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cognizancejournal.

com
Chezka Meluh May A. Isidro et al, Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol.4, Issue.6, June 2024, pg. 360-399
(An Open Accessible, Multidisciplinary, Fully Refereed and Peer Reviewed Journal)
ISSN: 0976-7797
Impact Factor: 4.843
Index Copernicus Value (ICV) = 77.57

Growing Up with Same-Sex Parents: An Exploration on Filipino

Teenagers with Having Same-Sex Couples as Parents
Chezka Meluh May A. Isidro1; John Rev V. Angeles1; Shane B. Audije1; Mary Ann B. Gutierrez1;
Trixie Mae A. Pascua1; Raissa Marie O. Quitilen1; Mhykaela T. Bautista2
¹Senior High School Department, Laguna State Polytechnic University, Philippines
²College of Teacher Education, Laguna State Polytechnic University, Philippines
1
[email protected]; 2 [email protected]

DOI: 10.47760/cognizance.2024.v04i06.022

Abstract— This research investigates various formation processes that have been developed by teenagers who
have same-sex couples as parents. Same-sex parenting in the Philippines faces challenges due to deep
religious traditions that view it as unconventional. This topic aims to explore the experiences of Filipino
teenagers undergoing puberty with same-sex couples as parents, focusing on adopting and raising a child of
a relative. The study revealed that adolescents experienced various challenges despite having same-sex
parents. In our analysis of this topic, this study found out the possible causes of adolescents in their
adjustments in society including their socializing with other people, difficulty in opening the topic about their
same-sex parents, difficulty in making friends, lack of communication with their same-sex parents, and also
in their experiencing changes in the body and its behavior during their adolescence in the care of their same-
sex parents. This study resulted in the teenagers' behavioral changes, the majority being the teenagers’ sole
perception on different things without much influence from their same-sex parents and their socialization
being unaffected due to the environment that they live in. However, these results are dependent on how their
parents raised them and how the society reacts with their family structure.

Keywords— gender identity, gender expression, Filipino adolescent, same-sex parents, same-sex couples

I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the rising number of discussions concerning same-sex marriages has led to allowing them in
multiple countries. As recently as 2015, twenty countries have legalized same-sex parents (Freedom to Marry,
2015). While marriage equality in the Philippines is still far from being accepted, it doesn‘t stop LGBTQ+
couples from forming families through their means (Archive, 2021). The rise of same-sex parenting is
dependent on the availability of options to have children, with the most common options being adoption and co-
parenting (Gurevich, 2021). A large number of gay and lesbian parents are gradually accepted by Filipino
society, however, there is still a strong opposition from the Catholic Church to this unconventional way of
parenting (Galindo et al., 2017). The researchers are exploring the experiences of Filipino Teenagers while
growing up with same-sex couples as parents.
This topic aims to shed light on the children‘s experiences in growing up with same-sex couples as parents.
Despite the public‘s attitude towards same-sex parenting growing to be more favorable each year, there are still
countless prejudices and violence in their daily lives due to their sexual orientation. These prejudice roots came
from the traditional gender roles that are expected within a family, wherein men and women are expected to
behave to their gendered stereotypes and be able to meet those gender roles. Additionally, people with a stronger
belief of traditional gender role values tend to have a more negative attitude towards homosexuality (Ng et al.,
2023). There tends to be a bias against same-sex parents, as some tend to believe that they are overall less
emotionally stable, responsible, competent, sensitive, and nurturing than heterosexual parents. With a higher
anti-homosexual prejudice leads to believing that same-sex parenting was tied to more negative outcomes
(Massey et al., 2013). Understanding the perspective of same-sex parenting from a child could dismantle how
most people see same-sex parenting as a whole and how sexual orientation is not a factor in good parenting.
The Philippines is well-known to be one of the most LGBTQ+ friendly countries in Asia, despite the deeply
enriched Catholic culture (De Guzman, 2022). There is a growing number of supporters for the LGBTQ+
members within the Philippines, but faith has been the biggest hurdle among the community to have their rights
accepted and to flourish (Westerman, 2023). Despite the reputation onto being a LGBTQ+ friendly country,
there are still countless experiences especially within the youth of discrimination, bullying, lack of related

©2024, Cognizance Journal, cognizancejournal.com, All Rights Reserved 360

cognizancejournal.com
Chezka Meluh May A. Isidro et al, Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol.4, Issue.6, June 2024, pg. 360-399
(An Open Accessible, Multidisciplinary, Fully Refereed and Peer Reviewed Journal)
ISSN: 0976-7797
Impact Factor: 4.843
Index Copernicus Value (ICV) = 77.57

information with the LGBTQ+ community, and physical or sexual assault. Despite congress passing the Anti-
Bullying Law of 2013, it still didn‘t fully help protect the LGBTQ+ youth with the mistreatment they face
everyday. Any efforts to address the discrimination against LGBTQ+ people have been met with resistance by
religious leaders, warning that recognizing of LGBTQ+ rights might open the door to same-sex marriage,
divorce, and many more things that are seen as immoral or wrong (Thoreson, 2023). The SOGIE bill or known
as sexual orientation and gender identity expression remains unpassed in the senate. The discussions of this bill
was first triggered by a Filipino transgender woman with a discriminatory experience in a bathroom (Abesamis
& Alibudbud, 2023). In the year 2000, the bill was first filed to the congress, the bill became the longest-
running bill to be under Senate interpellation as it sits in the legislative body for 23 years. Countless religious
groups and politicians have made it a point to stop or delay the passage of the law. There is a contradiction on
how it is the most accepting country of the LGBTQ+ members as the Social Weather Stations survey stated that
at least 60% of Filipinos knows someone gay, but only 2 out of 10 will accept same-sex marriage (Hapal, 2023).
The social struggle of being in the LGBTQ+ community as they continue to fight towards their acceptance
and attitudes in the Philippines is still an issue today. Numerous movements and events were made to support
the community but in the Philippines heterosexual people still view homosexuality negatively and this results in
the prominent homonegativity (Reyes et al., 2021). This battle for their rights and equalities has been going on
for a while but it has significantly improved when people concluded that LGBTQ+ members of the community
should be treated equally as everyone else (Esmabe et al., 2024). With their rights being slowly recognized, the
rise of same-sex parenting also emerged in the Philippines despite its traditional norms, religious influences, and
its conservative society. Same-sex couples came up with various strategies to form a family such as adoption
and raising children of a family relative. The couple's experiences in parenting involved both challenges and
opportunities for their family. One of its significant struggles being discrimination and exclusion and the
opportunities being the reshaping of traditional gender roles within the household (Ballaret, 2024). With their
parenting style, same-sex couples developed the value of acceptance in raising their children thus concluding
that parenting is beyond gender (Galindo et al., 2017).
Over the last decade of conducting studies with different and wide spectrum of methodological approaches, a
review outlines the critiques and findings on a child‘s well-being in an American same-sex parents household.
In a recent social science structure, it is stated that children who grew up with same-sex parents are no different
than those children who grew up with different-sex parents in terms of their cognitive development, social
development, psychological well-being, etc. However no singular research strategy is a perfect assessment of a
child‘s outcome, the reason why it is important to continue and pursue multiple strategies to help understand a
child‘s well-being in a same-sex parent household (Manning et al., 2014). A study conducted in Italy states that
children with same-sex parents are reported to be well advantaged in terms of prosocial behavior and
psychological adjustments (Baiocco, 2018). From a global perspective, it is difficult to differentiate a child‘s
well-being with same-sex parents and with different-sex parents due to the unequal societal and legal protections
received by both family households (Biblarz et al., 2014).
Same-sex parents in Calamba City, Laguna used a permissive style in managing their children, they are high
in responsiveness in terms of explaining the reasons behind their rule and they are low in demandingness.
(Penaflorida et al., 2023). This local study is very limited on the parenting style of same-sex parents here in the
Philippines and limited to a 14 to 15 year old age bracket with their academic performances. As teenagers grow
into functioning adults for society, they first have to go through puberty. As puberty is a transitional period of
physical and behavioral development between childhood and adulthood; there is a distinct maturation that
occurs during it (Herting & Sowell, 2017). There are multiple changes associated with it and along with that is a
vulnerability towards mental diseases. Teenagers face not only a new set of changes, but challenges that could
correlate to the mechanisms of their behavioral responses (Holder & Blaustein, 2014). In line with this, it may
pose a question on how growing up with same-sex parents affects teenagers during puberty? This led the
researchers to seek answers to several questions such as; ‗What are the behavioral outcomes of Filipino
teenagers who grew up with same-sex couples as parents?‘ and ‗What are the teenagers‘ experiences undergoing
puberty with having same-sex parents while growing up in a Filipino household?‘. While there are studies about
same-sex parents internationally, there is still a very limited study here in the Philippines that focuses on the
Filipino teenagers' actual experiences and their behavioral outcomes while undergoing puberty. This research
may benefit the future towards the enlightenment of people towards same-sex parents and allow them to
improve their current and overall experiences in the near future.

©2024, Cognizance Journal, cognizancejournal.com, All Rights Reserved 361

The social stigma continues to persist in the Philippines due to the conservative nature of its culture that is
deeply rooted in strong religious and traditional beliefs that continues to prevail to this day. Regardless of the
growing global acknowledgment of same-sex couples and LGBTQ+ rights, the Philippines continues to get left
behind; leaving their advocates to continue and fight for their rights.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

An article by De Guzman (2022) identifies how hard it is being an openly LGBT member and being a devout
Catholic in the Philippines. Despite the conservative backdrop, the Philippines is recognized as one of the most
LGBT-friendly countries in Asia, showcasing a unique coexistence of conflict and harmony between traditional
doctrinaire teachings on identity and modern societal values. The family, being the smallest unit within society,
has its expected roles, responsibilities, and structure. By having same-sex parents there is a major change
expected to happen that they need to face. As it is not fully accepted and acknowledged in the Philippines, a
non-traditional family structure is expected to have its number of issues, concerns, and challenges raised by its
family members. Couples have reported experiencing issues such as homophobia, heterosexism, and an
economic disadvantage. Some of the children of these couples say they experience stigmatization, like rejection
(Mendoza, 2018).
Despite the distinctive nature of this family structure, there is still a widespread belief that an individual's
sexual orientation, parental sexual orientation, or the family's structural composition should not preclude them
from being considered a responsible parent, capable of fostering a productive and functional family. Parenting is
widely regarded as one of the most rewarding experiences, witnessing the unique growth of one's children.
However, it also comes with its challenges, especially within diverse family structures, such as those with gay
and lesbian parents. Acceptance becomes a crucial factor, particularly for the children in these families, as their
familial dynamics differ from conventional norms. There is a prevailing societal perception that being a gay or
lesbian parent may compromise one's ability to be an effective caregiver, especially when it comes to raising
children who may later identify as gay or lesbian. Concerns about potential challenges for the children often
arise, but in such cases, the parents remain committed to accepting and guiding their children through the unique
aspects of their family situation (Galindo et al., 2017).
In line with that, according to Tus (2021), children with lesbian parents likely have to struggle in handling the
disclosure of their family situation to others. It is shown that grown children raised by lesbian parents display
diverse responses when it comes to revealing details about their family background. In contrast, some
participants expressed reluctance in openly discussing having homosexual parents and exhibited different levels
of transparency based on their age.
An article conducted by Anonas and Alampay (2015) stated that in the Philippines, parental attitudes towards
child rearing are thought to be more authoritarian than progressive. It was found that the use of verbal
punishment, regardless of the parent's gender, is unhelpful to positive child development. Parents inherently act
as role models for their children. Researchers asserted that discipline events involving the same-sex parent and
child will be more strongly represented and have a greater impact compared to discipline events where the
parent and child are of the opposite sex. Research indicates that children are influenced by their parents' gender-
specific expectations, which reflect cultural norms of masculinity and femininity. This observation is grounded
in the social learning theory, which states that children are more likely to emulate the actions of their same-sex
parents.
According to a Trappolin (2022) study, same-sex couples with children are seen as the new frontier in family
research and examples of innovative yet challenging models of family living. In keeping with that, same-sex
partners encounter various challenges in parenthood and parenting styles, and this situation of uncertainty is a
result of the lack of legal recognition of their reproductive and parental rights as well as discourses and
institutional practices that either implicitly reaffirm heterosexuality as necessary to (good) parenting or neglect
the existence and needs of same-sex parent families (Monaco & Nothdurfter, 2022). Furthermore, same-sex
parents anticipate rejection not only of themselves, but they expect the rejection of their children, which adds
stress unique to same-sex parents to general stress experienced by all parents (Mazrekaj et al., 2022). However,
the adolescents parented by same-sex stated that they view themselves as no different from other adolescents, as
well as that they reported positive aspects of health, particularly in areas of general health and family activities,
even though they do experience stigma and have an impact on their well-being furthermore (Crouch et al., 2014).
Furthermore, an article conducted by Hart (2023) stated that based on an analysis of 34 studies published
between 1989 and April 2022 conducted in nations that legally recognize same-sex relationships, parents‘ sexual

©2024, Cognizance Journal, cognizancejournal.com, All Rights Reserved 362

orientation is not an essential factor in children‘s development. It is also stated by Vallerand (2022), that sexual
orientation doesn‘t impact a person‘s parenting skills or the way their children are raised. In agreement with that,
Bos et al. (2016) stated that same-sex parents show no differences with different sex parents despite same-sex
parents reporting more parenting stress. Nevertheless, there are still distinctions, mothers are good at detecting
their children's emotions, postures, and gestures simply by looking at their faces and fathers possess excellence
in providing discipline and a safe environment, and embracing life's challenges (Fitzgibbons, 2015). However,
in our society, mothers are still considered the primary parent.
Same-sex partners raise their kids by always educating them about LGBTQ+ families and relationships
(Bailey, 2019). However, some same-sex partners don‘t since they fear that their family could be perceived as
bad to the world (Christensen, 2019). Furthermore, Sullins (2014) stated that children with same-sex parents
may suffer higher teasing, isolation, or bullying from their peers, leading to greater emotional distress even
though several studies emphasized that there are no statistically significant differences between children with
same-sex and different-sex parents in terms of behavioral outcomes (Mazrekaj et al., 2022). In accordance with
Bédard et al. (2023), exposure to homophobia can result in psychosocial challenges among adolescents raised by
lesbian and gay parents. This can negatively impact the mental health of these adolescents and increase their risk
of psychological distress and substance abuse. Research findings indicate that compared to their peers surveyed
in a representative study, teenagers from lesbian and gay-parent households reported higher levels of
psychological distress and involvement in hard drug use. Nevertheless, they reported fewer instances of
contemplating suicide. The study encompasses significant relationships between psychological challenges and
experiences of homophobic victimization. Even though society as a whole has a more positive view of sexual
minorities, teenagers from families with lesbian and homosexual parents still face risk factors that could
negatively affect their psychological well-being.

