Unit

53 Verb + -ing (enjoy doing / stop doing etc.)

A We say: Would you mind
I enjoy reading. (not I enjoy to read) closing the door?
Would you mind closing the door?
(not mind to close)
Chris suggested going to the cinema.
(not suggested to go)
After enjoy, mind and suggest, we use -ing (not to …).
Some more verbs that are followed by -ing:
stop recommend admit avoid imagine
finish consider deny risk fancy
Suddenly everybody stopped talking. There was silence.
I’ll do the shopping when I’ve finished cleaning the flat.
He tried to avoid answering my question.
I don’t fancy going out this evening. (= I’m not enthusiastic about it)
Have you ever considered going to live in another country?
They said they were innocent. They denied doing anything wrong.
The negative form is not -ing:
When I’m on holiday, I enjoy not having to get up early.

B We also use -ing after:

give up (= stop)
put off (= delay until later)
go on or carry on (= continue)
keep or keep on (= do something continuously or repeatedly)
I’ve given up buying newspapers. I don’t read them any more.
You shouldn’t put off telling him what happened. You need to tell him now.
Katherine doesn’t want to retire. She wants to go on working. or … to carry on working.
You keep interrupting when I’m talking. or You keep on interrupting …

C With some verbs you can use the structure verb + somebody + -ing:
You can’t stop people doing what they want.
I can’t imagine George riding a motorbike.
Did she really say that? I don’t remember her saying that.
Sorry to keep you waiting so long.

D When you talk about finished actions, you can say having done/stolen/said etc. :
They admitted having stolen the money.
But it is not necessary to use having (done). You can say:
They admitted stealing the money.
I now regret saying that. or I now regret having said that.

E Other structures are possible with admit, deny, suggest and recommend. For example, you can say:
They denied (that) they had done anything wrong. (= They denied doing …)
Chris suggested (that) we go to the cinema. (= Chris suggested going …)
I recommend (that) you travel by train. (= I recommend travelling …)

suggest ➜ Unit 34 being done (passive) ➜ Unit 44B Verb + to … ➜ Unit 54

Verb + to … and -ing ➜ Units 55C, 56–58 remember / regret / go on ➜ Unit 56B
106 go on / carry on / keep on ➜ Unit 141A
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 Unit
Exercises 53
53.1 Complete the sentences for each situation. Use -ing.
1 She suggested going to
What shall we do? We could go to the zoo.
the zoo .
2 Do you want to play tennis? No, not really. He didn’t fancy
.
3 Let’s go for a walk. Good idea! She suggested
.
4 You caused the accident. No, I didn’t. He denied
.
5 Can you wait a few minutes? Sure, no problem. They didn’t mind
.
6 You didn’t tell the truth. That’s right. I didn’t. She admitted
.

53.2 Complete the sentences. Choose from these verbs (in the correct form):
answer apply forget interrupt listen live
lose make pay read travel try
1 He tried to avoid answering my question.
2 I’m trying to concentrate. Please stop so much noise!
3 I enjoy to music.
4 I considered for the job, but in the end I decided against it.
5 Have you finished the newspaper yet?
6 We need to change our routine. We can’t go on like this.
7 It’s better to avoid during the rush hour.
8 My memory is getting worse. I keep things.
9 I’ve put off this bill so many times. I really must do it today.
10 I’ve given up to learn Japanese. I was making no progress.
11 If you gamble, you risk your money.
12 Would you mind not me all the time? Let me speak!

53.3 Put the words in the right order.

1 Did she really say that? I (that / remember / her / saying / don’t).
I don’t remember her saying that.
2 It’s OK if you want to drive my car. I (driving / don’t / it / you / mind).
I
3 What a stupid thing to do! Can (imagine / so stupid / being / you / anybody)?
Can
4 We can’t control the weather. We (raining / stop / it / can’t).
We
5 I’ll be as quick as I can. I (waiting / want / keep / you / don’t / to).
I

53.4 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. Use -ing.
1 She’s a very interesting person. I always enjoy talking to her .
2 I’m not feeling very well. I don’t fancy .
3 I’m afraid there aren’t any chairs. I hope you don’t mind .
4 It was a beautiful day, so I suggested .
5 The movie was very funny. I couldn’t stop .
6 My car is unreliable. It keeps .

