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S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | QUARTER 3 | Sir Carlos Joseph M. VIDEO #1 - VIDEO #15 : VOLCANOES - CONSTELLATION

– VIDEO #16 – gullies.

●​ According to PHIVOLCS, our country has
0.0 VOLCANOES IN THE PHILIPPINES AND
more than a hundred volcanoes as of 2013.
PHIVOLCS
Twenty-three are active while the rest are
inactive.
●​ The Philippines is located along the Pacific
Ring of Fire, which is a region that is home to – VIDEO #2 –
many earthquake epicenters and volcanoes.
2.0 VOLCANIC SHAPES AND ERUPTIVE STYLES
●​ One of the most famous volcanoes we have
is the Mayon Volcano (perfect cone) in Albay
which has recently erupted in 2018.Known
for its beauty.
●​ Mount Pinatubo which has erupted on June
15, 1991. The volcano spans Pampanga,
Zambales, and Tarlac. Known for its
destruction.
●​ After the eruption it's 600-year silence is
replaced by drastic lahar flows that
destroyed homes of not less than 100,000
people. Lahars covered 120,000 hectares
with an average depth of 1 meter. Its
atmospheric emissions also lowered air 2.1 LAYERS OF A VOLCANO
temperature.
●​ The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is the primary ●​ Magma - molten rock and gas under very
institution for tracking volcanic and seismic high pressure that can reach extremely high
activities in the country. temperatures.
●​ Magma Chambers - pocket where magma
– VIDEO #1 – accumulates before rising to the surface.
●​ Laccolith - mass of magma that enters the
1.0 ACTIVE AND INACTIVE VOLCANOES Earth’s crust and then solidifies, causing a
deformation on the Earth’s surface.
●​ There are several ways with which volcanoes ●​ Ash layer - ash and lava form the layers that
can be classified. The PHIVOLCS adapted a shape the volcano over time.
system where volcanoes can be classified as ●​ Side vent - Small rise that appears on the
active or inactive. side of the volcano and is fed by the main
vent.
●​ Main vent - londuit along which lava and
1.1 ACTIVE VOLCANOES other volcanic ejecta rise.
●​ Lava layer - layer of volcanic rock fommed by
cooled lava.
●​ Those that have a record of eruption within ●​ Volcanic bomb - mass of magma ejected
the last 600 years or those that erupted high into the air where it solidifies, it can be
10,000 years ago based on analysis of their very large.
materials. ●​ Cloud of volcanic ash - ash is formed of
particles less than 0.08 in in diameter, it is
composed of pulverized magma and ground
1.2 INACTIVE VOLCANOES
rock.
●​ Crater - Depression whose center features
●​ Those that have not erupted for the last chimney through which lava, gas and
10,000 years and their physical form is volcanic ejecta escape.
being changed by agents of weathering and ●​ Lava flow - lava mass pouring from a
erosion through formation of deep and long volcano af average speeds of 960 feet per

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hour, it can reach temperatures as high as