2.1. Theoretical Framework

To facilitate the reader‘s understanding of the study, this theoretical framework references and discusses the
associated ideas that form the basis of the subsequent variables.
According to American psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Gender Development. As per
Kohlberg‘s theory, a child‘s understanding of gender changes as they become older (due to maturation). Within
the theory, he identified the three stages in gender development: gender identity, gender stability, and gender
constancy. Children start to realize that sex is permanent in all circumstances and over time when they are 6 to 7
years old. They begin to behave like members of their gender once they have this understanding. Kohlberg
argued that gender development is not based on biological instincts or cultural norms but on a child's cognitive
understanding of the social world, with gender identity development influenced by their sense of male or female,
which is close to conforming to Piaget's theory.
Through logical analysis, adult children can be seen in different ways to develop their gender and help them
more definitely discover their gender. In order to entirely understand Kohlberg's theory, one must first
comprehend what a "schema" is in terms of cognitive development. Children comprehend the world and, in this
instance, their gender through conceptual patterns in their minds called schemas (Cuncic, 2023). Preferences
vary from person to person, so these theories can be the foundation to understand the interrelationships of these
variables. Considering these experiential theories, variables can expand their options and develop their thinking
skills, especially at times like self-gender analysis.
Referencing this to the Gender Schema Theory that was first introduced in 1981 by Sandra Bem, children
learn the roles of female and male from the culture they live in, from this they adjust to their surroundings and
align with the gender norms in the society. This theory proposes that the ideas about gender also depend on the
culture that they grow up experiencing; it plays a significant role for them to understand how the gender
expectations are culturally and socially constructed. This theory also encourages researchers to investigate the
marginalized population, stereotyping, discrimination, and mental health. Gender schemas are easier to
understand if you have a better understanding of how you interact with the world and how their beliefs impact
your behavior. However when these gender schemas are nonconfronted they may be pressured to change their
behavior or face societal rejection to disapproval. Bem believed that this theory is limited only to the women,
men, and society as a whole, raising children who are free from these stereotyping, limitations, and
discriminations would lead to fewer restrictions and better freedom of free will.
The Theory of Gender Development states that having parental figures who are not part of the
traditional gender roles at a very young age could influence a child while growing up to have to have their own

©2024, Cognizance Journal, cognizancejournal.com, All Rights Reserved 363

sense of gender or in male or female. If they happen to lack a parent of the opposite gender during their
development, it may affect their development as a man or woman in the world. The Gender Schema theory
proposes that the culture they grow up in have an influence on gender role expectations, if one person saw that a
female‘s role in their culture is to be loving and caring and the man as the one who‘s working then the child
will form schema related to what a woman and man can and cannot do. However, people who do not adhere to
this cultural norm may be subjected to societal disapproval. The social learning hypothesis uses imitation and
observation to explain human behavior. According to the theory, people learn socially in addition to
academically. This means we learn from our peers, parents, instructors, coaches, etc., rather than solely from
books.
Correlating with the Theory of Gender Development, having parental figures who are not part of the
traditional gender roles at a very early age could influence a child while growing up to have their own sense of
male or female. If they happen to lack a parent of the opposite gender during their development, this might
affect how they develop as a man or a woman in the world. Gender Schema theory may affect their behavior
because of societal behaviors due to having same-sex parents and with the gender schemas happening around
the culture they live in while growing up. While the social learning theory allows children to pick up what they
observe, it can also play a role in their development while being taken care of by same-sex parents. May this
might have an effect on how they socialize, behave, or act according to a gender identity. All theories show that
children taken care of same-sex couples could have a different influence than when they are raised by a
heterosexual couple.

2.2. Research Questions

The study aims to find out how having same-sex parents influences behavior and social interaction of
teenagers who grew up with them. Specifically, it sought answers to the following research questions:
1. What are the influences of having same-sex couples as parents on a teenager‘s social interaction?
2. What are the teenagers‘ experiences undergoing puberty with having same-sex couples as parents while growing
up in a Filipino household?
3. How does the parent‘s gender expression & identity influence the teenager's gender identity?
4. What are the behavioral outcomes of teenagers who grew up with same-sex couples as parents?

III. METHODS
3.1. Research Design
This research utilized a narrative research approach. It is a way to understand experiences allowing a
collaboration between the researcher and participants over time (Clandinin et al., 2013). It is a qualitative
approach that allows the participant to describe and explain an event from their perspective. Making the
researcher understand the narratives of the experiences of teenagers with same-sex parents and how it has
various influences on the aspects of their lives. This research design could be described as a methodology that
consists of gathering stories about a certain theme for the researcher to find out about a specific phenomenon.
To collect the data some of the techniques that are used are interviews, journals, autobiographies, oral recording,
and field notes.

3.2. Respondents of the Study

The participants were chosen using purposive sampling, which is non-randomized and selects a smaller
subset of the population to represent it logically. The participants of the study who were chosen are ten (10)
teenagers who grew up with same-sex couples as parents aged 13 to 19 years old currently residing in Laguna
who‘s been in a same-sex couple household for at least 5 years in order to facilitate the acquisition of target
participants that yield suitable information for the study. The study's objectives were clearly supported by a
rationale that highlights the distinctions between the groups.

3.3. Data Gathering Instrument and Procedures

The research instrument that was used in the study is a research-made semi-structured questionnaire. This
was used as a guide for the researchers to be able to obtain the narratives of the participants with their stories
properly. The semi-structured content with open-ended questions allowed the researchers to ask follow-up
questions to further probe responses from the participants.

©2024, Cognizance Journal, cognizancejournal.com, All Rights Reserved 364

The researchers prepared an online interview with the researcher-made questionnaire that went through
expert validation. The participants were given an informed consent form before the interview along with the
research instrument and guide questions for them to have a full understanding of the study they are participating
in. After agreeing to the informed consent, an online interview was conducted through Zoom, Google Meet, or
face-to-face interviews, scheduled at a convenient time for both participants and researchers. The interview was
recorded for accuracy, but the participants are kept anonymous. The interview was transcribed and analyzed
with thematic analysis to find key themes and patterns.

3.4 Scope and Limitations

This research sought to elucidate the intricate influences of growing up with same-sex parents on the
traditional Filipino household towards their social interaction and behavior of teenagers, specifically those aged
13 to 19 who have been in a same-sex couple household for at least 5 years, who possess a unique ability to
articulate their experiences comprehensively. The research encompasses an in-depth investigation into the social
stigma and challenges they face, critically evaluating the advantages and disadvantages associated with having
same-sex parents and probing into the consequences of the absence of an opposite-gender parent within such
family structures. To ensure a focused examination, the study was confined to Laguna, with a deliberate
exclusion of heterosexual families and other family types. By concentrating on teenagers with same-sex couples
as parents, the study aims to contribute towards reducing social stigma and fostering inclusivity in this specific
demographic. Participants underwent an informed consent process with parental authorization obtained before
engaging in online interviews during their free time. While these parameters define the study's focus, the
limitations include potential geographical restrictions in generalizing findings and the exclusive emphasis on a
specific family structure, acknowledging the need for cautious interpretation of results within these defined
parameters.

3.5 Ethical Considerations

Voluntary Participation: The researchers ensured that participants were aware of the nature of the study and
provided informed consent before participating. This ensured that participants were willing and voluntary in
their participation.
Anonymity and Confidentiality: The researchers maintained the confidentiality of personal information and
ensured the anonymity of participants to protect their privacy and dignity.
Expert Validation: The research instrument was validated by experts to ensure its quality and relevance to the
study's objectives.
Objective Data Analysis: The researchers approached the data with an objective mindset and remained
transparent with co-researchers to openly share data and verify findings. This helped to minimize bias and
discrimination during the data analysis process.
Protection of Participants' Rights: The researchers ensured that the individuals' rights were not compromised
during the study, particularly in the case of sensitive or personal questions that could result in privacy violation.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

SOCIAL INTERACTION

Table 1. Influences of having same-sex parents on a teenager’s social interaction

Emerging Themes Codes

Experienced no bad interactions Openly sharing about same-sex parents and seeing improvement within the environment (P1)
because of good environment

Freely shares their experience with same-sex parents (P2)

Having no bad interactions due to a good environment (P2)

Accepting environment and peers encountered a similar circumstance (P2)

©2024, Cognizance Journal, cognizancejournal.com, All Rights Reserved 365

Isn‘t questioned on having same-sex parents (P3)

Isn‘t bothered by others‘ questions (P3)

Accepted by peers (P3)

Doesn‘t affect social interaction (P4)

Didn‘t experience any negative interaction (P4)

No drastic changes after knowing the teenager‘s has same-sex parents (P4)

Open about their experiences of having same-sex parents (P5)

Peers having a neutral reaction towards them having same-sex parents (P6)

Has understanding peers who are in the same situation (P6)

Being transparent when it comes to relationships with friends that are in the LGBTQIA+ (P9)

Current environment is open towards their same-sex parents which led them to being
comfortable talking about it (P10)

Experienced difficulties in Struggling to communicate with new parent (P5)

connecting

Avoidance of other people due to misinterpreted gender identity because of same-sex parents
(P6)

Same-sex parents has no effect on social interaction (P7)

Having difficulties in connecting to peers and others (P8)

Experiencing teasing (P8)

Having a hard time with homophobic people (P9)

Challenges in openly discussing same-sex relationships, due to others‘ questions (P10)

Transparency due to societal rejection (P10)

Difficulties communicating with Struggling to communicate to peers (P8)

peers

Comfortable with interacting with Comfortable with the concept of same-sex and peers with people in the LGBTQ community
same-sex and LGBTQ peers (P9)

Beliefs against religious teachings Seen as against the teachings of a catholic church (P1)

Welcoming towards gender equality Being open to gender equality (P5)

Received acceptance from others Acceptance from peers (P7, P7)

Having a negative experience due to People leaving due to unacceptance (P1)

having same-sex parents

There were both positive and negative influences on the teenagers‘ social interaction that emerged
within the themes. Each teenagers‘ social interactions were different as it depended on the people that are
involved within their interaction. Some experienced no bad interactions and received acceptance due to the

©2024, Cognizance Journal, cognizancejournal.com, All Rights Reserved 366

welcoming environment that they‘re in. However, some experienced negative interactions such as difficulties in
connecting and communicating with their peers because of their same-sex parents. Another factor involved is
when their peers question why their family structure and set-up is different from a typical family set-up makes
them feel as if they were different from them. One mentioned how their beliefs go against the religious
teachings found within their church. Stating that these practices made them feel different amongst others.

A. Experienced No Bad Interactions Because of Good Environment

Due to the open-mindedness and similar experiences of others they engage with, the participant have
consistently avoided any unfavourable interactions. The participant's capacity to easily make contacts and create
friendships has been aided by this supportive environment. A welcoming environment where the participant
feels accepted and at ease has been established by the empathy and understanding that people with comparable
backgrounds have for one another.

“...Hindi naman ako naka-encounter ng difficulties in terms of ano making friends since let's say factor na rin
yung pagkakaroon ng good environment. So most of my peers and the people around me are open minded. So
ayon, and siguro factor na rin na I have some friends who‟s in the same situation as mine ganon.”
(...I haven‟t encountered any difficulties in terms of making friends since let‟s say that another factor is having a
good environment too. So most of my peers and the people around me are open minded. So, maybe another
factor is that I have some friends who're in the same situation as mine.) (P2)

The participant found that social interactions went much more effortlessly in a nurturing setting,
particularly when interacting with others who showed empathy and understanding and who had similar
circumstances in life. Because of the respectful and encouraging environment this setting created, the
participants felt free to express themselves honestly without worrying about being understood or judged. A
child's development and well-being greatly depend on positive connections with other children of same-sex
parents. Studies show that a stable bond protects against prejudice and internalized stigma, which in turn results
in more favorable views of same-sex parent-child relationships (Trub et al., 2016). The participant's confidence
and sense of belonging were enhanced by the supportive and affirming environment provided by those who
shared their views. In general, the participant's sense of well-being and belonging in their social circles has been
much enhanced by this lack of adversity in social interactions.

B. Experienced Difficulties in Connecting

The participant asserted that they had difficulty connecting with other people they met because of their
same-sex parents. This sense of detachment is heightened by adolescent curiosity and critical questioning,
during which teenagers begin to develop critical thinking skills and frequently ask probing questions.

“Nagkakaroon po ng difficulties sa pag connection… Nag-aask sila ng questions na paano nila ako nagawa
ganyan, paano nila ako naano, ganun. It's kinda weird for me, ganun. Tapos, parang di naman bagay
magkaroon ng same-sex parents, ganon.”
(Having difficulties in connecting…They ask questions like how did they make me like that, how did they make
me what, like that. It's kinda weird for me, like that. Then, it doesn't seem like it's okay to have same-sex parents,
like that.) (P8)

Being asked such questions makes the participant uncomfortable, making it difficult for them to
connect with their peers. Adolescents with depression often perceive loneliness as a barrier, leading to a cycle of
dissatisfaction and depression due to the debilitating nature of their symptoms and the lack of disclosure
(Achterbergh et al., 2020). Furthermore, studies have shown that children raised in non-heteronormative
households face a variety of situational circumstances that affect their self-development, including prejudice,
homophobia, and stigma (Lawson, 2016). This can make it difficult for them to build close relationships and
communicate effectively with their parents. Consequently, the participant's experience highlights the value of
creating an inclusive atmosphere in which children from different family matters can grow without fear of
public criticism.