[Link]/LinguaLIB 107
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Unit
54 Verb + to … (decide to … / forget to … etc.)
A After these verbs you can use to … (infinitive):
offer plan manage deserve
agree arrange fail afford
refuse hope promise learn
decide forget threaten tend

It was a long way to walk, so we decided to take a taxi home.

Simon was in a difficult situation, so I agreed to help him.
I waved to Karen, but failed to attract her attention.
I like Dan, but I think he tends to talk too much. Dan tends to talk too much.
How old were you when you learnt to drive?
or … learnt how to drive?
The negative is not to … :
We decided not to go out because of the weather.
I promised not to be late.
After some verbs, we use -ing (not to …). For example, enjoy/think/suggest:
I enjoy reading. (not enjoy to read)
Andy suggested meeting for coffee. (not suggested to meet)
Are you thinking of buying a car? (not thinking to buy)
For verb + -ing, see Units 53 and 62.

B After dare you can use the infinitive with or without to:
I didn’t dare to tell him. or I didn’t dare tell him.
But after dare not (or daren’t), we do not use to:
I daren’t tell him what happened. (not I daren’t to tell him)

C We also use to … after seem, appear, pretend and claim. For example:
They seem to have plenty of money.
Ann pretended not to see me when she passed me in the street.
You can also use to be -ing (continuous infinitive) and to have (done) (perfect infinitive):
I pretended to be reading the newspaper. (= I pretended that I was reading)
Have you seen my keys? I seem to have lost them. (= it seems that I have lost them)
She claimed not to have seen me. (= she claimed that she hadn’t seen me)

D After these verbs you can use a question word (what/how etc.) + to … .
ask know decide remember forget learn explain understand wonder
For example:
We asked how to get to the station.
Have you decided where to go on holiday?
I don’t know whether to apply for the job or not.
Do you understand what to do?

also
show/tell/ask/advise/teach somebody what/how/where to do something:
Can somebody show me how to use this camera?
Ask Jack. He’ll tell you what to do.

Verb + -ing ➜ Unit 53 Verb + object + to … (want etc.) ➜ Unit 55

108 Verb + to … and -ing ➜ Units 55C, 56–58
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 Unit
Exercises 54
54.1 Complete the sentences for these situations.
1 They decided to get
Shall we get married? Yes, let’s.
married .
2 Please help me. OK.
She agreed
.
3 Can I carry your bag for you? No, thanks. I can manage. He offered
.
4 Let’s meet at 8 o’clock. OK, fine. They arranged
.
5 What’s your name? I’m not going to tell you. She refused
.
6 Please don’t tell anyone. I won’t. I promise.
She promised
.
54.2 Complete the sentences. Use a suitable verb.
1 Don’t forget to lock the door when you go out.
2 There was a lot of traffic, but we managed to the airport in time.
3 We couldn’t afford in London. It’s too expensive.
4 I can’t play a musical instrument, but I’d like to learn the guitar.
5 I don’t want Mark to know what happened. I decided not him.
6 We were all afraid to speak. Nobody dared anything.
54.3 Put the verb into the correct form, to … or -ing. (See Unit 53 for verbs + -ing.)
1 When I’m tired, I enjoy watching TV. It’s relaxing. (watch)
2 I’ve decided for another job. I need a change. (look)
3 I’m not going anywhere! I refuse . (move)
4 I’m not in a hurry. I don’t mind . (wait)
5 Tina ran in a marathon last week, but she failed . (finish)
6 I wish that dog would stop . It’s driving me crazy. (bark)
7 They didn’t know I was listening to them. I pretended asleep. (be)
8 We were hungry, so I suggested dinner early. (have)
9 Hurry up! I don’t want to risk the train. (miss)
10 David is very quiet. He tends not much. (say)
54.4 Make a new sentence using the verb in brackets.
1 I’ve lost my keys. (seem) I seem to have lost my keys.
2 Tom is worried about something. (appear) Tom appears
3 You know a lot of people. (seem) You
4 My English is getting better. (seem)
5 That car has broken down. (appear)
6 Rachel is enjoying her job. (seem)
7 They have solved the problem. (claim)
54.5 Complete each sentence using what/how/where/whether + these verbs:
do get go put ride use
1 Do you know how to get to the airport from here?
2 Would you know if there was a fire in the building?
3 You’ll never forget a bike once you’ve learnt.
4 I’ve been invited to the party, but I haven’t decided or not.
5 My room is very untidy. I’ve got so many things and I don’t know them.
6 I have some clothes to wash. Can you show me the washing machine?