2.200 F.
●​ Fumarole - regular emission of gas from a
fissure on the Earth's surface.
●​ Geyser - hot water spring that ejects
sporadic jets of water and vapor.
●​ Sill - layer of magma that has solidified
between the layers of the Earth's crust it is
about 30 feet thick and several mes long.
●​ Dike - Mass of magma that enters the
Earth's crust and then solidities in the form
of bladelike shats that are vertical or oblique
to the layers of the Earth. ●​ At the summit, there is an opening which
may either be a crater or a caldera. A crater
is a funnel-shaped opening at the top of a
2.2 MAGMA volcano while a caldera is formed when a
part of the wall collapses following an
explosive eruption.
●​ Magma inside the volcano has high ●​ A volcano can have one crater, like Mayon
temperature. As the magma is continuously Volcano, or more than one, like Taal Volcano
heated, it goes up. that has 47 craters.
●​ As it rises, gas bubbles are developed. The
gas bubbles are trapped and expand
causing the molten material to swell also, 2.4 FACTORS AFFECTING VISCOSITY OF MAGMA
resulting in a gradual increase in pressure
within the volcano.
●​ When the pressure exceeds the strength of ●​ Magma is a viscous material. Viscosity is a
the overlying rock, fracturing occurs. property of a material that is defined as its
●​ The resulting breaks lead to a further drop in resistance to flow. Magma viscosity plays a
confining pressure, which in turn causes vital role in the shaping of a volcano.
even more gas bubbles to form. ●​ As the temperature of magma increases, it
●​ Aside from lava, broken rocks, lava bombs, becomes less viscous. This means that it is
fine ash and dust are also ejected. more prone to flowing.
●​ When it is ejected into the external part of
the volcano, it cools down and it becomes
2.3 PARTS OF A VOLCANO more viscous until it hardens.
●​ The composition of magma also affects its
viscosity. Particularly, magma with higher
●​ Volcanoes are also classified in terms of the silica content is less viscous (thus, flows
shapes of their cones. Currently more easily) compared to magma with less
volcanologists refer to volcanoes as shield silica content.
volcanoes, cinder cones, and composite ●​ Lastly, magma can combine with gases. As it
cones. Before moving forward, let us first gets more gases, it becomes less viscous
consider the external parts of a volcano in –it flows more freely. In near-surface
terms of structure: environments, gases escape from magma,
making magma more viscous, forming lava
domes.

– VIDEO #3 –
3.0 CONES, VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS, &
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

HAWAIIAN

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-​ Eruption is known to be Hawaiian when contact of magma with a body of water, ice,
magma flows out quietly due to low gas and or groundwater. Such interaction results to
Silicon (Si) content. hot steam that serves as an additional
-​ This type of eruption is typical of volcanoes fragmenting agent that produces more fine
in Hawaii (thus, the name), but is associated ash.
to any volcano with largely basaltic lava.
3.1 CONES OF VOLCANOES AND TYPES OF
STROMBOLIAN
MATERIAL EJECTED
-​ Mt. Etna, on the other hand, tends to shoot
up some hot molten lava in the air in a dark
night, as if it is a fiery fountain.
-​ This eruptive style of Mt. Etna, where viscous
lava is thrown a few meters up the air on the
site of eruption, is called strombolian.
-​ It Is related to the Hawaiian style of eruption
since it involves thick and pasty lava, except
the hurling of lava into the air, instead of
purely flowing lava typical of Hawaiian ●​ Cinder cone - usually ejects lighter
eruptions. pyroclastic materials, such as ash, upwards.
This causes the vertical increase in size of
VULCANIAN the volcano, making the sides steeper.
●​ Shield cones - usually eject very viscous
-​ The third type of volcanic eruption is lava. Since lava is thick, in only flows
vulcanian. It is like strombolian eruption in a sideways, making the volcano wider than it is
way that they both involve the blasting of steep.
volcanic material a few meters up the vent. ●​ Composite cones - eject fair amounts of light
-​ However, the blasts of volcanoes that are and Silicon (Si) rich pyroclastic materials
erupting through vulcanian eruptions are and lava that is viscous, making it grow
intermittent they happen in intervals of blast steeper and wider.
and quietness. This is due to the clogging of
the vent with solidified volcanic material
which breaks part by part as the volcano 3.2 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY AND GEOTHERMAL
blasts. POWERPLANTS
-​ As soon as the volcano clears all the clog in
the vent, in undergoes quiet eruptions, ●​ Geothermal energy is a form of thermal
forming an eruption column in the process, energy that is stored deep in the surface of
such as the case of Mt. Krakatau. the Earth.
●​ This thermal energy comes from a variety of
PLINIAN sources. It can come from the decay of
radioactive substances. Some elements are
-​ Mt. Pinatubo’s eruption in 1991 is an highly radioactive that they release energy
example of a Plinian eruption.The eruption every now and then, and that energy is
column is sustained in such a way that deposited in the Earth’s solid layers or rocks.
volcanic materials such as ash carried by the ●​ Thermal energy can also come from melted
wind, spread to nearby areas. magma as in the case of volcanoes.
●​ Volcanoes are areas of high geothermal
PHREATOMAGMATIC energy systems for this reason.

