economic development in India. Comment. 2016 12.5
The Doctrine of Democratic Governance makes it necessary that the public per-
ception of the integrity and commitment of civil servants becomes absolutely
positive. Discuss. 2024 10

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)
Social Justice
12. Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections
of the population by the Centre and States and
the
performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws,
institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection
and betterment of these vulnerable sections.

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Children Examine the main provisions of the National Child Policy and throw light on the
status of its implementation. 2016 12.5
Disables Does the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 ensure effective mech-
anism for empowerment and inclusion of the intended beneficiaries in the
society? Discuss 2017 10
The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 remains only a legal document
without intense sensitisation of government functionaries and citizens
regarding disability. Comment. 2022 10
Welfare and Development “Development and welfare schemes for the vulnerable, by its nature, are dis-
Schemes criminatory in approach.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. 2023 15
Do government’s schemes for up-lifting vulnerable and backward communi-
ties by protecting required social resources for them, lead to their exclusion in
establishing businesses in urban economics? 2014 12.5
Performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable
sections is not so effective due to absence of their awareness and active
involvement at all stages of policy process – Discuss. 2019 15
The Central Government frequently complains on the poor performance of the
State Governments in eradicating suffering of the vulnerable sections of the
society. Restructuring of Centrally sponsored schemes across the sectors for
ameliorating the cause of vulnerable sections of population aims at providing
flexibility to the States in better implementation. Critically evaluate. 2013 10

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Women “Though women in post-Independent India have excelled in various fields, the
social attitude towards women and feminist movement has been patriarchial.”
Apart from women education and women empowerment schemes, what
inter- ventions can help change this milieu? 2021 15

Social Justice
13. Issues relating to development and
management of Social Sector/Services
relating to Health, Education, Human
Resources.
Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks
Education “Earn while you learn’ scheme needs to be strengthened to make vocational
education and skill training meaningful.” Comment. (150 words) 2021 10
National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Develop-
ment Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system
in India. Critically examine the statement. 2020 15
Should the premier institutes like IITs/IIMs be allowed to retain premier status,
allowed more academic independence in designing courses and also decide
mode/criteria of selection of students. Discuss in light of the growing challeng-
es. 2014 12.5
The quality of higher education in India requires major improvements to make
it internationally competitive. Do you think that the entry of foreign
educational institutions would help improve the quality of higher and technical
education in the country? Discuss. 2015 12.5
The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 remains in-
adequate in promoting incentive-based system for children’s education without
generating awareness about the importance of schooling. Analyse. 2022 15
Health ‘To ensure effective implementation of policies addressing water, sanitation and
hygiene needs, the identification of beneficiary segments is to be synchronized
with the anticipated outcomes’ Examine the statement in the context of the
WASH scheme. 2017 10
“Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure
is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse.(150 words) 2021 10
Appropriate local community-level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to
achieve ‘Health for All ‘ in India. Explain. 2018 10
Identify the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that are related to health.
Discuss the success of the actions taken by the Government for achieving the
same. 2013 10
In order to enhance the prospects of social development, sound and
adequate health care policies are needed particularly in the fields of geriatric
and mater- nal health care. Discuss. 2020 10
Public health system has limitations in providing universal health coverage. Do
you think that the private sector could help in bridging the gap? What other
viable alternatives would you suggest? 2015 12.5
In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system, the Indian State should
play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system.
Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of pub-
lic healthcare at the grassroots level. 2024 15

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Human Resources An athlete participates in Olympics for personal triumph and nation’s glory;
victors are showered with cash incentives by various agencies, on their return.
Discuss the merit of state sponsored talent hunt and its cultivation as against
the rationale of a reward mechanism as encouragement. 2014 12.5
Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpow-
er becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative. What measures have
been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be
more productive and employable? 2016 12.5
Despite Consistent experience of High growth, India still goes with the lowest
indicators of human development. Examine the issues that make balanced and
inclusive development elusive. 2019 10
Skill development programs have succeed in increasing human resources
supply to various sectors. In the context of the statement analyze the linkages
between education, skill and employment. 2023 15
The crucial aspect of development process has been the inadequate attention
paid to Human Resource Development in India. Suggest measures that can
address this adequacy. 2023 10
Miscellenous Professor Amartya Sen has advocated important reforms in the realms of pri-
mary education and primary health care. What are your suggestions to improve
their status and performance? 2016 12.5