➜ Additional exercises 26–28 (pages 317–19) [Link]/LinguaLIB 109

[Link]/lingualib
Unit
55 Verb (+ object) + to … (I want you to …)
A We say:

verb + to … verb + object + to …

want want
expect to go expect to go
ask to be ask somebody to be
and
help to work help something to work
would like etc. would like etc.
would prefer would prefer

We expected to be late. We expected Dan to be late.

Would you like to go now? Would you like me to go now?
He doesn’t want to know. He doesn’t want anybody to know.
We do not usually say ‘want that’:
Do you want me to come with you? (not want that I come)
You can use help with or without to. You can say:
Can you help me to move this table? or Can you help me move this table?

B These verbs have the structure verb + object + to … :

verb + object + to …
tell
advise It’s not a nice hotel. I wouldn’t advise you to stay
remind there.
warn Can you remind me to call Sam tomorrow?
invite to do Joe said the switch was dangerous and warned me
encourage to be not to touch it.
somebody
persuade to work I didn’t move the piano by myself. I got somebody
get etc. to help me.
force Who taught you to drive?
teach They don’t allow people to park in front of the
allow building.
enable
In these examples, the verb is passive (I was warned / we are allowed etc.):
I was warned not to touch the switch.
Are we allowed to park here?
We do not use suggest with to … :
Jane suggested that I ask you for advice. (not Jane suggested me to ask)

C We say ‘make somebody do something’, ‘let somebody do something’ (without to):

I made him promise that he wouldn’t tell anybody what happened.
(not made him to promise)
Hot weather makes me feel tired. (= causes me to feel tired)
Her parents wouldn’t let her go out alone. (= wouldn’t allow her to go out)
Let me carry your bag for you.
We say ‘make somebody do’, but in the passive we say ‘(be) made to do’ (with to):
We were made to wait for two hours. (= They made us wait …)

suggest ➜ Units 34, 53 tell/ask somebody to … ➜ Unit 48D Verb + -ing ➜ Unit 53
110 Verb + to … ➜ Unit 54 Verb + to …[Link]/LinguaLIB
and -ing ➜ Units 56–58 help ➜ Unit 57C
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 Unit
Exercises 55
55.1 Complete the questions. Use do you want me to … ? or would you like me to … ? with these
verbs (and any other necessary words):
come lend repeat show shut wait
1 Do you want to go alone, or do you want me to come with you ?
2 Do you have enough money, or do you want ?
3 Shall I leave the window open, or would you ?
4 Do you know how to use the printer, or would ?
5 Did you hear what I said, or do ?
6 Can I go now, or do ?

55.2 Complete the sentences for these situations.

1 Meet me at the station. OK. She told him to meet
her at the station .
2 Why don’t you come That would be nice. They invited him
and stay with us? .
3 Don’t forget to call Joe. No, I won’t forget. He reminded her
.
4 She warned
Be careful. Don’t worry. I will.
.
5 Can you give me a hand? Sure. He asked
.