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C. Difficulties Communicating with Peers

A participant highlighted the social barriers that children of same-sex parents experience. The
participant struggles to communicate with peers and feel uneasy about sharing their family status. These barriers
can disrupt a person's inner balance and hinder effective interpersonal communication, making it difficult to
attain communication goals and necessitating greater effort to overcome for the participant.

“It's really hard to communicate with others like my peers.. „cause I have these same-sex parents and they don't
have that and siguro curious sila about my life… it feels awkward for me.”
(It's really hard to communicate with others like my peers… „cause I have these same-sex parents and they don't
have that and maybe they're curious about my life… It feels awkward for me.) (P8)

Overall, the scenario occurs because their peers, who typically have heterosexual parents, might be
curious about the participants' family structure. Peers' curiosity is most likely caused by a lack of knowledge or
exposure to diverse family systems, exacerbating participant 8's feelings of being different. In line with findings
from Poikey (2018), for most children, school is a vital environment to build friendships and develop social
skills. Effective socialization is critical for children, regardless of their communication impairments. Individuals
dealing with social anxiety often find it difficult to open up and engage with others in meaningful ways,
particularly in social settings where they assume criticism or think their presence will bother others (Jefferies &
Ungar, 2020). The difficulties connecting with peers indicate that the presence of same-sex parents can
influence a child's social skills and comfort levels. This could be due to a fear of being judged or having had
awful experiences when revealing their family history. The participant's experience underscores the need of
fostering greater awareness and acceptance of different family arrangements in order to build more inclusive and
supportive environments for children.

D. Comfortable with Interacting with Same-Sex and LGBTQ Peers

As participant stated that they were comfortable with their same-sex parents and whenever it came up
in the discussion about same-sex parents, they became more open. Children's protection from persistent
victimization and internalizing issues is moderately enhanced by friendships, acceptance from peers, and
supportive parents. Peer acceptance moderates these effects, and its relationship with facilitator parenting is
mediated (Healy & Sanders, 2018).

“Nagiging komportable po ako kase po may mga friends din po ako, mga peers po na… galing po sa ano part
po ng lgbtq so… komportable naman po…”
(I'm getting comfortable because I also have friends, have peers who are… from the lgbtq part so... I'm
comfortable…) (P9)

Both teenagers‘ capacity for autonomy and capacity for connecting with peers are linked closely to
their prior and concurrent experiences within the family. For this reason, participant showed being comfortable
to those who can comprehend their family structure. Teenagers' interactions with parents and peers can reinforce
and shape antisocial behavior. Teenagers are more likely to confide in their parents when at ease. Social
interaction patterns develop over two years by young people at risk of engaging in antisocial behavior (Cabrera
et al., 2017). Participants‘ connecting with others made them feel valued. The ease and openness that
participants experience in the context of same-sex parenting and peer acceptance are crucial to their social
development. Adolescents use less moral withdrawal mechanisms with successful peer communication, secure
attachment, and trust with their parents (Molchanov & Almazova, 2020). This supportive environment not only
develops a sense of belonging and self-worth but also mitigates the likelihood of antisocial behaviors,
emphasizing the importance of nurturing connections in promoting favorable teenage outcomes.

E. Beliefs Against Religious Teachings

Growing up with same-sex parents in a Catholic school presented social hurdles. The participant notes
that being at a Catholic school made the prospect of having same-sex parents "weird" and almost taboo among
peers, showing the impact of religion and cultural standards on social acceptance. Same-sex marriage is
controversial globally, with many countries prohibiting it due to anti-homosexual passages from religious
sources like Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. These passages, often rooted in the Old Testament, depict same-

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sex unions as unnatural and undesirable, arguing that only opposite-sex couples can have children. Some argue
that same-sex marriage should be prohibited due to the sacred meanings and linkages of marriage in religious
contexts (Poston, 2015). With this, the participant recalls negative interactions, such as losing friends who could
not accept the family setup.

“Sa akin po kasi ano nag-grow up po kasi ako sa isang Catholic school so I think that isa po sa mga naging
effects ng pagiging part ng isang Catholic school is that very ano po talaga very ano po uhh very weird di
naman sa taboo pero parang ganun na nga po sa kanila yung pagkakaroon ng same-sex parents and I think
doon lang po ako nagkaroon ng konting problems…”
(So for me I grew up in a Catholic school so I think one of the effects of being in a Catholic school is that it‟s
very weird uhh not really taboo, but I think it's like that for them the concept of having same-sex parents and I
think it‟s where I had some problems… ) (P1)

Despite the challenges, the participant‘s viewpoint reflects resilience and self-worth, as they emphasize
not needing others' approval to feel worthy of love and affection, an attitude that was most likely influenced by
their parents' openness and acceptance. Chiongbian et al. (2023) asserts that living in a profoundly religious
country can have significant consequences for LGBTQ+ people with strong religious ties, including
discrimination, exclusion, and prejudice. These people deal with cultural norms, family dynamics, and religious
communities, which shape their experiences and acceptance in society. This shows. Despite living in a modern
world, deep-seated beliefs against LGBTQ+ people persist and continue to cause harm, as Libiran et al. (2024)
note. The persistent influence of cultural and religious customs emphasizes the importance of gaining
knowledge and acceptance of varied family setups, reducing discrimination, and building inclusive social
environments.

F. Welcoming Towards Gender Equality

Having grown up with same-sex parents, the participant is friendlier and more encouraging. They are
inspired by their own experiences to promote gender equality, exhibiting a dedication to fair treatment and
participation for everyone. Due to the fact that the participant have same-sex parents and hence a unique
viewpoint on a variety of family dynamics, the participant is more receptive to speaking about same-sex
marriage.

“Mas ano na po ako sa mga same-sex marriage kasi po dahil po sa parents ko, na masyado na po akong
friendly sa mga ganon sa mga nagkakaroon po ng gender equality po.”
(I‟m more open to same-sex marriage because of my parents and I‟m more friendly towards those and for there
to be gender equality.) (P3)

Authentic gender equality entails empowering marginalized communities within society, particularly
the LGBTQ+ community. A greater comprehension and acceptance of such subjects have been cultivated by
growing up in this setting. Achieving gender equality and reducing inequality via social, economic, and political
inclusion is the goal of Sustainable Development Goals 5 and 10 of the UN 2030 Agenda. To promote
sustainable economies and benefit society and mankind, this entails granting equal access to healthcare,
education, decent work, and representation in decision-making processes (Eaton, 2023). It is crucial to recognize
that gender equality is more than just about women and men. As stated by De Looze et al. (2017) gender
equality in society fosters more socially supportive relationships. As reported by the participant, they are now
active proponents of a more welcoming and equitable society as a result of their experiences, which have
molded a strong dedication to advancing inclusivity and justice for all.

G. Received Acceptance From Others

Having same-sex parents is not something the participant feels compelled to disclose all the time, but
they are willing to talk about it if pressed. If the subject comes up in discussion, they are open and sincere even
though they don't actively bring it up. With this strategy, they can be open and transparent when needed, all
while protecting their privacy.

“Hindi naman po kailangan i-open na meron akong same-sex parents lagi sa kanila, uh… pero pag tinanong

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nila sasabihin ko naman.”

(None. I‟m not open to them,...I don‟t feel the need to always be open to them that I have same-sex parents but if
they‟ll ask, I‟ll tell them.) (P4)

Since the participant values their privacy and discretion, they don't feel the need to continually share
details about their upbringing with parents who are also of the same-sex. When the topic of their family history
comes up in discussion, they are still willing and open to talking about it. Though they don't actively discuss this
part of their lives, they are open to sharing their viewpoints and experiences when asked. They are able to
remain somewhat independent and at ease in their interactions while still being genuine and forthcoming when
necessary thanks to this well-balanced strategy. People rarely, if ever, engage in social interactions where they
are completely unaffected by whether or not they are being accepted by others, regardless of whether those
others are physically present or are merely responding to their rejection and lack of acceptance (Leary & Gabriel,
2022). Growing up in a conservative environment can lead to prejudice, while exposure to diverse experiences
fosters acceptance and understanding. Accepting oneself for who we are, embracing differences, and being
authentically ourselves can lead to more fulfilling relationships and a more fulfilling life (Michael, 2022). The
participant showed value and embraced themselves and their family.

H. Having a Negative Experience Due to Having Same-Sex Parents

The participant expressed negative experiences from others due to having same-sex parents. The
behaviors of other people changed towards them and their interactions towards other people are affected.
Prejudice against same-sex parenting and families are still very widespread, this results in conflicts that often
result in isolation and estrangement from their own community and damages the growth of children involved
(Iudici et al., 2020). Social discrimination and stereotyping are the reasons for these negative interactions from
other people. Because of this, the participant feels that other people are avoiding them because they don‘t
acknowledge the fact that they have same-sex parents. Even though children who grew up with same-sex
parents seem to be well in other aspects, the discrimination against same-sex families is the problem that needs
aid. This situation could be handled better if their parents' relationships were to be recognized legally and
socially.

“...Ang masasabi ko lang naman po na naging negative is yung mga tao po na parang mas pumiling lumayo
once na nalaman nila and di naman po ako nag-paapekto pero ayun po sa akin negative po siya ang dating po
nan sa amin ay di po nila kaya tanggapin yung circumstances.”
(...All I can say is that the only negative thing is the people who choose to go away once they find out and I
don‟t let myself get accepted by those, but for me it still comes as negative as they can‟t accept the
circumstances.) (P1)

Even with the increasing numbers of same-sex families, other people are finding it difficult to
acknowledge them as just one of the family types in our society. Forms of discrimination and stigma against
lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals are at risk for these societal attitudes which can internally affect
parent-related decisions and guidance negatively. In line with this, the behaviors, physical health, and mental
health of their children can also be affected (Trub et al., 2016). Participant experienced rejection from society as
they were avoided by her peers because of the unusual family set-up that they had. Stereotyping and social
discrimination were very prevalent in the society as they often don‘t accept atypical types of families, the reason
why other people look at them differently.

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EXPERIENCES IN PUBERTY

Table 2. Teenagers’ experiences undergoing puberty with having same-sex parents while growing up in a
Filipino household

Emerging Themes Codes

Guidance given from similar Same-sex parents having gone through similar things during puberty (P1, P2, P2)
experiences during puberty

Same-sex parents addressed the Gratified for being nurtured (P3)

needs during puberty

Receiving the same treatment and value teenager‘s feelings (P4)

Still met the needs of a teenager (P5)

Satisfied treatments from same-sex parents (P6)

Satisfied as given everything they asked for (P7)

Parental strictness during puberty and their expresses parental support and guidance (P10)

Navigating puberty changes with Having difficulties, but parents explaining the changes in puberty stage (P8)
Same-sex parents' guidance

Facing communication barriers with Teenager can‘t communicate to parents at times since parents protest too much (P5)
same-sex parents due to
circumstances

Isolate self to avoid lashing out to same-sex parents (P6)

Felt different and distance themselves from same-sex parents (P8)

Become aware to situation that wasn‘t too comfortable (P9)

Mentally affects them due to a traumatic event (P9)

Kept an open line of communication Didn‘t feel the need to distance themselves and kept an open communication with same-sex parents
with same-sex parents (P1)

Comfortable to tell everything to their same-sex parents (P1)

Distant from family members but stayed close with same-sex parents (P3)

Teenager doesn't distance themselves due to their parents being knowledgeable and helpful (P4)

Relationship with same-sex parents Didn't feel ashamed, but felt awkward (P2)
remained the same

Doesn‘t affect the relationship with same-sex parents during puberty stage (P7)

Family dissonance amidst supportive Family discord amid puberty despite support (P10)
efforts

Proper guidance given by same-sex Having someone who made aware about emotional changes and serves as a moral guide (P3)
parents

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Received guidance from same-sex parents (P4, P5)

Same-sex parents understands changes during puberty (P6)

Teaching behaviors according to teenager‘s gender (P7)

Receiving guidance in puberty stage (P8)

Provided guidance by same-sex parents during puberty (P9)

Unable to keep an open line of Physical changes are strictly explained by same-sex parents to avoid emotional changes due to lack
communication with same-sex of openness with same-sex parents (P10)
parents due to circumstances

Experiences within puberty differ among every participant connected with how their parents‘ handled
the changes that the participants are going through. Most of the parents addressed their childrens‘ needs and
guided them properly towards what could happen during puberty and how these changes could affect them
positively or negatively. Most of the participants kept an open line of communication with their parents as they
navigate them through the puberty stage. However, some participants expressed that they felt barriers when
trying to communicate with their parents. Within puberty, it depends on how the parents‘ handle their kids
within the stage of changes and how their kids are willing to be open with these changes.

A. Guidance Given from Similar Experiences During Puberty

Their common experience of puberty has led to a mutual understanding or familiarity with the situation,
which has fostered empathy and a sense of connection between them. Acknowledging similar struggles and
experiences paves the way for deep conversation and mutual support as they work through the intricacies of
puberty together. As they go through puberty together, this shared understanding strengthens their bond and
sense of connection.

“Yan po so sa puberty ko naman po uh my parents were very open about it po siguro mga 10, 11 years old po
na napapag-usapan na namin yun kasi I was also a very curious kid. Tapos since pare-parehas naman kami
dito na nireregla o ganun po ano very naging easy po sa akin yung pag aadjust sa mga naging changes sa
katawan ko kasi talagang pagka nung nag start na po ako sa puberty ko talagang todo reminders na po sa akin
kahit si daddy kahit sina mommy.”
(For my puberty uh my parents were very open about it, I guess since around 10, 11 years old we‟ve talked
about it since I was also a very curious kid. Since we‟re all getting our periods here, it became very easy for me
to adjust to the changes in my body. Since at the very beginning of puberty, I was given multiple reminders even
by my daddy and my mommy.) (P1)

The participant draws attention to the fact that both individuals have faced comparable circumstances
or difficulties in the past, suggesting a shared experience. Therefore, it's likely that one has previously dealt with
some of the puberty-related issues that the other is currently experiencing. Teenagers' experiences during
puberty are greatly influenced by the guidance they get. Research by Koirala (2023). highlights the value of
appropriate guidance and education during puberty, emphasizing the positivity and respect that should be
applied to sexuality and sexual interactions (Fogel, 2020). Their closeness and resiliency during adolescence are
strengthened by this shared knowledge, which offers insightful information, empathy, and encouragement. This
exemplifies that empathy and shared experiences enhance relationships, particularly during life transitions like
puberty, fostering resilience and well-being through mutual understanding and support.