Social Justice
14. Issues relating to poverty and hunger
Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks
Hunger How far do you agree with the view that the focus on lack of availability of food
as the main cause of hunger takes the attention away from ineffective human
development policies in India? 2018 15
The concept of Mid Day Meal (MDM) scheme is almost a century old in India
with early beginnings in Madras Presidency in pre-independent India. The
scheme has again been given impetus in most states in the last two decades.
Critically examine its twin objectives, latest mandates and success. 2013 10
There is a growing divergence in the relationship between poverty and hunger in
India. The shrinking of social expenditure by the government is forcing the poor to
spend more on Non- Food essential items squeezing their food – budget.- Elucidate. 2019 10
Miscellenous Hunger and Poverty are the biggest challenges for good governance in India still
today. Evaluate how far successive governments have progressed in dealing
with these humongous problems. Suggest measures for improvement. 2017 10
Poverty ‘Poverty Alleviation Programmes in India remain mere show pieces until and
un- less they are backed by political will’. Discuss with reference to the
performance of the major poverty alleviation programmes in India. 2017 15
“The incidence and intensity of poverty are more important in determining pov-
erty based on income alone”. In this context analyse the latest United Nations
Multidimensional Poverty Index Report. 2020 15
Besides the welfare schemes, India needs deft management of inflation and unem-
ployment to serve the poor and the underprivileged sections of the society. Discuss. 2022 15
Though there have been several different estimates of poverty in India, all indi-
cate reduction in poverty levels over time. Do you agree? Critically examine with
reference to urban and rural poverty indicators. 2015 12.5
Poverty and malnutrition create a vicious cycle, adversely affecting human capi-
tal formation. What steps can be taken to break the cycle? 2024 10

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

International Relations
17. India and its neighborhood- relations.

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Neighbourhood Discuss the political developments in Maldives in the last two years. Should they
be of any cause of concern to India? 2013 10
In respect of India-Sri Lanka relations, discuss how domestic factors influence
foreign policy. 2013 10
India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in
Sri Lanka the light of the preceding statement. 2022 10
Project `Mausam’ is considered a unique foreign policy initiative of the Indian
Government to improve relationship with its neighbors. Does the project have a
strategic dimension? Discuss. 2015 12.5
Terrorist activities and mutual distrust have clouded India-Pakistan relations.
To what extent the use of soft power like sports and cultural exchanges could
help generate goodwill between the two countries? Discuss with suitable 2015 12.5
examples.
The protests in Shahbag Square in Dhaka in Bangladesh reveal a
fundamental split in society between the nationalists and Islamic forces.
What is its signifi- cance for India? 2013 10
What is meant by Gujral doctrine? Does it have any relevance today? Discuss. 2013 10

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

International Relations
18. Bilateral, regional and global groupings and
agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s
interests.

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Bilateral Relations
‘The time has come for India and Japan to build a strong contemporary rela-
tionship, one involving global and strategic partnership that will have a great
significance for Asia and the world as a whole.’ Comment. 2019 10
“What introduces friction into the ties between India and the United States is
that Washington is still unable to find for India a position in its global strategy,
which would satisfy India’s National self-esteem and ambitions” Explain with
suitable examples. 2019 15
Economic ties between India and Japan, while growing in recent years, are still
far below their potential. Elucidate the policy constraints which are inhibiting
this growth. 2013 10
India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which
cannot be rolled back.” Discuss. 2018 10
What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence
deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. 2020 15
With respect to the South China sea, maritime territorial disputes and rising
tension affirm the need for safeguarding maritime security to ensure freedom
of navigation and over flight throughout the region. In this context, discuss the
bilateral issues between India and China. 2014 12.5
Discuss the geopolitical and geostrategic importance of Maldives for India with
a focus on global trade and energy flows. Further also discuss how this relation-
ship affects India’s maritime security and regional stability amidst international
competition? 2024 10