55.3 Complete the second sentence so that the meaning is similar to the first sentence.
1 My father said I could use his car. My father allowed me to use his car.
2 I was surprised that it rained. I didn’t expect
3 Don’t stop him doing what he wants. Let
4 Tom looks older when he wears glasses. Tom’s glasses make
5 I think you should know the truth. I want
6 At first I didn’t want to apply for the Sarah persuaded
job, but Sarah persuaded me.
7 My lawyer said I shouldn’t say My lawyer advised
anything to the police.
8 I was told that I shouldn’t believe I was warned
everything he says.
9 If you’ve got a car, you are able to get Having a car enables
around more easily.

55.4 Which is right?

1 You aren’t allowed take / to take pictures here. (to take is correct)
2 I’m in a difficult position. What do you advise me do / to do?
3 The film was very sad. It made me cry / to cry.
4 Lisa’s parents always encouraged her study / to study hard at school.
5 Please don’t interrupt me. Let me finish / to finish.
6 You can’t make people do / to do things they don’t want to do.
7 You can’t force people do / to do things they don’t want to do.
8 Sarah won’t let me drive / to drive her car. She doesn’t trust me.
9 Why did you change your decision? What made you change / to change your mind?
10 If you enter a country with a tourist visa, you are not allowed work / to work there.

➜ Additional exercises 26–28 (pages 317–19) [Link]/LinguaLIB 111

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Unit
56 Verb + -ing or to … 1 (remember, regret etc.)
A Some verbs are followed by -ing and some are followed by to … .
Verbs that you can use with -ing (not to …): Verbs that you can use with to … :
admit fancy postpone afford fail offer
avoid finish risk agree forget plan
consider imagine stop arrange hope promise
deny keep (on) suggest decide learn refuse
enjoy mind deserve manage tend
For examples, see Unit 53. For examples, see Unit 54.

B Some verbs can be followed by -ing or to … with a difference of meaning:

remember

I remember doing something = I did it and I remembered to do something =

now I remember this. I remembered that I had to do it, so I did it.
You remember doing something after you You remember to do something before you
have done it. do it.
I know I locked the door. I clearly I remembered to lock the door, but I
remember locking it. forgot to shut the windows.
(= I locked it, and now I remember this) (= I remembered that I had to lock it,
He could remember driving along the and so I locked it)
road just before the accident, but he Remember to buy some bananas.
couldn’t remember the accident itself. (= Don’t forget to buy them)

regret

I regret doing something = I did it and now I regret to say / to tell you / to inform you =
I am sorry about it: I am sorry that I have to say:
I now regret saying what I said. I (from a formal letter) I regret to say that
shouldn’t have said it. we are unable to accept your offer.
Do you regret not going to college?

go on

go on doing something = continue doing the go on to do something = do or say something

same thing: new:
The president paused for a moment and After discussing the economy, the
then went on talking. president went on to talk about
We need to change. We can’t go on foreign policy.
living like this.

C We use the following verbs with -ing or to … with no difference of meaning:

begin start continue intend bother
So you can say:
It started raining. or It started to rain.
Andy intends buying a house. or Andy intends to buy …
Don’t bother locking the door. or Don’t bother to lock …
Normally we do not use -ing after -ing:
It’s starting to rain. (not usually It’s starting raining)

112 Verb + -ing ➜ Unit 53 Verb + to …[Link]/LinguaLIB

➜ Units 54–55 Other verbs + -ing or to … ➜ Units 57–58
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 Unit
Exercises 56
56.1 Put the verb into the correct form, -ing or to … .
1 They denied stealing the money. (steal)
2 I don’t enjoy very much. (drive)
3 I can’t afford away. I don’t have enough money. (go)
4 Have you ever considered to live in another country? (go)
5 We were unlucky to lose the game. We played well and deserved . (win)
6 Why do you keep me questions? Leave me alone! (ask)
7 Please stop me questions! (ask)
8 I refuse any more questions. (answer)
9 The driver of one of the cars admitted the accident. (cause)
10 Mark needed our help, and we promised what we could. (do)
11 I don’t mind alone, but I’d rather be with other people. (be)
12 The wall was quite high, but I managed over it. (climb)
13 Sarah doesn’t know about the meeting. I forgot her. (tell)
14 I’ve enjoyed to you. I hope you again soon. (talk, see)