B. Same-Sex Parents Addressed the Needs During Puberty

A participant mentioned that they were satisfied with what they were given. Given the right treatment
and felt valued with their companionship or understanding throughout their process of puberty. This showed that
going through puberty, despite having same parents in the end depended on how they handled it.

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“Satisfied naman ako kasi… yung mga bagay na kailangan ko naman nabibigay nila yung mga ano yung mga
affection na kailangan ko yung mga bagay na kailangan ko pang school yung mga kailangan ko lang.”
(I am satisfied because...the things I need are being given by them. The things like affection that I need, the
things I need for school, the things I just need.) (P3)

The individual feels satisfied because all of their needs are being met by their same-sex parents. This
satisfaction likely stems from the love, care, and support that the parents provide, ensuring that the participant's
physical, emotional, and psychological requirements are thoroughly addressed. Throughout puberty, parents can
help their child's emotional needs by being there, accessible, and knowledgeable about age-appropriate traits and
potential online hazards (Selby et al., 2021). It has been discovered that the fulfillment of fundamental
psychological needs predicts the well-being of both parents and adolescents, highlighting the important
influence that parental needs fulfillment has on teenagers' well-being through the satisfaction of their own needs
(Charbonneau & Camiré, 2019). Meeting a child's emotional and personal needs and seeing to their well-being
during puberty mostly depends on active parental involvement, accessibility, and knowledge of age-appropriate
qualities and internet risks.

Likewise, another respondent shares that the parents addressed their needs in a way that the same-sex
parents were highly protective and firm, ensuring that the participant received ample support during this
challenging phase.

“Ayon very protective sila ng time na‟yon since siguro nga nagdaan din sila, since ano babae din naman sila
ayon very strict sila nung mga time na nagsisimula yung puberty stage po. Yes po okay naman po sila, binibigay
naman po nila yung guidance, lahat-lahat okay naman po.”
(They‟re very overprotective at that time since I guess they also went through it and since they‟re both women
too. That‟s why they‟re very strict at the time when I started puberty. Yes they‟re fine, they give me the guidance
I need and overall they‟re okay.) (P10)

Sensitive and supportive parents help children develop and regulate their emotions; it has resulted in
greater levels of internalizing symptoms like anxiety, sadness, and loneliness (Lanjekar et al., 2022). They
offered essential understanding to assist the participant in comprehending and managing the diverse physical
and emotional transitions associated with puberty. Parents are essential in helping their kids go through puberty,
and different parenting philosophies have an effect on how their kids grow up. According to studies, young
people who receive emotional and material support from their parents are better able to cope with life's setbacks
and develop positive outlooks on them (White, 2019). Research on transgender kids and teenagers emphasizes
the need of parents' comprehension and assistance during this time, as well as the importance of getting access
to puberty blockers and the relief they can provide for the child (Horton, 2022). Parents of children at risk are
demonstrated to be emotionally stressed, but they also make an effort to punish their children in a positive and
effective way, demonstrating their dedication to good parenting practices even under trying circumstances
(Wilksch, 2023). Parents laid a great foundation for handling the difficulties and changes connected with
puberty by offering a strong sense of stability and support. Along with reassuring them that those changes are
normal and some temporary (Parenting Children Through Puberty and Adolescence, 2024). These statements
reveal that providing the needs of the children is not based on the parent's gender but on how they effectively
manage the household effectively.

C. Navigating Puberty Changes with Same-Sex Parents’ Guidance

The participant discusses having same-sex parents as growing up, which was a big help in
understanding the changes that come with puberty. The participant found going through puberty to be fairly
difficult, despite their parents' thorough and encouraging explanations; this could be because of personal
concerns of having same-sex parents.

“…medyo naging mahirap lang for me kasi I have the same-sex ano… parents. They actually explain kung ano
yung pagbabago sa akin, I mean yung pagbabago sa puberty ko.”
(...it was a little difficult for me because I have the same-sex what… parents. They actually explain what will
change in me, I mean the change in my puberty…) (P8)

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The duty of parents is to guide adolescents through the changes of their life and fulfilling their needs to
shape puberty adolescent behavior (Azhar et al., 2020). Parenting during this key stage of an adolescent life is
very crucial to the teenager because this is the point of changes and transitioning into a full grown adult. Puberty
can be the cause of the stress in both the parents and the child over the course of these changes, that‘s why
effective parenting during this stage can highlight positive trajectories throughout adolescents and of
recommendations to elaborate the understanding or transitions in the body and improve precision and resources
(Suleiman & Dahl, 2019). Although the participant had difficulties with the changes in their body, they
continued to seek guidance and advice through their parents throughout the course of puberty. More so, they
expressed enthusiasm in learning and adjusting to these changes from their parents.

D. Facing Communication Barriers with Same-Sex Parents due to Circumstances

Due to disagreements and complaints, the participant is unable to speak with their parents. There is
now a considerable emotional gap between them as a result of their inability to communicate. The individual
thus feels alone and misinterpreted by their family.

“Minsan po hindi na po nakakapag-communicate with parents po dahil po sa masyado po silang nagproprotest,

ganon po.”
(sometimes I can‟t communicate with my parents because they protest too much, like that.) (P5)

The individual finds it difficult to communicate with their parents because any attempt at conversation
ends in conflict or protest. This means that whenever the participant tries to talk to their parents, especially
about important or sensitive issues, the discussions quickly escalate into disagreements or arguments. Lack of
communication between parents and children can cause a number of problems and have a detrimental effect on
the behavior and emotional health of the child. Studies reveal that inadequate communication within families
can result in misinterpretations, discord, and potentially dissolution (Izzulhaq & Simanjuntak, 2022).
Understanding and supporting a child's conduct requires effective communication between parents and children
since it builds a solid bond and encourages healthy growth. (Dean et al., 2023). Strong relationships are
cultivated, understanding is increased, and trust is established via effective communication. In interpersonal
settings, effective communication facilitates the need for expression, dispute resolution, and emotional bonding.
Better decision-making and group advancement result from its ability to foster collaboration, encourage
transparency, and guarantee truthful sharing of ideas and information in both professional and social contexts.

E. Kept an Open Line of Communication with Same-Sex Parents

Participants' experiences during puberty show varied degrees of dependence and independence in their
relationship with their parents. Despite the emotional and hormonal changes that come with puberty, open
communication and parental support were critical to sustaining and developing these relationships. As
highlighted by Zhang (2020), parent-child communication is a significant challenge in households with
teenagers. Puberty has numerous implications, however, the participant did not have a phase wherein they try to
distance themselves from their same-sex parents.

“…Si mommy and daddy po talaga lagi kong nakakausap, lagi ko nakakasama parang nag go through po ako
dito noong nagstart yung pandemic so parang 24/7 magkasama po kami so parang no choice po lahat ng
nangyayari sinasabi ko sa kanila and they‟re very open about it naman po…”
(So there‟s that, when I was going through drastic changes like of course you‟re gonna be surprised with the
new multiple changes… I always talk to my mommy and daddy, I was always with them. I kind of went through
this when the pandemic started so it‟s like I was with them 24/7, so it‟s like I had no choice. Everything that
happened, I told them and they‟re very open about it…) (P1)

Their response reflects the importance of open communication, understanding, and support from
parents when negotiating the obstacles of puberty. As children enter adolescence, they seek independence and
privacy. Effective communication throughout crucial developmental stages, such as puberty, is essential. This
open communication not only strengthens the parent-child bond but also provides crucial guidance and helps
adolescents in better navigating each phase of puberty. Harmonious parent-child relationships and effective

©2024, Cognizance Journal, cognizancejournal.com, All Rights Reserved 374

communication among family members ensure that each individual's roles are fulfilled properly. When parents
provide adequate support based on their children's needs, the children reciprocate with love and respect
(Sa‘diyah et al., 2023). Through open communication, it enhances parent-child connections, minimizes
maladaptive behaviors, improves adolescents' quality of life, and promotes the development of pleasant
emotions in children (Lippold et al., 2015). Overall, parental support and communication play an important role
in making teenagers feel supported and understood, reducing alienation, and establishing closer, more resilient
family relationships.

F. Relationship with Same-Sex Parents Remained the Same

This participant focuses on how they perceive having same-sex parents in terms of emotional
experiences. During puberty, significant advances in the physical, cognitive, identity, moral, and emotional
domains occur amid changing social and familial circumstances. This period is frequently associated with
increasing strain on the parent-child connection, as well as a higher risk of conflict (Dhingra et al., 2017).
However, the participant's response indicates that they did not feel compelled to conceal this component of their
identity owing to emotional shifts. They admit to having created emotional walls around themselves, but they
stress that this had nothing to do with hiding their family structure. Instead, it appears to be a general emotional
protection mechanism, not a response to their parents' sexual orientation.

“...di naman siya nakaka- nakakaapekto yung puberty ko sa relationship sa parents ko, kasi nung nagpuberty
ako parang wala rin namang nagbago eh… Di ko naman naranasan na ilayo ko yung sarili ko sa parents ko
nung nag puberty ako, like parang di ko nilayo, hindi ko rin nilapit ayon.”
(…it doesn‟t aff- affect my puberty to the relationship with my parents because when I was undergoing puberty
nothing really changed… I didn‟t experience distance myself from my parents when I was undergoing puberty,
like I didn‟t distance myself, I also didn‟t bring myself closer.) (P7)

It emphasizes that they have never felt humiliated to have same-sex parents. According to Sokol (2022),
recent research shows that children of same-sex parents are less likely to feel humiliated or embarrassed about
their family structure, demonstrating a sense of acceptance and pride. According to a study by the American
Sociological Association, children raised by same-sex parents perform similarly in terms of social development
and psychological health. This demonstrates a strong feeling of acceptance and pride in their family background,
regardless of whatever emotional difficulties they may have experienced. The participant's reaction indicates
resilience and a positive outlook on their family structure, stressing the importance of acceptance and self-
confidence in navigating emotional transitions and identity formation.

G. Family Dissonance Amidst Supportive Efforts

Family issues, specifically frequent and severe parental conflicts during puberty have significant
impact based on one of the participants. This turbulent home environment created a less than ideal situation for
navigating the already challenging developmental stage of puberty. Based on the study of Syehan et al. (2023),
family dissonance has numerous adverse effects on a household. Especially for the child as it has influenced a
student's learning process. But despite the conflicts, the participant acknowledges that their parents were still
available for support when approached. However, the instability caused by the frequent arguments meant that
there were times when the parents were not fully emotionally available or supportive. This duality highlights the
complex dynamics within a household dealing with internal strife, where parental availability is inconsistent.

“Nung time kasi na nagpupuberty nako is medyo nagkakaroon na kami ng family issues ganon… Though
nandyan sila kapag nilalapitan mo sila about it pero may times na ayun nga hindi sila laging okay nung mga
panahon na‟yon po.”
(The time I was experiencing puberty was when we kinda had family issues.... Though they‟re always there if
you need them about it, but there‟s also times where they weren‟t okay during those times.) (P10)

Families exert an essential effect on child development since their experiences can either help or hinder
the progress of their members (Kader & Roman, 2018). The preceding statement emphasizes the necessity of a
stable and supportive familial environment during puberty. It also shows how external stressors, such as family
disagreements, might interfere with parents' ability to give consistent emotional support, thereby harming

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adolescent development and parent-child relationships. This family disharmony is primarily caused by economic
factors and a lack of communication. Parental disharmony leads to less parental engagement, higher use of harsh
disciplinary measures, diminished expression of praise and thanks, and increased confrontations between
parents and children. Children exposed to parental conflict frequently demonstrate adverse emotional reactions
and behaviors (Rahman et al., 2023). There are no conflict-free families, but strategies for managing family
dissonance while keeping open lines of communication will ensure that adolescents receive the support they
need during important developmental phases.

H. Proper Guidance Given by Same-Sex Parents

The participant stated that their same-sex parents provided proper guidance, comfort, and advice during
puberty, helping them understand and navigate the changes they experienced. This support made the process
easier and more manageable for them. Holden emphasizes the crucial role of parents in child development,
arguing that their guidance is often overlooked in studies, as they identify and evaluate each child's unique
genetic features (Nauert, 2018). Parents having a deep conversation with their children allows them to sit down
and think of what they could do to their worries. They also feel the proper guidance from their same-sex parents.

“Yung „pag ginagabayan naman po nila ko kapag para pong mahinahon po na pag uusap ganyan po, tapos
nagkakaroon din po ng deep conversation, ganun po. Ah parang pinapa- nagkakaroon po ng maayos na tanong,
explanation sa mga pagbabago po sa‟kin tapos po tinuturuan din po ako ng mga bagay na dapat pong ano
matutunan habang pong nagdadalaga.”
(When they guide me when it's like a calm conversation like that and then they also have a deep conversation
so... it's like that. Ah, it's like...having a good question and explanation about the changes in my body. Then they
also teach me things that I should learn while growing up.) (P9)

Due to their close proximity and regular contact with their children, parents have a special opportunity
to mold behaviors, provide guidance, and influence their children's awareness of risks (Usonwu et al., 2021). It
has been proposed that children with same-sex parents perform well in psychological elements of their health,
but issues remain about the influence of stigma on these children. Parent-reported, multidimensional indicators
of child health and well-being were examined, as well as their relationship to perceived stigma. These findings
are essential in health policy because they raise awareness of stigma, which improves child health outcomes
(Crouch et al., 2014). It examined how parents impact their teenage children's sexual behavior (Bobmanuel &
Charles, 2023). Parenting during adolescence, particularly during the physical, physiological, and emotional
changes of puberty, can be challenging. Parents are responsible for providing information and education,
monitoring activities, and offering assistance as needed.