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Groupings involving Increasing cross-border terrorist attacks in India and growing interference in
Immediate and Extended the internal affairs of several member-states by Pakistan are not conducive for
neighbours the future of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation).
Explain with suitable examples. 2016 12.5
Evaluate the economic and strategic dimensions of India’s Look East Policy in the
context of the post-Cold War international scenario. 2016 12.5
Critically examine the aims and objectives of SCO. What importance does it hold
for India? 2021 15
Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organisation like the SAARC? What are
the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign
policy objectives realized by forming this new organisation? 2022 10
‘Virus of Conflict is affecting the functioning of the SCO’. In the light of the above
statement point out the role of India in mitigating problems. 2023 10
Critically analyse India’s evolving diplomatic, economic and strategic relations
with the Central Asian Republics (CARs) highlighting their increasing significance
in regional and global geopolitics. 2024 10
Groupings beyond South Increasing interest of India in Africa has its pros and cons. Critically examine. 2015 12.5
Asia
“If the last few decades were of Asia’s growth story, the next few are expected
to be of Africa’s.” In the light of this statement, examine India’s influence in
Africa in recent years. 2021 10
The question of India’s Energy Security constitutes the most important part of
India’s economic progress. Analyze India’s energy policy cooperation with West
Asian Countries. 2017 15
‘Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad)’ is transforming itself into a trade bloc
from a military alliance, in present times - Discuss. 2020 15
The newly tri-nation partnership AUKUS is aimed at countering China’s ambi-
tions in the Indo-Pacific region. Is it going to supersede the existing
partnerships in the region? Discuss the strength and impact of AUKUS in the
present scenar- io. 2021 15
How will I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India’s position in
global politics ? 2022 15

International Relations
19. Effect of policies and politics of developed and
developing countries on India’s interests, Indian
diaspora.
Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks
Indian Diaspora ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of Ameri-
ca and European Countries’. Comment with examples. 2020 10
Indian Diaspora has an important role to play in South-East Asian countries’
economy and society. Appraise the role of Indian Diaspora in South- East Asia in
this context 2017 15
Indian diaspora has scaled new heights in the West. Describe its economic and
political benefits for India. 2023 10

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

Geo-politics affecting In- The proposed withdrawal of International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) from
dia’s Interest Afghanistan in 2014 is fraught with major security implications for the countries
of the region. Examine in light of the fact that India is faced with a plethora of
challenges and needs to safeguard its own strategic interests. 2013 10
What do you understand by ‘The String of Pearls’? How does it impact India?
Briefly outline the steps taken by India to counter this. 2013 10
‘China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to
develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement,
discuss its impact on India as her neighbor. 2017 10
A number of outside powers have entrenched themselves in Central Asia,
which is a zone of interest to India. Discuss the implications, in this context, of
India’s joining the Ashgabat Agreement, 2018. 2018 10
In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the
national interest of India? How should India respond to this situation? 2018 15
“The long-sustained image of India as a leader of the oppressed and marginal-
ised Nations has disappeared on account of its new found role in the
emerging global order”. Elaborate. 2019 15
‘The expansion and strengthening of NATO and a stronger US-Europe strategic
partnership works well in India.’ What is your opinion about this statement?
Give reasons and examples to support your answer. 2023 15
The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s
supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic
dominance.’ Explain this statement with examples. 2024 10
Miscelleneous “The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of a China, that is much more
challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.” Explain. 2021 10

International Relations
20. Important International institutions,
agencies and fora- their structure, mandate.
Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks
International Funding Some of the International funding agencies have special terms for economic
Agencies participation stipulating a substantial component of the aid to be used for
sourc- ing equipment from the leading countries. Discuss on merits of such
terms and if, there exists a strong case not to accept such conditions in the 2014 12.5
Indian context.
The World Bank and the IMF, collectively known as the Bretton Woods Insti-
tutions, are the two inter-governmental pillars supporting the structure of the
world’s economic and financial order. Superficially, the World Bank and the IMF
exhibit many common characteristics, yet their role, functions and mandate are
distinctly different. Elucidate. 2013 10
India has recently signed to become founding a New Development Bank (NDB)
and also the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) .How will the role of
the two Banks be different? Discuss the significance of these two Banks for
India. 2014 12.5

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Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS
2013-2024)