56.2 Tom can remember some things about his childhood, but he can’t remember others. Write
sentences with He remembers … or He doesn’t remember … .
1 He was in hospital when he was a small child. He can still remember this.
He remembers being in hospital when he was a small child.
2 He cried on his first day at school. He doesn’t remember this.
He doesn’t on his first day at school.
3 Once he fell into the river. He remembers this.
He .
4 He said he wanted to be a doctor. He doesn’t remember this.
to be a doctor.
5 Once he was bitten by a dog. He doesn’t remember this.
a dog.
6 His sister was born when he was four. He remembers this.
.

56.3 Complete the sentences with a suitable verb in the correct form, -ing or to … .
1 a Please remember to lock the door when you go out.
b He says we’ve met before, but I don’t remember him.
c Someone must have taken my bag. I clearly remember it by the
window and now it isn’t there.
d When you see Steve, remember hello to him from me.
e a: You lent me some money a few months ago.
b: Did I? Are you sure? I don’t remember you any money.
f a: Did you remember your sister?
b: No, I forgot. I’ll phone her tomorrow.
2 a The course I did wasn’t very good, but I don’t regret it.
b I knew they were in trouble, but I regret I did nothing to help them.
c It started to get cold, and he regretted not his coat.
d I now regret my job. It was a big mistake.
3 a Ben joined the company nine years ago. He became assistant manager after two
years, and a few years later he went on manager of the company.
b I can’t go on here any more. I want a different job.
c When I came into the room, Lisa was reading a book. She looked up and said hello,
and then went on her book.
d Food prices have gone up again. How are we going to manage if prices go on ?

➜ Additional exercises 26–28 (pages 317–19) [Link]/LinguaLIB 113

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Unit
57 Verb + -ing or to … 2 (try, need, help)
A try to … and try -ing
try to do = attempt to do, make an effort to do:
I was very tired. I tried to keep my eyes open, but I couldn’t.
Please try to be quiet when you come home. Everyone will be asleep.
try something or try doing something = do it as an experiment or test:
These cakes are delicious. You should try one. (= have one to see if you like it)
We couldn’t find anywhere to stay. We tried every hotel in the town, but they were all full.
(= we went to every hotel to see if they had a room)
a: The photocopier doesn’t seem to be working.
b: Try pressing the green button.
(= press the green button – perhaps this will help to solve the problem)
Compare:
I tried to move the table, but it was too heavy. (so I couldn’t move it)
I didn’t like the way the furniture was arranged, so I tried moving the table to the other
side of the room. But it didn’t look right, so I moved it back again.
(I tried moving it = I moved it to see if it looked better)

B need to … and need -ing

I need to do something = it is necessary for me to do it:

He needs to work harder if he wants to make progress. My phone needs charging.
I don’t need to come to the meeting, do I?
You can say that something needs -ing:
My phone needs charging. (= it needs to be charged)
Does your suit need cleaning? (= … need to be cleaned)
It’s a difficult problem. It needs thinking about carefully.
(= it needs to be thought about carefully)
Compare:
I need to charge my phone.
but My phone needs charging.

C help and can’t help

You can say help to do or help do (with or without to):

Everybody helped to clean up after the party. or
Everybody helped clean up …
Can you help me move this table? or
Can you help me to move …
I can’t help doing something = I can’t stop myself doing it:
I don’t like him, but he has a lot of problems.
I can’t help feeling sorry for him.
She tried to be serious, but she couldn’t help laughing.
(= she couldn’t stop herself laughing)
I’m sorry I’m so nervous. I can’t help it.
(= I can’t help being nervous) She couldn’t help laughing.