-​ The last type of eruption is a special kind of

eruption: phreatomagmatic.
-​ This eruption style involves the coming in

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●​ After passing through the turbine, steam

loses an amount of energy and proceeds to a
cooling tower where some of its remaining
thermal energy is deposited in the
atmosphere. It then condenses turns from
gaseous to liquid form –then goes back to
the aquifer –which the layer of water
–through the injection well.
●​ Geothermal energy is known to be a
renewable energy source because the water
that was used in turning the turbine gets
replaced by rainfall and other forms of
●​ Analyzing Figure 79, the magma beneath a precipitation, while the thermal energy used
layer of intermediate bedrock serves as the in the process is continuously generated by
heat sources of the entire geothermal the thermal energy of the magma beneath
system. the surface of the Earth.
●​ Groundwater (colored light blue in the ●​ The Philippine archipelago has 24 active
diagram) is heated by the layer of magma volcanoes. This great number of volcanoes
beneath the intermediate bedrock layer, is suitable for the building of geothermal
causing it to move in a particular powerplants in the country, making it rank
current.This movement allows the seeping of second in the world’s production when it
some heated water through cracks in rocks comes to electrical energy generation
above it, to escape into the surface as through geothermal energy.
steam. ●​ Harnessing this energy for electricity
supports major household heating and
electrical needs, as well as major industrial
processes.

– VIDEO #4 –
4.0 GEOTHERMAL PLANTS & SIGNS OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTION

●​ Areas such as the windy places of Mindanao

and the rainy islands of Batanes are highly
suitable for the establishment of
geothermal powerplants.
●​ Some of the geothermal powerplants in the
●​ Groundwater is heated by the hot layer of country are found in: Tongonan (Leyte), Tiwi
magma, found at the bottom of Figure 77. (Albay), Valencia (Negros Oriental), Bago
The thin red line represents the high City (Negros Occidental), Mak-Ban
temperature of magma that heats up the (Laguna), and Bacon (Sorsogon)
blue layer of water.
●​ Hot water is pumped through a pipe towards
a chamber of water to produce steam –this 4.1 SIGNS OF IMPENDING VOLCANIC ERUPTION
steam can cause motion.
●​ The steam then proceeds to a turbine,
●​ Increase in the frequency of volcanic
making the turbine turn to activate the power
quakes with rumbling sounds; occurrence of
generator. Electrical energy is produced in
volcanic tremors.
the power generator and is transformed into
●​ Crater glow due to presence of magma at or
voltage forms that suits the needs of the
near the crater.
communities.
●​ Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt and
ground fissuring due to magma intrusion.

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●​ Localized landslides, rockfalls and equator, the air temperature is higher which
landslides from the summit area which not results in a warm climate.
attributable to heavy rains.
●​ Noticeable increase in the extent of drying – VIDEO #6 –
up of vegetation around the volcano’s upper
slopes. 6.0 EFFECTS OF LATITUDE TO CLIMATE
●​ Increase in the temperature of hot springs
and wells, e.g., Bulusan and Kanlaon, and the ●​ Altitude refers to the height of an area above
crater lake, e.g., in Taal, that is near the sea level (ASL). An average of one (1) degree
volcano. Celsius usually decreases from every one (1)
●​ Noticeable variation in the chemical content hundred (100) meters above sea level
of springs, crater lakes within the vicinity of (mASL).
the volcano.
●​ Development of new thermal areas and/or
reactivation of old ones, such as the 6.1 EFFECTS OF NEARBY BODIES OF WATER TO
appearance of solfataras, e.g., Mandalagan CLIMATE
(Negros Occidental)
●​ Drying up of springs, wells, or rivers around
a volcano. ●​ The third factor affecting climate we will be
tackling is the distance of an area from a
large body of water.
– VIDEO #5 –
5.0 EFFECTS OF LATITUDE TO CLIMATE