Microthemes UPSC PYQs Year Marks

United Nations ‘Too little cash, too much politics, leaves UNESCO fighting for life.’ Discuss the
statement in the light of US’ withdrawal and its accusation of the cultural body
as being ‘anti-Israel bias’. 2019 10
What are the aims and objectives of the McBride Commission of the UNESCO?
What is India’s position on these? 2016 12.5
What are the main functions of the United Nations Economic and Social Council
(ECOSOC)? Explain different functional commissions attached to it. 2017 10
Critically examine the role of WHO in providing global health security during
the Covid-19 pandemic. 2020 10
Discuss the impediments India is facing in its pursuit of a permanent seat in UN
Security Council. 2015 12.5
Terrorism has become a significant threat to global peace and security’. Evaluate
the effectiveness of the United Nations Security Council’s Counter-Terrorism
Committee (CTC) and its associated bodies in addressing and mitigating this
threat at the international level. 2024 15
WTO The aim of Information Technology Agreements (ITAs) is to lower all taxes and
tariffs on information technology products by signatories to zero. What impact
should such agreements have on India’s interests? 2014 12.5
The broader aims and objectives of WTO are to manage and promote interna-
tional trade in the era of globalization. But the Doha round of negotiations seem
doomed due to differences between the developed and the developing coun-
tries. Discuss in the Indian perspective. 2016 12.5
What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present con-
text of ‘Trade War’, especially keeping in mind the interest of India? 2018 15
WTO is an important international institution where decisions taken affect
countries in profound manner. What is the mandate of WTO and how binding
are their decisions? Critically analyse India’s stand on the latest round of talks
on Food security. 2014 12.5
Miscelleneous ‘Sea is an important Component of the Cosmos’. Discuss in the light of the
above statement the role of the IMO(International Maritime Organisation) in
protecting environment and enhancing maritime safety and security. 2023 15
Clean energy is the order of the day. Describe briefly India’s changing policy to-
wards climate change in various international fora in the context of geopolitics. 2022 15

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GS-III
01. Indian Economy (issues re: planning, mobilisation of
resources, growth, development, employment);
02. Inclusive growth and issues arising from it
03. Government Budgeting
04. Major Crops - Cropping patterns in various parts of the country
05. Different types of irrigation and irrigation systems
[Link], transport and marketing of Agricultural produce and issues and
related constraints
07. E- technology in the aid of farmers
08. Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and MSP;
PDS (objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping, issues of
buffer stocks & food security), Technology Missions
09. Economics of Animal-Rearing
10. Food processing and related industries in India (scope &
signif- icance, location, upstream-downstream requirements,
supply chain management);
11. Land Reforms in India
12. Effects of Liberalisation on the economy; Changes in Industrial
policy & their effects on industrial growth
13. Infrastructure (energy, ports, roads, airports, railways);
Invest- ment models
14. Science and Technology- developments and their applications
and effects in everyday life
15. Achievements of Indians in S&T; Indigenisation of technology
& developing new technology
16. Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, na-
no-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intellectual
property rights
[Link], environmental pollution and degradation, environmental
impact assessment
18. Disaster and Disaster Management
19. Linkages between Development & spread of Extremism
20. Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges
to internal security.
21. Challenges to internal security through communication
networks, role of media and social networking sites in internal
security chal- lenges, basics of cyber security; money-laundering
and its preven- tion.
22. Security challenges and their management in border areas -
linkages of organized crime with terrorism.
23. Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate.
Microthemes in UPSC Mains (GS 2013-2024)

GS 3 Year-wise PYQ Analysis

Syllabus 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Total
1. Indian Economy (issues re: planning, mo- 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 2 2 4 1 21
bilisation of resources, growth, development,
employment);
2. Inclusive growth and issues arising from it 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 10
3. Government Budgeting 2 1 1 1 1 1 7
4. Major Crops - Cropping patterns in various 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 11
parts of the country
5. Different types of irrigation and irrigation 1 1 2 1 1 6
systems
6. Storage, transport and marketing of 1 1 1 1 4
Agricultur- al produce and issues and related
constraints
7. E- technology in the aid of farmers 1 1 1 3
8. Issues related to direct and indirect 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 12
farm subsidies and MSP; PDS (objectives,
functioning, limitations, revamping, issues
of buffer stocks & food security), Technology
Missions
9. Economics of Animal-Rearing 1 1
10. Food processing and related industries 1 1 1 1 1 1 6
in India (scope & significance, location,
upstream-downstream requirements, supply
chain management);
11. Land Reforms in India 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7
[Link] of Liberalisation on the economy; 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 13
Changes in Industrial policy & their effects on
industrial growth
13. Infrastructure (energy, ports, roads, air- 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 15
ports, railways); Investment models
14. Science and Technology- 5 1 1 2 1 2 2 14
developments and their applications and
effects in every- day life
15. Achievements of Indians in S&T; Indi- 1 1 1 1 4
genisation of technology & developing new
technology
16. Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Com- 1 1 4 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 3 2 22
puters, robotics, nano-technology, bio-tech-
nology and issues relating to intellectual
property rights
17. Conservation, environmental pollution and 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 2 3 3 4 2 27
degradation, environmental impact assessment

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