I. Unable to Keep an Open Line of Communication with Same-Sex Parents due to Circumstances
This participant's response reveals a shift in their relationship dynamics with their parents during
puberty. Initially, they sought guidance and support from their parents, asking about the changes they were
experiencing. However, as teenagers became increasingly competent in managing these changes on their own,
they decreased their communication with their parents about puberty-related difficulties. During adolescence,
teens strive for independence from their parents while maintaining a favorable relationship with them (Szwedo
et al., 2017). It also underscores the potential need for increased parental communication and assistance,
particularly in terms of emotional well-being during this crucial developmental period.

“…since nung mga time po na‟yon is hindi- medyo umiwas panga po ako sa pagkukwento kay na mommy or sa
pag-oopen up sa kanila sa mga emotions ko po. Parang naging distant ako sa pag-oopen up mismo.”
(...At the time I avoided telling stories to my mommy or opening up about my emotions. So I kinda became
distant from opening up overall.) (P10)

Regarding physical changes, this implies that their parents actively regulated their conduct and looks in
response to the bodily changes connected with puberty. In terms of emotional changes, this could imply a
communication breakdown or a lack of comfort in addressing personal feelings with their parents. As elaborated
in the study by Pinquart and Gerke (2019), various parenting styles, particularly means of communication,
indicate significant associations with self-esteem in children and adolescents. Effective communication is

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crucial to fostering teenage self-esteem and independence, whereas poor communication can drastically hinder
these aspects of development. According to Berdimuratovna (2023), teenagers' independence of thought refers
to their mental capacity to explore ideas, make goals, and formulate hypotheses on their own initiative. This
involves the ability to pursue both practical and theoretical tasks without seeking external assistance or guidance.
Adolescent thinking values independence by actively discarding other viewpoints using various justifications
and rationale. The participant's experience illustrates a shift from relying on parental guidance to a more self-
sufficient attitude to negotiating the obstacles of puberty.

INFLUENCE ON GENDER EXPRESSION & IDENTITY

Table 3. Same-sex parents' gender identity & expression influence towards their teenager's gender
identity & expression

Emerging Themes Codes

Given freedom to explore their gender Freedom to have the preferences and to explore their gender identity (P1)
expression & identity

Same-sex parents supportive of teenager‘s gender expression & identity (P4)

Influenced to express themselves (P3)

Comfortable with their own gender Has their own gender identity or expression that isn‘t mirrored from same-sex parents (P1)
expression & identity

Not easily swayed or influenced by others with their gender identity (P2)

Comfortable with their own gender identity (P6)

Discovered their gender identity themselves (P7)

Received unconditional acceptance from same-sex parents (P8)

Prefers being themselves than trying to imitate their same-sex parents (P9)

Impact on views towards gender, but comfortable on their own gender identity (P10)

Mirroring parents‘ gender expression & Teenager mirroring same-sex parents‘ gender identity & expression due to acceptance (P5)
identity

More accepting towards others‘ sexual Sees that gender isn‘t the basis on how one properly love (P1)
orientation

Accepting others' gender expression & identity (P8)

Accepting of other people (P10)

Same-sex parents influence on behavior Influenced by the behavior (P2)

Same-sex parents influenced behaviors towards interacting with others (P8)

Received guidance on gender Receiving guidance on gender expression. (P3)

expression

Taught to act and dress in a traditional masculine manner (P4)

Freedom to be able to express oneself Taught to express their individuality (P2)

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Taught to express themselves freely (P3)

Being true to oneself (P5)

Believes in self-acceptance (P5)

Given the freedom to express oneself (P6)

Self-discovery of gender expression & identity (P6)

Able to freely express self (P7)

Open to telling their preferences with their same-sex parents (P10)

Fears of rejection disallows openness to Unable to accept a different gender identity due to worries of acceptance (P9)
explore one‘s gender identity

Supported by same-sex parents Supported by same-sex parents (P4)

Closeted gender identity from parents Parents are unaware of their gender identity (P7)

Same-sex parents are unaware towards their gender identity (P9)

The parents‘ gender identity doesn‘t necessarily reflect on their children‘s identity and expression. It is
up to their child to find their identity of who they are. One of the participants expressed wanting to mirror their
parents gender identity and expression as they thought it would be easier if they simply decided to do so. Whilst
most of the other participants were given the freedom to explore their gender identity and expression.
Mentioning that some of their parents gave them guidance within exploring as to advice them for their self
expression. Others on the other hand were already comfortable with their gender identity and expression and
stated that they didn‘t need any help as they already knew who they were. Reassuring them by making them
believe in themselves and expressing themselves freely. Additionally, it allowed them to learn to be accepting of
others' sexual orientation. Nonetheless, there are still some participants who remained closeted from their
parents and a participant fearing rejection which led them to abandon the idea of exploring their gender identity.

A. Given Freedom to Explore Their Gender Expression & Identity

As the participant mentioned, their same-sex parents have positively influenced them towards their
exploration of gender expression and identity. They learned that having preferences is alright as long as it
doesn‘t trample on anyone. It became an eye opener for them as their parents also gave them the freedom to
explore their gender identity & expression. This allowed them to explore their gender identity without the need
of being influenced by others.

“Siguro po ang isang influence lang nito sa akin ay is that it allowed me to know na kahit ano palang
preference ko its alright as long as preference ko ito and at the same time hindi siya nakakasakit or nakatapak
sa ibang tao…Mga ganung points po siguro sa kanila ko po natutunan to siguro ah explore my sexual identity
and my gender identity and all of that.”
(I guess for me one of the influences is that it allows me to know that whatever preference I have is alright as
long as it‟s my preference and at the same time it doesn‟t hurt or trample on anyone else… Those points I guess
are what I learned from them and to explore my sexual identity and my gender identity and all of that.) (P1)

Gender identity is the core sense of oneself, it is how others perceive their gender. It is a societal
construct and we show this identity to others with gender expression (Wuest, 2023). It also is the set of beliefs,
attitudes, and values about oneself in many areas of social life, with their family, intimate relationships,
community, and religion (Newman & Newman, 2020). The participant says they get support from their same-
sex parents in their gender identity and expression. This gives them the confidence to show what their specific
gender is because of their same-sex parents who support them, especially when it comes to gender, and their

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parents don‘t hinder them, so it becomes easier for them to further define what their gender is.

Having the freedom to explore their gender identity is important at some point due to them possibly
experiencing gender dysphoria. It is an extreme form of distress for people who feel like they do not fit in and
feel the pressure to follow it. One finding their gender identity is important for their emotional and mental health
(What Is Gender Identity?, 2023). This allows them to be able to accept themselves and those around them.
And also it gives them the freedom to tell others their gender and make decisions according to their own desires
when it comes to their own gender identity and expression.

B. Comfortable with Their Own Gender Expression & Identity

The participant itself perceives their gender expression and their parents' genders as distinct entities.
They point out that their parents have taught them that they have the freedom to explore their own gender
identity and expression without feeling compelled to conform to their parents' gender norms or expectations.
The participant's assertion demonstrates a sense of independence and self-awareness in recognizing and
accepting their gender identity, regardless of disparities from their parents.

“Para sa akin po… Ano hindi po connected yung gender expression ko o yung gender ko sa, kina mama. Kasi
ano po what they always taught me is na kaya kong iguide ang sarili ko and hindi ko kailangan kumuha o
gayahan sila so i think hindi naman kung meron man akong naiibang gender expression or identity.”
(For me… My gender expression and my parents‟ gender are not connected. They‟ve always taught me that I
can guide myself and I don‟t need to take inspiration from them or copy them so I think even if I have a different
gender expression or identity.) (P1)

The statement emphasizes the value of autonomy and self-direction in determining one's gender
identity and expression, regardless of familial influence. Gender identity is a personal and internal sense of
oneself while gender expression is the way an individual expresses their gender through multiple mediums
(Frcpc, 2023). As it refers to a person‘s inner sense of belonging, regardless of their sex at birth. It allows for
them to express themselves and how they want the world to see them (Zambon, 2023). Building from the
concept of self-affirmation from social psychology, gender affirmation is a sense of valuing oneself as being
comfortable with one‘s own gender identity and a sense of satisfaction with one‘s body and gender expression
(Sevelius et al., 2021). Another way they become more comfortable with their gender identity according to one
participant is that they get support from their same-sex parents.

C. Mirroring Parents’ Gender Expression & Identity

The participant expressed how easier it would be to be accepted and recognized by their parents if they
were also like them. The decision of mirroring their parents‘ gender was easier for them due to the fact that they
know they will be accepted as shown below.

“Napag-pasyahan ko pong- yung magiging gender ko katulad din po sa magiging gender nung parents ko kasi
po kung ano po ako maaano ko papo agad na tatanggapin po nila ako kasi intindi po nila yung magiging gusto
kong kasarian.”
(I decided that my gender is like my parents‟ gender because if I‟m like them, they can accept me right away
because they understand the gender I‟m gonna like.) (P5)

Individuals learn their identities through relationships with an external factor, often from another
person. People consider themselves from the eyes of others so they can understand and attain their own social
identity (Hartley et al., 2014). Children imitate as a social learning strategy for social conventionality (Clegg &
Legare, 2017). The participant said that it would be better if they imitated their parent‘s gender because they
were sure that their parents would understand what their gender would be. As reported, it shows that their
parents are the first to always understand us and we still sympathize with everything especially when
discovering their gender.

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D. More Accepting towards Others’ Sexual Orientation

On this matter the participant claimed that their parents' acts and teachings have instilled a strong
feeling of acceptance of other sexual orientations. Observing their parents' loving relationships and learning the
value of acceptance has inspired these individuals to develop an inclusive and non-judgmental attitude toward
gender and sexuality.

“Siguro ang naging ano po nito sa akin is hindi pala sa gender nakabase yung ano- hindi pala sa gender o sex
natin nakabase uhh tamang paraan natin ng pagmamahal sa ibang tao, ah nasa sa tao pala yung paano ipakita
yung pagmamahal natin sa ibang tao and ayun po don don po, yun po yung naging influence sa akin. And also
since very young po ako naging open dito very young ko rin po nagpagaralan yung different spectrums yung
different na identities and ano po through that parang sa akin. Talagang early on po alam ko na okay pwede ka
maging bakla pwede ka maging ganito as long as masaya ka.”
(I guess I learned from this that gender is not where you base, or we can‟t base on gender or sex the right way
for us to love other people and it‟s with the person on how they show their love to other people and that‟s what
ended up influencing me. Since I was young I was open to this and I learned the different spectrums of the
different identities through that for me I think. I really learned early on that it was okay to be gay that it‟s okay
to be like this as long as you‟re happy.) (P1)

According to Motter (2017), couples' love and commitment were not confined by traditional gender
stereotypes or expectations, and their love was rooted in their partner's essence, transcending their gender
identity and societal norms, demonstrating a unique and unconstrained relationship. A major issue in our society
today is a lack of publicly available information regarding sexuality. Despite being familiar with third-gender
lifestyles, these designations offer only a narrow perspective on the complexities of human sexuality (Mallari,
2016). On the contrary, the participant claims that their parents had a significant impact on forming their
attitudes and ideas, causing them to be more welcoming and open-minded people. Choudhury and Sarkar (2021)
explain that in a democratic society, freedom and the right to life should include the right to fully express one's
sexuality and gender identity. According to the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA), freedom of
expression under Article 19(1)(a) includes the right to express one's gender identity through diverse ways such
as speech, mannerisms, and clothes. In addition, "Respect Existence or Expect Resistance" underscores the
ongoing struggle for acknowledgment and acceptance of homosexual and queer identities worldwide. As of
today, same-sex marriage is legally recognized and performed in 29 countries, including Argentina, Australia,
France, Germany, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In terms of bravery and societal
challenges, it is clear that these challenges can differ greatly depending on the cultural, legal, and social
circumstances of the society in question.

E. Same-Sex Parents Influence on Behavior

As participant mentioned, they are influenced by same-sex parents through the behavior displays and
through interacting with them daily. It is seen how this participant follows the footsteps of their same-sex
parents in terms of doing some stuff. However, they didn‘t influence them when it comes to personal matters.

“I did adopt some stuffs na ginagawa nila like siguro… siguro ano kahit naman opposite sex is nangyayari din
yun kase like lalo na kapag everyday mong makakasalamuha, you can adopt things na naano mo nakikita mo.”
(I did adapt some stuff that they do like maybe… maybe even this happens in opposite sexes because like
especially when you interact with them everyday, you can adapt things that you see.) (P2)

Growing up, the parents have one of the biggest influences on children‘s behavior since they are
always the ones with the children. Gittins and Hunt (2019) clearly stated that parents compose and communicate
rules about acceptable and unacceptable behaviors, ensure they are aware of the child's behaviors, firmly and
consistently implement appropriate consequences for compliance and non-compliance and provide reasonable
explanations for their demands on children's behavior. Furthermore, a parent‘s attitudes affects child behavior
and as the child grows the relation shifts with adolescent behavior having an impact on the parenting attitudes
and style (Grusec, 2014) Extensive research has identified which parent behaviors support child development,
and which adversely affect children (Gittins et al., 2020). These prove that parents influence the behavior of
their children based on their parenting styles. The participant's response emphasizes the fluidity of behavior

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acquisition and the need for regular interactions in developing one's actions and habits, regardless of gender.

F. Received Guidance on Gender Expression

The participant acknowledges the influence of their parents on their gender expression, despite some
differences in behavior, such as body language, hairstyle, and fashion choices. They recognize that their parents'
guidance has shaped their understanding and portrayal of gender roles, even if they do not entirely mirror their
parents' practices.