●​

●​ Land gains and loses thermal energy faster

than water. This explains why even when it’s
already 9:00 AM and the sun is up in abeach,
●​ The term latitude refers to the imaginary the water is still cold. This leads to warm
horizontal lines on the Earth. They are water during early evening, say, 6:00 PM.
described in terms of degrees and ●​ In winter of the same area, the sea is warmer
progresses from zero (0) degree in the than the coast. The coast is warmer than in
equator to ninety (90) degrees in the poles, land, because the atmosphere above it is
which can either be the North or South Pole. moderated by the nearby sea.
●​ In Figure 84, areas near the equator are in
the tropical zone. This means that they are – VIDEO #7 –
receiving way more sunlight than areas in
7.0 TOPOGRAPHY AND THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE
other zones.
TO CULTURE
●​ When the area is farther from the equator,
the air temperature is lower resulting in a
cold climate. When the place is closer to the

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●​ Landforms and bodies of water affect the

climate of an area. Analyze the following
illustration of a mountain range next to a
large body of water.

7.1 WINDWARD AND LEEWARD SIDES OF A

MOUNTAIN

●​ The windward side of a mountain or

mountain range receives more precipitation
than the leeward side because of the shape ●​ The energy in the diagram that is being
of the upslope land. transferred is solar energy, and it originates
●​ This results to a generally cooler and moist from the sun.
climate on the windward area compared to ●​ The earth’s atmosphere can filter out some
the leeward area that is warm and dry. UV radiation and to trap some heat that the
●​ Beaches that are in the windward side of a surface reflects to space for
mountain tend to have well moderated thermoregulation of the planet.
temperatures as affected by the
●​ topography of the place.
– VIDEO #9 –

– VIDEO #8 – 9.0 INTRODUCTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE

8.0 OCEAN CURRENTS & GREENHOUSE EFFECT

●​ Climate change is one of the most current
worldwide issues. Some experts say that it
is true that the Earth does go through a
period of cooling and a period of warming.
●​ The increase of temperature that we are
experiencing right now is caused by factors
other than human activity. Another point of
view is that the increase of Earth’s
temperature is brought about by human
intervention.
●​ Global warming can bring about a rising of
the sea level due to the melting of ice caps
and glaciers.We may experience severe
weather disturbances such as much
stronger typhoons and heavier rainfalls.
●​ Being known as the blue planet, the Earth’s ●​ Some parts of the world may experience the
weather system is an affair of the winds and so-called El Nino or La Nina phenomena.
water, in as much as it is also affected by And most of all, it can cause extinction of
landforms (as suggested by topography as a some fauna and flora.
factor affecting climate).
●​ Based on the directions of the winds, the
west coast of the South American Continent 9.1 GREENHOUSE GASES AND GREENHOUSE
receives cold current of wind, while the east EFFECT
coast receives warm current of wind.
●​ Solar radiation warms the Earth as its
8.1 DIAGRAM OF GREENHOUSE EFFECT energy is absorbed by the atmosphere.
Greenhouse gases form a layer in the
atmosphere, and they include gases such as

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water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and ●​ The Philippines experiences less rain and
nitrous oxide. warmer temperatures that may rise for up to
●​ Greenhouse gases prevent the escape of all 0.5 degree Celsius.
thermal energy from the sun, regulating the ●​ The agriculture sector may experience low
planet’s temperature.Without the layer of productivity and increase pests due to low
greenhouse gases, most of the thermal soil moisture.
energy from the sun may just be reflected to ●​ Household are also prone to power ortage,
space. putting much pressure to groundwater
●​ However, an increase in the overall amount extraction.
of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere ●​ Various marine resources are also affected
leads to the abnormal increase in the Earth’s by widespread fish kill and red tide.
temperature, which leads to global warming. ●​ General human health is also put at risk for
●​ Areas that are found in temperate regions tropical.
may have shorter winters. Countries that are ●​ Diseases such as malaria, dengue, and skin
found in tropical regions may have longer diseases, as well as food-borne infections
and drier summers. Glaciers that cover land such as salmonellosis.
will melt which will result in the rise of sea
levels. LA NINA