114 Verb + -ing ➜ Unit 53 Verb + to …[Link]/LinguaLIB

➜ Units 54–55 Other verbs + -ing or to … ➜ Units 56, 58
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 Unit
Exercises 57
57.1 Put the verb into the correct form.
1 I was very tired. I tried to keep my eyes open, but I couldn’t. (keep)
2 I tried the shelf, but I wasn’t tall enough. (reach)
3 I rang the doorbell, but there was no answer. Then I tried on the window,
but there was still no answer. (knock)
4 We tried the fire out, but without success. We had to call the fire
brigade. (put)
5 Please leave me alone. I’m trying . (concentrate)
6 Sue needed to borrow some money. She tried Carl, but he didn’t have
any. (ask)
7 Mr Bennett isn’t here right now. Please try later. (call)
8 The woman’s face was familiar. I tried where I’d seen her before.
(remember)
9 If you have a problem with the computer, try it. (restart)

57.2 For each picture, write a sentence with need(s) + one of the following verbs:
clean cut empty paint tighten

1 2 3 4 5

1 This room isn’t very nice. It needs painting .

2 The grass is very long. It .
3 The windows are dirty. They .
4 The screws are loose. .
5 The bin is full. .

57.3 Which is right?

1 We spend too much time sitting down. We need getting / to get more exercise.
(to get is correct)
2 These clothes are dirty. They all need washing / to wash.
3 My grandmother isn’t able to look after herself any more. She needs looking / to look after.
4 I can’t make a decision right now. I need thinking / to think about it.
5 Your hair is getting very long. It will need cutting / to cut soon.
6 I need a change. I need going / to go away for a while.
7 That shirt looks fine. You don’t need ironing / to iron it.
8 That shirt looks fine. It doesn’t need ironing / to iron.

57.4 Put the verb into the correct form.

1 I don’t like him, but I can’t help feeling sorry for him. (feel)
2 I’ve lost my phone. Can you help me for it? (look)
3 They were talking very loudly. We couldn’t help what they said. (overhear)
4 He looks so funny. Whenever I see him, I can’t help . (smile)
5 The fine weather helped it a really nice holiday. (make)
6 Did you help the meeting? (organise)
7 I think about what happened all the time. I can’t help about it. (think)
8 I can’t help you a job. You have to find one yourself. (get)

[Link]/LinguaLIB 115
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Unit
58 Verb + -ing or to … 3 (like / would like etc.)
A like / love / hate
When you talk about repeated actions, you can use -ing or to … after these verbs.
So you can say:
Do you like getting up early? or Do you like to get up early?
Stephanie hates flying. or Stephanie hates to fly.
I love meeting people. or I love to meet people.
I don’t like being kept waiting. or … like to be kept waiting.
I don’t like friends calling me at work. or … friends to call me at work.
but
(1) We use -ing (not to …) when we talk about a situation that already exists (or existed).
For example:
Paul lives in Berlin now. He likes living there.
(he lives there now and he likes it)
Do you like being a student? (you are a student – do you like it?)
The office I worked in was horrible. I hated working there. (I worked there and I hated it)
(2) There is sometimes a difference between I like to do and I like doing:
I like doing something = I do it and I enjoy it:
I like cleaning the kitchen. (= I enjoy it.)
I like to do something = I choose to do it (but maybe I don’t enjoy it):
It’s not my favourite job, but I like to clean the kitchen as often as possible.
Note that we use -ing (not to …) with enjoy and mind:
I enjoy cleaning the kitchen. (not I enjoy to clean)
I don’t mind cleaning the kitchen. (not I don’t mind to clean)

B would like / would love / would hate / would prefer

Would like / would love etc. are usually followed by to … :
I’d like (= I would like) to go away for a few days.
What would you like to do this evening?
I wouldn’t like to go on holiday alone.
I’d love to meet your family.
Would you prefer to eat now or later?
Compare I like and I would like (I’d like):
I like playing tennis. / I like to play tennis. (= I like it in general)
I’d like to play tennis today. (= I want to play today)
Would mind is followed by -ing:
Would you mind closing the door, please? (not mind to close)

C I would like to have (done something)

I would like to have done something = I regret now that I didn’t or couldn’t do it:
It’s a shame we didn’t see Anna. I would like to have seen her again.
We’d like to have gone away, but we were too busy at home.
We use the same structure after would love / would hate / would prefer:
Poor David! I would hate to have been in his position.
I’d love to have gone to the party, but it was impossible.