“Ah magkaiba po kami ng way ng pananamit, pagaayos po ng buhok, tas body language, tas yun po. Opo kase
tinuruan- parang tinuruan po nila ako ng pananamit ng ayos parang ganun po tas yung pag act ko po as
normal na lalaki ayun.
(Ah we dress differently, the way we style our hair, and body languages. Yes because they taught me how to
dress properly and how to act properly as a normal man does.) (P4)

Even so, they recognize that their gender expression is influenced by certain lessons learned from their
parents. They were taught, for example, how to conform to the expectations of society for men by modeling the
qualities of a man, which was a reflection of their parents' advice. They acknowledge the influence of family
lessons on their understanding and expression of gender roles, even though they may differ from their parents in
some ways. Gay males and bisexual cisgender women may exhibit varied gender expressions, and internal
gender identity may not always align with outward manifestation (MSEd, 2023). Gender expression includes
actions, viewpoints, and manifestations of one's gender identity, such as voice inflection, body language, attire,
and preferences for either feminine or masculine pursuits. It is crucial to understand that there is no relationship
between gender expression, sexual orientation, and gender identity. Gender remains a persistent labeling and
categorizing process in spite of cultural development. Professionals in youth development that are effective
should establish secure environments where adolescents can explore their identities without fear of rejection. It
is essential to assist youth in the process of developing their gender identities (Bateman, 2018). This participant
claims that they receive guidance from their same-sex parents so they become more prepared and aware of
gender expression.

G. Freedom to be Able to Express Oneself

Discussing the value of authenticity and confidence, the participant emphasizes the importance of
maintaining one's inner identity despite external influences or social conventions. They advocate for honoring
one's chosen gender identity without allowing others' opinions or judgments to undermine their sense of validity
or worth. However, they also underline the significance of ensuring that their self-expression doesn't negatively
impact others. This balance between authentic self-expression and consideration for others reflects a thoughtful
approach to individualism and social harmony.

“They‟re telling me na I don‟t have to be ashamed of, to express myself. Like ano ayan regardless of the norms
pero as long as hindi naman nakakaapekto sa ibang tao negatively…yung pageexpress mo ng sarili mo at tsaka
ng pagkakaroon ng individuality, ganon.”
(They're telling me that I don‟t have to be ashamed, to express myself. Like regardless of the norms but as long
as it doesn‟t affect other people negatively… Express yourself and have individuality, like that.) (P2)

In a society when discrimination and conformity are commonplace, this statement serves as a powerful
reminder of everyone's inalienable right to self-expression and self-determination. Participant in the matter
‗freedom of self-expression issue say that their same-sex parents always tell them not to be ashamed to express
themselves because we have the freedom to express our own personality so they gain courage to show it to
others and ignore what others say about their gender. The right to self-expression includes the ability to engage
in social, cultural, and political activities as well as the ability to use any media to obtain information. Political
dissension, cultural expression, creativity, invention, and personality development all depend on it.
Communities and civilizations gain from it as it fosters understanding, promotes communication, and expands
public awareness. What is freedom of expression? - ARTICLE 19. (2023). Freedom of expression is
fundamentally based on individualism, which emphasizes the rights and sovereignty of the individual. It puts the
person's health first and encourages self-realization. People become puppets of the state when they lack freedom,

©2024, Cognizance Journal, cognizancejournal.com, All Rights Reserved 381

which has a detrimental effect on society as a whole. Better economic, educational, and health outcomes result
from a society that values individualism and independence. Individuals who have the freedom to express
themselves are respected, content, affluent, and healthy populations. A more successful and healthier society
must be fostered by instilling an understanding of the importance of freedom (Fraser-Young, 2022). This
argument encourages prioritizing personal truth and well-being over external validation or acceptance, fostering
self-empowerment and resilience in the face of adversity. By embracing and honoring their true selves,
individuals can cultivate a sense of inner contentment and peace that transcends cultural norms or prejudices.

H. Fears of Rejection Disallows Openness to Explore One’s Gender Identity

The participant mentioned that their parents get advice about their gender identity because their parents
say that they don't want their children to be like what they experienced in society that others won't accept them
or others won't accept their situation because the other people's priority is judging their gender. Having the fear
of societal rejection leads the participant to hinder themselves from exploring their gender identity.

“Siguro po yung mga advice po nila sakin na sabi po nila parang ang hirap daw pong maging katulad nila kasi
nga daw po may mga tao pa rin daw pong hindi natanggap ng mga ganung bagay, ng ganung situation, parang
gusto po nila ay...hindi po ako maging katulad nila. Kasi po mahirap nga daw po sa society na maging ganun
kasi po may mga conservative pa rin pong mga tao na…hindi pumapayag sa ganung bagay.”
(Maybe it's their advice to me that they say it's hard to be like them because there are still people who don't
accept such things, such situations, they seem to want to ah...I can't be like them. It is said that it is difficult for
society to be like that because there are still conservative people who... do not agree to such things.) (P9)

As seen above, the participant mentions how the parents‘ opening up on how difficult it could become
when you‘re in a same-sex relationship. The Philippines, a highly religious country, has common anti-
homosexual teachings in the Roman Catholic Church (Evangelista et al., 2016). Gender identity is how one sees
themselves despite being given and assigned a sex, the label may not fit for someone. Exploring and confirming
one‘s gender identity helps develop a personal sense of self (The Jed Foundation, 2023). A higher rate of
discrimination is faced by young gay and lesbian students that has a possibility of affecting their mental health
and learning ability. This leads to children reporting hiding their identity to avoid any bullying and harassment
they could face (Gender Identity Issues, 2021). With the deep-rooted homophobia within teachings, it is difficult
for society to completely accept same-sex relationships. This led to a fear that the participant had when they
were young that they didn't want to be like their parents‘ due to the possible rejection they could get.

I. Supported by Same-Sex Parents

Participants claimed that they receive support from their same-sex parents especially when it comes to
discovering their gender identity or expression. Parenting support programs can help parents meet their needs
and those of their children. While services are provided to younger parents, teenagers' parents are not widely
acknowledged. Receiving the right support and needs from their parents is not based on what gender their
parents have.

“Ano po parang sinusupport po nila ako kung sino po ako.”

(They support me for who I am .) (P2)

This implies that the participant feels welcomed and supported by those around them, regardless of
their identity or personal characteristics. It implies a sense of unconditional acceptance and validation from
others, which might be important for one's self-esteem and well-being. Advancement in this field is necessary
due to the clear need for interventions during adolescence and strong evidence of their effectiveness (Skeen et
al., 2022). As transgender and non-binary identities gain popularity in Western culture, some parents aim to
ensure their children have the freedom to choose their gender at birth (Rahilly & Seeber, 2024). Additionally,
the participant appreciates that their surroundings do not condemn or try to change them, but embrace them for
who they are. Gender dysphoria in young children causes emotional reactions in adults, therefore social workers
must be aware of the numerous discourses around gender identity in order to deal compassionately with
impacted families. It delves into highly sensitive and intimate elements of family life, requiring parents to
discuss and think about tough subjects, as well as how it could feel for families to parent a child with gender

©2024, Cognizance Journal, cognizancejournal.com, All Rights Reserved 382

identity challenges (Gregor et al., 2014). Same-sex parents provide explanations during parent-child interactions
in a children's museum display after an instructional intervention that encourages investigation or explanation of
one's gender identity (Willard et al., 2019). It's really not based on what family set-up you have to receive
support from parents because even if you are in a set-up with same-sex parents you still have proper support
from them and it‘s no different from a normal set-up family. It is not measured by the gender of the parent to
receive support.

J. Closeted Gender Identity from Parents

Based on the participant, they are so close to their same-sex parents but their parents don‘t notice it
even though they live together in the same house. They don‘t realize that they adopted some of their parents‘
actions while they were growing up, so they can say that they share the same views when it comes to gender
identity.

“Actually ah ang pagkakaalam po nila is hindi ko po na hindi po ako naging katulad nung ka- gender na
katulad nila so ang akala po nila is pure po ako ang gender i-identity ko po talaga is female na po
talaga…parang same na po kami ng pananaw po sa ano… sa identity ko po ngayon.”
(Actually, what they know is that I have never been the same gender as them, so they think that I am pure gender,
my identity is actually female…it's like we have the same view on what my identity is now.) (P9)

The participant discloses that their parents initially believed they were straight and different from them
in terms of gender and sexual orientation. This results in the constant fear of young adolescents and be closeted
because of internal stigmatization despite the sexual orientation of their parents. Because of this, the participants
were closeted from their true gender identity from their parents because they are afraid of what they‘re reaction
will be. The participant said that they don‘t know whether they‘ll be accepted by their parents or not even
though their parents themselves are part of the LGBTQ community. Lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals
benefit from not coming out or disclose their sexual identity due to the internalized stigma and significant risks
like negative reactions from coming out may result in lower self-esteem and higher risk of depression (Ryan et
al., 2015). The fear of being not accepted and understood due to the context of their family may contribute to the
reservation of gays and lesbians from coming out (Kuhar & Svab, 2022). Once asked if coming out was an
option for them, most of them say no because of the fear of not being accepted by their parents even though
their parents themselves are part of the LGBTQ+ community. Over time, living with same-sex parents has led
the individual in question to adopt a more open perspective on their gender identity.

BEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES

Table 4. Behavioral outcomes of teenagers who grew up with same-sex couples as parents

Emerging Themes Codes

Having personal perceptions about Has own beliefs and not influenced by same-sex parents (P1)
spiritual beliefs

Free will to choose one's own spiritual beliefs. (P2)

Parents are more religious (P3)

Has own opinions and beliefs about religion. (P9)

Parents are encouraging to be devoted (P10)

Proper financial advice given Was taught on how to handle money (P4)

Influenced by same-sex parents to spend money wisely (P5)

Adapted to being frugal when it comes to money (P6)

Was taught to spend on needs rather than wants (P7)

Parents causing emotional distress due Parents are controlling (P8)

to controlling nature

Had a hard time accepting a new Hard time opening to other people about a same-sex parent (P1)
parental figure

Had a hard time accepting the other same-sex parent (P6)

Stereotyping & social discrimination Encountered stereotyping from other people (P2)
evident through others

Received teasing from classmates about same-sex parents (P4)

Received social discrimination from other people (P7)

Found it difficult to socialize with others because of same-sex parents (P9)

Received bad comments from relatives because of same-sex parents (P10)

Open-mindedness found through others None, people are open-minded (P3)

Communication seen as a challenge Had a difficult time communicating with same-sex parents (P5)
with same-sex parents

Had a hard time communicating with parents (P8)

No difference in behavior picked up No difference in behavior picked up between same-sex parents and parents of the opposite sex
from same-sex parents and (P1)
heteronormative types of parents

Their same-sex parents taught them the same behavior as a normal family (P10)

Encouraged to be braver in self- Freedom to express oneself (P2)

expression

Encouraged by parents to be more open (P3)

Parents guides to correcting behaviors Parents correcting the teenager and taught to respect (P4)

Accepting others gender (P5)

Reflected calmness from same-sex parents (P6)

Learned to love regardless of gender (P7)

Learned from parents to accept people's gender (P8)

More understanding of others (P9)

The behaviors acquired from their parents depended on how their parents behaved as well as the
teachings of their parents. A participant described their parents as frugal and practical so they spent their money
wisely because of the financial advice given to them. Most of the participants also expressed their personal
perceptions when it comes to spiritual beliefs as most of them have freedom to choose a religion they want to
believe in. open-mindedness was also seen from their peers in accepting their current family set-up. However
stereotyping and social discrimination were evident in the surrounding environment as they see their family

structure as not normal. This led to the teenagers having a hard time accepting a new parental figure. The
parents also caused emotional distress to a participant due to their controlling nature as well as having a hard
time communicating with their parents. However as some participants have stated there is no difference in the
behaviors acquired from their same-sex parents and from a heteronormative type of parents, their same-sex
parents even encouraged them to be brave in self-expression and guides them to correcting behaviors.

A. Having Personal Perceptions about Spiritual Beliefs

The participant discusses their identity as Roman Catholics and how their beliefs evolved to embrace
inclusivity and equality, even if these perspectives differ from traditional teachings. Their beliefs differ mostly
from more traditional viewpoints because of their open-minded outlook. This response demonstrates a personal
journey and conscious decision to modify their spiritual views under their principles.

“Roman Catholic po ako however hindi po ako yung type na naniniwala masyado though ano po yan nag-gogo
against teaching siguro pero kasi ako po ay talagang naniniwala po ako na ay lahat tanggap ni Lord. Lahat ay
may karapatan and ayun po parang ang nangyari lang naman po sa akin ang naiba lang po sa akin is that hindi
po ako yung hard o hardcore na nagsasabi na pag babae, babae. Pag lalaki, lalaki at pag babae ay para sa
lalaki. Di po ako ganun, yun lang po siguro naiba po sa akin. Pero the rest spiritual beliefs, religious beliefs the
rest po is the same.”
(I‟m a Roman Catholic, however I‟m not the type to believe so much though that‟s what goes against the
teaching, but I guess I believe that everyone is accepted by the Lord. Everyone has the right and I guess what
happened for me is that I‟m not a hardcore believer wherein I say that if it‟s a woman they should act like one,
and if it‟s a guy, it‟s a guy and a guy for a girl. I‟m not like that, I guess that‟s the main difference for me, but
for the rest of the spiritual beliefs, religious beliefs the rest is the same.) (P1)

The participant stress that their faith is the source of their campaign for equality, upholding the notion
that all people, regardless of gender, deserve acceptance and equal rights. Research has indicated that an
individual's personal religion is a natural characteristic that propels spiritual inquiry and the formation of their
worldview (Gil et al., 2020). In this context, the participant's narrative exemplifies the dynamic interplay
between personal religion, social norms, and ethical principles, demonstrating the potential for spirituality to
foster positive change in both individual lives and broader communities. Freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) is
a fundamental human right covered by international law. According to the UK Government's on FoRB, this
right encompasses the freedom to adopt, change, and practice one's religion or views without coercion (Freedom
of Religion or Belief: Understanding This Human Right, 2022). Similarly, according to the Australian Human
Rights Commission, Article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) safeguards
both internal and external aspects of freedom, including the right to develop personal spiritual beliefs that
challenge traditional norms and promote equality and acceptance (Freedom of Religion and Belief, 2014). By
these statements, freedom of religion and belief, including the freedom to change religion, is fundamental for
every individual, contributing to their search for meaning, full development, identity, and expression in
communities. Whether individuals belong to a specific religion or belief system, are uncertain, or even show
indifference towards religion, this freedom holds significance for people and the society they form, as it fosters
inclusion, respect, and diversity.