– VIDEO #10 – ●​ La Nina is the cool phase of ENSO. When it

occurs, it lasts for up to one (1) to three (3)
10.0 CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS
years. It happens every three (3) to four (4)
years.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF THE ●​ There is generally a colder temperature that
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION can range for up to -0.5 degree Celsius, and
the Philippines experiences more rainfall
-​ When the Industrial Revolution began, more because trade winds from the eastern
emissions of carbon dioxide and other Pacific becomes stronger, pushing
greenhouse gases threatened all living precipitation towards the country.
things. ●​ It can lead to flooding of agricultural lands,
-​ Both developed and developing countries which also brings forth new pests and
depended on the burning of fossil fuels for diseases for the crops.
energy, which increased the emission of ●​ Dams and rivers are also flooded.
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. ●​ Water-borne diseases such as cholera,
leptospirosis, and schistosomiasis threaten
– VIDEO #11 – human health.
●​ Strong waves in shores cause erosion while
11.0 EL NIÑO AND LA NINA landslides happen in select elevated areas.

EL NIÑO – VIDEO #12 –

12.0 COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF THE STARS
●​ El Nino is the warm phase of the El Nino
Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a natural
phenomenon characterized as the inability ●​ There are roughly around two hundred (200)
of weak trade winds from the eastern billions of these diamonds in the sky. They
Pacific to push warm water towards the are born (formed), sustained, and they “die”
west. in the same way.
●​ It can last for up to eight (8) to twelve (12) ●​ The bright and immovable Northern Star
months and can happen every two (2) to called Polaris, and the hot sun may have
seven (7) years. The strongest El Nino different sizes, compositions, temperatures,
events may happen every ten (10) to fifteen colors, masses, and brightness, but they are
(15) years. formed, let-live, and die in the same manner,
with the same forces.

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– VIDEO #13 – is prominent in the night sky all over the

world during winter.
13.0 STARS APPERANT AND ABSOLUTE
BRIGHTNESS
– VIDEO #14 –
14.0 THE MOVEMENT OF THE STARS IN THE SKY
●​ The brightness of a star as seen from the
Earth depends on two factors: distance and
the actual brightness (or absolute ●​ The Sun’s movement in the sky and telling
brightness) of the star. time.
●​ The star's brightness as seen from Earth is ●​ By observing Sun’s movement and position
its apparent brightness. Based on the in the sky, we can tell what time of the day it
activity, apparent brightness depends on is.
how far away a star is from the Earth. ●​ When it seems to rise in the east, it is
●​ The absolute brightness of a star is the morning. When it is above us, it is noon.
brightness of a star if all stars were of the When it seems to move towards the west, it
same distance from the Earth. is afternoon.
●​ Polaris, commonly known as North Star, is
the brightest star in the constellation Ursa
Minor (Little Dipper).It is very close to the
north celestial pole, making it the current
northern pole star.

●​ Compared to the Sun, Sirius is about 27

times as powerful as the Sun, but Rigel has
the power of many thousands of Suns. In
terms of distance from the Earth, Rigel is
almost 100 times farther away than Sirius.
In terms of apparent brightness, Sirius is ●​ Because it lies nearly in a direct line with the
about twice as bright as Rigel. Sirius looks axis of the Earth’s rotation “above” the North
very bright when viewed from Earth because Pole, Polaris stands almost motionless in
it is closer to Earth. the sky, and all the stars of the Northern sky
appear to rotate around it.

13.1 WHAT IS CONSTELLATION? – VIDEO #15 –

15.0 CONSTELLATION PATTERN AND USES
●​ Observers in ancient times imagined group
of stars that form pictures of animals,
objects,and people. These imaginary groups ●​ While constellations were associated with
of stars are called constellations. religion, they also have practical uses.Before
●​ Any of these constellations have names that the calendars, people had no way of
can be traced back to early Babylonians and determining when to sow or harvest except
Greek civilizations, but nearly all cultures by looking at these patterns in the sky.
have different names for the constellations. ●​ Ancient people developed a way to
●​ For example, the Greeks called the large remember the patterns by giving these
constellation Orion, which means hunter and patterns names and stories. For example, in

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the northern hemisphere, the constellation

Orion indicates the coming of cold season.
●​ The constellations made it easier for them
to recognize and interpret patterns in the
sky.
●​ For example, Gemini is seen in the
Philippines during the months of April and
May.
●​ Farmers interpreted the appearance of
Gemini as the end of planting season, and it
signified rich harvest.

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