116 enjoy/mind ➜ Unit 53 would like ➜ Units 37E, 55A prefer ➜ Unit 59
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 Unit
Exercises 58
58.1 Write sentences about yourself. Do you like these activities? Choose from these verbs:
like / don’t like love hate enjoy don’t mind

1 (flying) I don’t like flying. or I don’t like to fly.

2 (playing cards)
3 (being alone)
4 (going to museums)
5 (cooking)
6 (getting up early)

58.2 Make sentences using -ing or to … . Sometimes either form is possible.

1 Paul lives in Berlin now. It’s nice. He likes it.
(He / like / live / there) He likes living there.
2 Jane is a biology teacher. She likes her job
(She / like / teach / biology) She
3 Joe always has his camera with him and takes a lot of pictures.
(He / like / take / pictures)
4 I used to work in a supermarket. I didn’t like it much.
(I / not / like / work / there)
5 Rachel is studying medicine. She likes it.
(She / like / study / medicine)
6 Dan is famous, but he doesn’t like it.
(He / not / like / be / famous)
7 Jennifer is a very careful person. She doesn’t take many risks.
(She / not / like / take / risks)
8 I don’t like surprises.
(I / like / know / things / in advance)

58.3 Complete the sentences with a verb in the correct form, -ing or to … . In two sentences either form
is possible.
1 It’s fun to go to new places – I enjoy travelling .
2 ‘Would you like down?’ ‘No, thanks. I’ll stand.’
3 The music is very loud. Would you mind it down?
4 How do you relax? What do you like in your spare time?
5 When I have to take a train, I’m always worried that I’ll miss it. So I like
to the station in plenty of time.
6 I enjoy busy. I don’t like it when there’s nothing to do.
7 I would love to your wedding, but I’m afraid I’ll be away.
8 I don’t like in this part of town. I want to move somewhere else.
9 Do you have a minute? I’d like to you about something.
10 If there’s bad news and good news, I like the bad news first.
11 Shall we leave now, or would you prefer a little?
12 Steve wants to win every time. He hates .

58.4 Write sentences using would … to have (done). Use the verbs in brackets.
1 It’s a shame I couldn’t go to the party. (like) I would like to have gone to the party.
2 It’s a shame I didn’t see the programme. (like)
3 I’m glad I didn’t lose my watch. (hate)
4 It’s too bad I didn’t meet your parents. (love)
5 I’m glad I wasn’t alone. (not / like)
6 We should have travelled by train. (prefer)

➜ Additional exercises 26–28 (pages 317–19) [Link]/LinguaLIB 117

[Link]/lingualib
Unit
59 prefer and would rather
A prefer to … and prefer -ing
When you say what you prefer in general, you can use prefer to … or prefer -ing:
I don’t like cities. I prefer to live in the country. or I prefer living in the country.
You can say:
prefer something to something else
to doing something else
prefer doing something
rather than (doing) something else
prefer to do something rather than (do) something else
I prefer this coat to the other one.
I prefer driving to travelling by train. or
I prefer driving rather than travelling by train.
I prefer to drive rather than travel by train.
Sarah prefers to live in the country rather than in a city.

B would prefer (I’d prefer …)

We use would prefer to say what somebody wants in a specific situation (not in general):
‘Would you prefer tea or coffee?’ ‘Coffee, please.’
We say ‘would prefer to do something’ (not usually would prefer doing):
‘Shall we go by train?’ ‘I’d prefer to drive.’ (= I would prefer …)
I’d prefer to stay at home tonight rather than go to the cinema.