B. Proper Financial Advice Given

The participant states that one of the most influential factors in the same-sex parenting is financial
matters. Even though they have different status, regardless of their parents' gender identities, the children have
learned valuable lessons about financial responsibility. According to the participant , their parents' capacity to
continuously give financial support makes any issues they confront tolerable, emphasizing the importance of
financial stability in their general well-being and resilience.

“...Kahit magkaiba po sila ng kasarian na-aano pa po nila yung mga kinakailangan ng kanilang mga anak…
Kahit yung iba pong mga anak na hindi po tanggap yung ganon. Yung sa akin po na kahit anong problema
pong dumadaan nagiging okay naman po, dun po sa pagbibigay sa financial ganon po.”

(...Even if they‟re the same gender they were able to give what their children need… Other kids are not able to
receive that same support, while for mine whatever problems I might encounter it becomes okay. That‟s where
they give financially.) (P5)

Regardless of any societal challenges or prejudices connected with having parents of the same gender,
the participant believes their parents are fully capable of meeting their needs. This includes financial support,
which the participant finds particularly essential. Parents‘ past experiences on handling money greatly
influences teenagers‘ financial knowledge in a positive way (Tang et al., 2015). As they witnessed their parents'
capacity to provide for the family, the participant expressed contentment with the financial aspect of their life
because their parents give them support and their needs.

Another participant emphasized the importance of growing up with a sense of financial responsibility.
This feeling of frugality was often influenced by their parents' meticulous financial management.

“Pinakamalaking impluwensya? Siguro money… Dapat bilhin yung ano pangangailangan kesa sa gusto.”
(The biggest influence? Maybe money… We should buy our needs rather than wants.) (P7)

Learning the proper use of finances can significantly benefit these individuals as they grow up,
preparing them for the next phase of being a teenager, which is adulthood. Financial literacy is as essential while
transitioning into adulthood to wisely spend their money. Alongside financial literacy, parents are there to guide
their children on Financial knowledge. Parental socialization associated with young adults‘ life domains
increased their financial capability and lesser dependence on their parents while transitioning into adulthood
(Curran et al., 2018). The participant expressed taking inspiration from their parents' experiences on how to
manage their money practically, highlighting the significance of budgeting and putting needs over wants.
Understanding on how to handle money remains a key factor in one‘s life and parental engagement in their
child‘s financial knowledge is an essential (Moreno-Herrero et al., 2018). Their parents influenced them to think
rationally before spending their money, if it is not practical or rational it‘s better to save them. The financial
support that has been instilled with them helps them overcome various challenges and shape their approach in
spending and saving money. By adopting these practical money management skills, individuals can develop
greater self-independence, financial independence, and secure future.

C. Parents Causing Emotional Distress due to Controlling Nature

The participant noted the emotional distress caused by their parents‘ controlling nature. Though parents
really want the best for their children, one participant felt that their parents overly restricted their life choices,
even their future careers. Since the same-sex parents showed too much concern for the teenager‘s future, the
teenager felt being too emotional.

“Kasi ano parang nag cocontrol sila sa buhay ko like what will I do in senior high school or college like that.
Kontrolado.”
(Because they seem to be controlling my life like what I will do in senior highschool or college like that.
Controlled.) (P8)

Here, the participant highlights the impact of parental control on their life decisions, particularly
concerning their education and career path. This perception resonates with broader research showing the
possible harmful impacts of excessive parental control on adolescent emotional well-being. Recent years have
seen considerable industry investment in a new generation of technical child protection measures, commonly
called parental control tools or, more simply, parental controls (Stoilova et al., 2023). According to Shek et al.
(2018), there are different processes of parent-child subsystem qualities which are behavioral control that refers
to parents' use of explicit control strategies, such as monitoring children's activities and whereabouts as well as
using rules and restrictions to manage children's behaviors and psychological control, which focuses on
implicitly manipulating children's behaviors through regulating their emotions, thoughts, and feelings. This
feeling is common to be experienced as they grow older, but parents should also consider their children‘s desires
as this matter might have a detrimental impact on their parent-child connection. Based on the existing scientific
literature, while parental behavioral control is positively linked to adolescent developmental outcomes,

psychological control impairs adolescent development. Furthermore, children who experience psychological
control from their parents may feel insecure in their negative attachment relationships and may resort to using
the same methods to control peers (Chen et al., 2024). Such instances underscore the difficulties that teenagers
encounter in balancing their independence while yet honoring parental authority. This leads to an unhealthy
emotional aspect in the teenager.

D. Had a Hard Time Accepting a New Parental Figure

In regards to the feelings of the teenager about their life at first with their same-sex parents, the
participant grapples with confusion, questioning the presence of this new figure and the absence of their
biological father. This interaction prompts the person to seek familiarity and understanding, as they instinctively
look for their missing parent. The situation challenges both the participant and their newfound parental figures
to navigate complex family dynamics and successfully communicate about their roles.

“When I first met my other mom, hindi ko po maintindihan kung bakit siya nandon at kung bakit- at kung bakit
wala yung tatay ko sa tabi ng nanay ko… kaya parang hinahanap ko po yung tatay ko sa harap nila, kaya po
parang nachallenge po sila na tulungan po akong iunderstand sila na sila na po yung aking parents at… ayon
po.”
(When I met my other mom, I didn‟t understand why she was there and why my dad wasn‟t there besides my
mom… So I looked for my dad in front of them, so it was a challenge for them to help me understand that
they‟re really my parents…) (P6)

The participant's struggle to accept their new parent, especially one of the same gender, demonstrates
their struggles of reconciling expectations with reality. Children may struggle with accepting the new stepparent,
becoming a blended family could change the dynamic that may cause them to resent them. They may feel that
the new parental figure is trying to replace their other parent (GoodTherapy Editor Team, 2020). Despite these
hurdles, the participant's narrative highlights the resilience and adaptability inherent in the human experience, as
individuals seek purpose and connection amid changing family structures. Family breakdown is very stressful
for both children and parents. It produces an acute emotional and psychological disturbance that could develop
into psychological or social scars (Government of Canada, Department of Justice, Electronic Communications,
2022). This unique perspective illuminates various facets of non-traditional family units, emphasizing the
importance of empathy and understanding when settling complex familial connections.

In addition to the challenges faced, the participant's evolving relationship with their parent's new
partner exemplifies the process of adaptation and acceptance in nontraditional family structures. To prove their
point, the individual who participated in this study added:

“…Wala rin po kaming masyadong maayos na interaction po nung same-sex ano po partner po then kaya po
medyo hindi po medyo maayos… Yung recent partner po ni mama ko is ano maayos naman na po yung
pakikitungo namin then close na rin po kami so nagiging komportable na po ako, nagiging open na po ako sa
ganung ano… Mga years din po eh… tumagal din po ng mga years bago po naging very open na po.”
(...We didn't have enough interaction when mom had a same-sex partner, so things weren't going well… Her
recent partner is okay and our relationship is good, so I‟m getting comfortable. I'm becoming open to things like
that… It also took years..it also took years before I became very open.) (P6)

Acceptance of a new parental figure takes time and may be awkward to some degree. As stated by the
participant, they felt some difficulties with communication at first, but were able to in the end get along with
their new parental figure. Fostering a strong bond between adoptive parents and the child can be achieved
through effective communication, which also helps the child make sense of their adoptive experience. Gorla et
al. (2023) emphasized the need for open communication among family members from the start of the child's life
in the adoptive home. However, Soares et al. (2017) found that communicative openness about adoption is
generally difficult for both adoptive parents and adoptees, with children identifying it as the most significant
barrier during the post-adoption period. Adopted children frequently confront unique and complex issues at
home, which causes emotions of isolation, confusion, and resentment (NCHS Team, 2023). Initially, there was a
lack of interaction and understanding between the child and the new parent, resulting in strained ties and

discomfort. However, over time, the participant began to have positive encounters, which resulted in a more
intimate and comfortable connection. This emphasizes the enormous time and effort required to foster trust and
openness in such family dynamics, highlighting the participant's path toward acceptance and, eventually, the
formation of a harmonious household.

E. Stereotyping & Social Discrimination Evident Through Others

The Participant in the study described how they encounter and are influenced by these preconceptions,
expressing displeasure at being repeatedly exposed to such ideas. The parents and their family experience
discrimination because their lifestyle challenges the social norms and gender stereotypes (Tombolato et al.,
2018). Stereotyping is a generalized belief in a particular category of people. Family structures and gender roles
became a cue for stereotyping in parenthood. The traditional parents (biologically male as father and
biologically female as mother) are the most positively stereotyped type of parents and the other types such as
same-sex parenting are compared (Valiquette-tessier et al., 2015). One of the participants mentioned how they
encounter stereotypes and expressed how it could be annoying once constantly exposed to it.

“...Like may mga nariri- syempre may mga stereotypes and naka-encounter ako nung time na ano ako yung
nagsalita about it… Of course kapag lagi kang naeexpose ka lagi sa mga ganong klaseng tao is maiirita ka,
maannoy ka… Hindi sila ano well informed and educated na may ganon pala ganon, like yung parang you‟re
just being the bigger person nalang ganon.”
(Like I hear- of course there are stereotypes and I encountered one time that I'm the one who talked about it…
Of course if you get exposed often to those kinds of people, you‟ll get irritated, you‟ll get annoyed… They are
not well informed and educated that there are things like that, like you‟re just going to be the bigger person.)
(P2)

The participant implies that such people may not have been exposed to diverse perspectives or
informed on the reality of non-traditional family structures and LGBTQ+ identities. The concept of "being the
bigger person" suggests a sense of maturity and resilience in the face of ignorance, implying that it may be
necessary to rise above and educate others rather than react with rage or conflict. Furthermore, participant
claimed that due to their parental status, their parents had faced social discrimination and thought they would
too. In line with this, as stated by Tran (2014) parental experiences of discrimination may not only affect
parents‘ mental health but also children‘s mental health. In addition, several studies revealed that parental
experiences of discrimination were positively linked to adolescent depressive symptoms and negatively linked
to adolescent psychological well-being (Hou et al., 2016). It is proven by the participant that it is difficult for
those around them to accept their family structures, including their relatives. This led the participant to have
protective behavior.

“Siguro kapag meron kaming uhm hindi kasi samin maiwasan yung mga relatives na nagsasabi ng mga
masama tungkol- masama kay na mommy pero pag naririnig talaga naming magkakapatid is uhm sinasabihan-
hindi naman nakikipag sagutan siguro like ipinagtanggol lang namin yung parents namin.”
(I guess because we can‟t really avoid relatives that tell something bad about our mommy, but if we really heard
it, us siblings, we don‟t necessarily pick a fight, but we defend our parents.) (P10)

Through social and cultural norms and religious beliefs, it is difficult for Filipinos to accept such
things. Moreover, the challenges encountered by the LGBTQ+ are also at the family level and it is studied that
unsupportive family members could have influenced the lower level of social acceptance of the same-sex
relationship (Montaño et al., 2022). To further the discussion, in the Philippines, the parenting experiences of
same-sex couples revealed both shared challenges, such as discrimination and exclusion, as well as unique
opportunities for reshaping traditional gender roles within the household (Ballaret, 2024). Despite the obstacles,
individuals in these families maintain a protective attitude toward their family structures, even in the face of
criticism or rejection from relatives. This demonstrates the intrinsic resilience required to traverse the difficulties
of non-traditional households, where familial interactions can occasionally contribute to a bad environment.

F. Open-Mindedness Found Through Others

In this context, consider the perspective of an individual responding to a specific question about
challenges faced and resolved due to being a child of same-sex parents. One of the participants reported that
with the help of the open-mindedness of the people they meet has minimized any possible difficulties they may
have endured as children of same-sex parents. This shows that open-mindedness can be a shared and contagious
attribute, spreading through social interactions and situations that value diversity and acceptance.

“Wala, kasi yung mga taong namemeet ko naman ano sila parang open minded.”
(Nothing, because the people I meet, they seem open-minded.) (P3)

Through the open-mindedness of their peers, the participant was more comfortable in expressing
themselves and encountered less challenges in their lives. Just like how the participant expressed no challenges
from their peers because they are open-minded, people in the society should also be open and considerate in this
matter. Open-mindedness is the willingness to consider beliefs, values, experiences, and perspectives that may
differ from one‘s own will. The participant experienced open-mindedness from friends who are in the same age
range who were made aware that the participant has same-sex parents; they understood the context of their
family set-up and did not receive any judgment nor discrimination from them. Openness is relatively stable
through adulthood and is correlated within the changes in the cultural activities (Schwaba et al., 2018).
Openness is a chapter on an individual's differences in cognitive flexibility that may consider how openness
contributes to every aspect of functioning such as marriage and family etc. (Sutin, 2015). With these stated,
openness from other people will impact the participant's life positively because they will feel more accepted in
the society and environment that they live in.

G. Communication Seen as a Challenge with Same-Sex Parents

On this matter, participant stated that their family structure makes it difficult for them to socialize with
others because they have same-sex parents. It was also mentioned that they experience awkwardness whenever
they interact with others including their parents. Communication within a family is fundamental for developing
social skills and emotional well-being. Children of same-sex parents may face distinct challenges in these areas,
particularly when navigating social interactions outside the family unit. There is difficulty in adjusting,
especially for adolescents who grow up in a family set up with same-sex parents.

“...How should I communicate with them, pano magka-interact with them kasi nagkakaroon ng ngayon medyo
lumalayo ako sa kanila, nagkakaroon awkwardness for me.”
(...How I should communicate with them, how to interact with them because there's a... now I'm a bit distant
from them, there's an awkwardness for me…) (P8)

It becomes a challenge for them to socialize with others while they are with their parents, so there is a
chance that they distance themselves from their parents when they are in front of many people for the reason
that they are afraid of being abused or insulted by other people because they have same-sex parents. As
adolescence is a difficult time due to the rapid changes and the emotional ups and downs, they aren‘t sure where
they fit and peer influences could cause stress (Relationships With Parents and Families: Pre-teens and
Teenagers, 2024). LGBTQ+ families are a significant area of research, with scholars focusing on queer family
communication to highlight its transformative power and challenge heteronormative family communication
theories (Heinz, 2023). With this, one of the challenges that adolescents who have same-sex parents experience
is their relationships with others.

H. No Difference in Behavior Picked up from Same-Sex Parents and Heteronormative Types of Parents
The participant is content with how their parents raised them. They didn‘t see any difference with the
behaviors they picked up from their same-sex parents and the behaviors of their friends who grew up with
different-sex parents. As one of the participants has stated: there is no definite rulebook on how to raise a child
and if they do it with the utmost affection and guidance there will be no difference in the behaviors picked up
from heteronormative parents and same-sex parents. All of the behaviors acquired from their parents are used in
a positive way, one of which is to not listen to any negative comments that other people will say against their
family.

“I think wala naman po naging different sa ano mga napick up kong behaviors from my parents sa parents ng
iba na opposite sex ang kanilang magulang kasi ano po parang pinalaki pa rin ako ng mga magulang ko the
way they were raised by their parents… Ano po ang beliefs po kasi is the same with mommy and daddy na a
person should not be judged based on sa kung ano yung identity nila o kung ano expression nila and I think yun
lang po yung naiba sa akin…”
(I think there‟s no difference to the behaviors I picked from my parents to parents of the opposite sex. My
parents raised me the way they were raised by theirs… My beliefs are the same with mommy and daddy that a
person should not be judged based on what they identify or express as. I think that‟s the only one that
differentiates me…) (P1)

There are no differences observed between a child who grew up with same-sex parents and a child who
grew up with different-sex parents in terms of the child‘s general health, emotional difficulties, etc. (Bos et al.,
2016). Children who grew up with same-sex parents are well just the same as those who grew up with different
sex parents in terms of academic performance, cognitive development, psychological health etc (Manning et al.,
2014). There are no significant disadvantages for children who grew up with same-sex parents, this suggests that
these children do not experience any behavioral difficulties, internalizing, and externalizing. There are no
structural difficulties in terms of behavioral and emotional outcomes for children who grew up with same-sex
parents and with different-sex parents (Mazrekaj et al., 2022). Having same-sex parents doesn‘t guarantee a
negative difference within a child‘s outcome compared to having different sex parents. In the end, a child‘s
growth depends on how their parents raised them and how the surrounding environment affects them.

I. Encouraged to be Braver in Self-Expression

Self-expression for children is mostly influenced first by their family to upbring their physical and
psychological needs to feel involved in the society they live in (Hodge, 2022). With this it is important for
parents to keep an open-line of communications with their children to initiate conversations and encourage
them to talk and for the parents‘ to listen attentively, as time goes by these conversations will get longer and the
child gets better at self-expression (Ackerman, 2018). In terms of their gender identity or expression, their
parents encouraged them to be more transparent because the parents show acceptance to their child‘s true self.
One of the participants‘ parents stated that they should be able to freely express themselves because there is
nothing to be ashamed of. Freedom to express oneself may include gender expression, gender identity, and
clothing as stated by the participant. Their parents encouraged them to be brave in projecting themselves in
public and to be confident in the process. This urged the participant to be more expressive in their own way.

“Siguro yung ano isa- yung tumatak talaga sakin yung kanina, like you don‟t have to… I don‟t have to be afraid
or to be tawag dito, matakot na iexpress yung sarili ko. Kasi ayun nga, encourage samin yung pageexpress ng
sarili mo kasi you don‟t have some anything to- it‟s not something to be ano ashamed of... ”
(Maybe the one- the one that stuck to me is the one earlier, like you don‟t have to… I don‟t have to be afraid or
to be what do you call this? Afraid to express myself. Because they encouraged us to express ourselves because
you don‟t have anything to- it‟s not something to be ashamed of…) (P2)

Parents are a child‘s primary and continuous source of education. Their main responsibility is to
provide for their mental and physical well-being while overseeing their development and growth; They also
provide a crucial role in supporting their children (Ghosh, 2024). Encouragement points out facts and allows
them to develop a self-motivation and pride that is stronger towards their work. It allows them to build their
self-esteem (Childcare, 2019). The participant expressed transparency towards other people as their parents
encouraged them to be true to themselves as this action can also help inspire other people to express themselves
towards others. Pursuing personal goals is very important to an individual, it is how they organize their behavior
to themselves (Sheldon, 2014). With these personal goals, they can freely express themselves and that there‘s
nothing to be ashamed of.

J. Parents Guides to Correcting Behaviors

The interview revealed that the participant believes that their same-sex parents can effectively guide
their behavior during adolescence by discussing their misbehavior with them. Discipline and behavior

management techniques reveal power disparity between adults and children, often attributed to immaturity.
Theories teach adolescents to follow adult instructions, labeling behavioral issues (Porter, 2020).

“...Everytime po na may maliit lang po ako na mali nga po is parang ineexplain po nila sa susunod ganto dapat
yung gawin and ayun po tinuruan din po nila ako paano rumespeto sa iba and ayun po.”
(...Everytime that there‟s even a small mistake they explain to me that next time it should be like this, like what I
should do and they also taught me on how to respect other people.) (P2)

Chinese parents' learning activities contribute to their children's academic success. Recent studies
examine their methods, attitudes, and beliefs, which are influenced by cultural and social contexts (Ng & Wei,
2020). Parenting programs effectively detect and treat children's social, emotional, and behavioral issues, but
diversity in outcome indicators reduces comparability and creates challenges for practitioners (Blower et al.,
2019). Positive changes in parental discipline practices, particularly reducing over reactive parenting behaviors,
have been linked to fewer disruptive child behaviors (Van Der Veen‐ Mulders et al., 2019). Because of the
understanding nature of the same-sex parents it reduces the risk of putting mental distress to their child, a
change of parenting style could significantly have an impact on them.

Summary of Findings
This research is focused on the experiences of Filipino teenagers while growing up with same-sex
couples as parents. Specifically, this research seeks to determine the effects of having same-sex parents on a
teenager's social interaction, the experiences of teenagers while undergoing puberty with same-sex couples as
parents in a Filipino household, the influence of the parent‘s gender expression & identity on the teenagers‘
gender expression & identity, and the behavioral outcomes of teenagers who grew up with same-sex couple as
parents. This study aims to determine the first-hand experiences of teenagers who grew up with same-sex
couples as parents while undergoing puberty.
This research used a narrative design to address the objectives of the study. The research data was
collected using a semi-structured interview questionnaire, recorded audio from the interview, transcribed each
participant recording, and was then composed into each respective code. The scope of this research is limited to
ten (10) Filipino teenagers who grew up with same-sex couples as parents while undergoing puberty in Laguna.
Through face-to-face interviews, Google Meet, and Zoom application, the researchers conducted an interview
with the participants and developed several themes with the data collected.
1. The responses of the participants reflected that the effects of having same-sex couples as parents on a teenager's
social interactions reflect those emerging themes- difficulties communicating with peers, comfortable with
interacting with same-sex and LGBTQ peers, beliefs against religious teachings, experienced no bad interactions
because of good environment, welcoming towards gender equality, received acceptance of others, experienced
difficulties in connecting, and having a negative experience due to having same-sex parents.
2. The responses of the participants reflected the experiences of teenagers while undergoing puberty with same-sex
couples as parents in a Filipino household reflected Guidance given from similar experiences during puberty,
same-sex parents addressed the needs during puberty, navigating puberty changes with same-sex parents‘
guidance, kept an open line of communication with same-sex parents, relationship with same-sex parents
remained the same, facing communication barriers with same-sex parents due to circumstances, family
dissonance amidst supportive efforts, proper guidance given by same-sex parents, and unable to keep an open
line of communication with same-sex parents due to circumstances.
3. The responses of the participants reflected that the influence of the parents‘ gender expression & identity on the
teenagers‘ gender expression & identity reflects to these emerging themes- Given the freedom to explore their
gender expression & identity, comfortable with their own gender expression & identity, mirroring parents‘
gender expression & identity, same-sex parents influence on behavior, received guidance on gender expression,
freedom to be able to express oneself, fears of rejection disallows openness to explore one‘s gender identity,
more accepting towards others‘ sexual orientation, closeted gender identity from parents, and supported by
same-sex parents.
4. The responses of the participants reflected the behavioral outcomes of teenagers who grew with same-sex

couples as parents as having personal perceptions about spiritual beliefs, proper financial advice given, parents
causing distress due to controlling nature, stereotyping & social discrimination evident through others, open-
mindedness found through others, communication seen as a challenge with same-sex parents, had a hard time
accepting a new parental figure, no difference in behavior picked up from same-sex parents and heteronormative
types of parents, encouraged to be braver in self-expression, and parents guide to correcting behaviors.

IV. CONCLUSION
Same-sex parenting is still a minority within Filipino society. With its roots deeply intertwined with the
Catholic church, there are still difficulties amongst same-sex parents to fit in within the society due to its
religious affiliations. Up to this date, there is still a judgment on the capability of same-sex raising kids as their
own because of the proposed gender norms and stereotypes prevalent up to this time. However, these didn‘t
become a hindrance for same-sex couples to build their own family and be a parental figure to their child.
Within the minimum time frame of 5 years of teenagers living with their same-sex parents, this study aims to
determine the effects of growing up with same-sex couples as parents as teenagers go through a transitional
period of puberty, towards their social interaction, experiences of going through puberty, influence on their
gender expression or identity, and behavioral outcomes. Through a series of interviews, the researchers are able
to obtain the multiple perspectives and experiences of adolescents with same-sex parents With the findings
being a generally diverse answer from the interviews.
Having same-sex couples as parents has various influences on different aspects of their child, may it be
on their social interactions, their experiences while going through puberty, their gender expression or identity, or
their behavior. However, the main difference is that it allows their children to be more open in the concept of
gender and towards the LGBTQ+ community, to be more accepting and understanding towards others, and
encouraged to be braver in self-expression. There were also some negative experiences mentioned by the
participants as some felt difficulties communicating with peers or connecting with other people, and having
negative experiences due to their same-sex parents, some experiencing stereotyping and social discrimination.
With social interactions, a lot of the attributes of the answers mostly depend on the surrounding
environment they are currently living in, whether it's healthy or not because interactions aren‘t only limited to
how they act towards others, but how the environment they live in interacts with them. Whilst growing up with
same-sex parents while undergoing puberty, the parents in the end were able to meet their needs and reached a
satisfactory level of support. Only some felt the lack of proper guidance needed through the course of the
changes or keeping a proper and open line of communication with their parents. In the end, experiences of
puberty can vastly differ from how knowledgeable the parents are to the overall changes the participants are
going through.
In line with the influences in terms of gender identity and expression on teenagers. There is a
complication in how each participant handled finding their own gender identity and expression. One mirrored
their parents‘ identity, some were taught to explore their gender identity, and others found comfort within their
expressions. The participants learned how to accept others and further flourish their knowledge. Lastly, in terms
of the influences within the behavioral outcomes. It led to the participants learning valuable lessons from their
parents. A lot of positive influences within behavior were found, but still has its fair share of challenges they
encountered.
In conclusion, growing up with same-sex couples as parents has a significant influence on a teenager
while undergoing puberty. Each participant had different narratives that were controlled by their experiences. In
the end, all of these factors are manipulated by how they were raised and how the environment that they live in
is. Each parent did their duty to guide their child through the complicated process of adolescence to the best of
their ability despite the external factors that they can‘t control like social discrimination, stereotypes, and
stigmatization that their families are currently experiencing.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to express their deepest gratitude and appreciation to the following
individuals who have guided and led them to this accomplishment: Foremost, the researchers would like to give
thanks to the Almighty Creator for His guidance and protection during the conduct of each research project.

The researchers would like to extend their heartfelt gratitude to their respective research panelists
starting from the Advisers, Ms. Aera Joyce N. Ciar and Ms. Mhykaela T. Bautista;
The Subject Specialist, Ms. Maria Cecilia Jhadziah B. Diva;
The Language Expert, Ms. Vanessa G. Belen;
The Statistician, Mr. Israel M. Castillo;
and The Chairman of the Panel and Senior High School Chairperson, Mr. John Vincent C. Aliazas,
for their shared knowledge, expertise, trust, support, advice, and help in crafting, conducting, and finishing the
research projects.

The researchers would also like to thank ate Berta for the continuous support by providing them
delicious meals and care throughout the duration of conducting this study.

Additional thanks are extended to the peers and family of the researchers for their support throughout
the conduct of each research project.

RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the findings and conclusions made in the study, the following recommendations are hereby presented:
1. Future researchers may explore a more categorization of same-sex parents, which could be divided into both
female or both male parents. The researchers looked for any individual who has same-sex parents, but further
categorized them into. Same-sex parents with the opposite sex child could further help into gathering more data
and find more possible differences in their study.
2. Future researchers can conduct a study of comparison of children who have experienced both a heteronormative
and same-sex parents households. A change of parental figures can happen when separation between the
heteronormative type of parents and later on have a different partner of the same-sex. This can happen in the
child‘s life later on resulting in having an experience in both types of household that future researchers can
compare and conduct a study on.
3. Future researchers may look for participants in a different scope of age. This study is limited to an age range of
thirteen to nineteen years old which is the adolescent years going through puberty and changes. Future
researchers can conduct a study with an older age range to identify any different experiences of children who
have same-sex parents.
4. Future researchers may look into the external factors when growing up with same-sex parents. The study‘s main
focus is within how same-sex parents raise their children from the perspective of their children. As most of the
conclusion shows, it was the external factors that showed the main difference between a heteronormative and a
same-sex family.
5. For same-sex couples to build a family within an environment inclined of same-sex relationships to avoid any of
the negative external factors that may cause stress to a child.
6. For teenagers going through puberty, establish support groups with sensitivity to those from same-sex parents.
This is to provide peer support to teenagers as they navigate physical and emotional changes of puberty,
including a safe space to explore their experiences and feelings.
7. LGBTQ+ Acceptance Campaign. Advocate for policies that provide equal rights and protections to same-sex
parents and their children. Further allowing LGBTQ+ relationships to be normalized and accepted within
society. This is also to lessen the stigmatization and discrimination.

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