C would rather (I’d rather …)

I’d rather = I would rather. I’d rather do something = I’d prefer to do it.
We say I’d rather do (not to do). Compare:
⎧ ‘I’d rather drive.’ (not to drive)
‘Shall we go by train?’ ⎨
⎩ ‘I’d prefer to drive.’
Which would you rather do, ⎧
go to the cinema or go shopping?
Which would you prefer to do, ⎨⎩
The negative is ‘I’d rather not …’ :
I’m tired. I’d rather not go out this evening, if you don’t mind.
‘Do you want to go out this evening?’ ‘I’d rather not.’
We say ‘I’d rather do one thing than do another’:
I’d rather stay at home tonight than go to the cinema.

D I’d rather somebody did something

We say ‘I’d rather you did something’ (not I’d rather you do):
‘Who’s going to drive, you or me?’ ‘I’d rather you drove.’ (= I would prefer this)
‘Jack says he’ll repair your bike tomorrow, OK?’ ‘I’d rather he did it today.’
Are you going to tell Anna what happened, or would you rather I told her?
We use the past (drove, did etc.) here, but the meaning is present not past. Compare:
I’d rather make dinner now.
I’d rather you made dinner now. (not I’d rather you make)
I’d rather you didn’t (do something) = I’d prefer you not to do it:
I’d rather you didn’t tell anyone what I said.
‘Shall I tell Anna what happened?’ ‘I’d rather you didn’t.’
‘Are you going to tell Anna what happened?’ ‘No. I’d rather she didn’t know.’

118 would prefer ➜ Unit 58B [Link]/LinguaLIB

(one thing) to (another) ➜ Unit 136D
[Link]/lingualib
 Unit
Exercises 59
59.1 Which do you prefer? Write sentences using ‘I prefer (something) to (something else)’.
1 (driving / travelling by train)
I prefer driving to travelling by train.
2 (basketball / football)
I prefer
3 (going to the cinema / watching movies at home)
I to
4 (being very busy / having nothing to do)
I
Now rewrite sentences 3 and 4 using rather than:
5 (1) I prefer to drive rather than travel by train.
or I prefer driving rather than travelling by train.
6 (3) I prefer
7 (4)

59.2 Complete the sentences. Sometimes you need one word, sometimes more.
A B

1 Shall we walk home? I’d rather get a taxi.

2 Do you want to eat now? I’d prefer to wait till later.
3 Would you like to watch TV? I’d to listen to some music.
4 Do you want to go to a restaurant? I’d rather at home.
5 Let’s go now. wait a few minutes.
6 What about a game of tennis? I’d prefer for a swim.
7 I think we should decide now. I’d think about it for a while.
8 Would you like to sit down? to stand.
9 Do you want me to come with you? I’d rather alone.

Now use the same ideas to complete these sentences using than and rather than.
10 (1) I’d rather get a taxi than wait for a bus.
11 (3) I’d rather some music
12 (4) I’d prefer at home
13 (6) I’d rather for a swim
14 (7) I’d prefer about it for a while

59.3 Complete the sentences using would you rather I … .

1 Are you going to make dinner or would you rather I made it ?
2 Are you going to pay the bill or would you rather ?
3 Are you going to do the shopping or ?
4 Are you going to phone Tina or ?

59.4 Use your own ideas (one or two words) to complete these sentences.
1 ‘Shall I tell Anna what happened?’ ‘No, I’d rather she didn’t know.’
2 You can stay here if you want to, but I’d rather you with us.
3 I don’t like this programme. I’d rather not it.
4 I’d rather work outdoors work in an office.
5 This is a private matter. I’d rather you tell anybody else.
6 The weather here isn’t bad, but I’d rather it a little warmer.
7 I don’t want to go to the match. I’d prefer it on TV.
8 ‘Do you mind if I open the window?’ ‘I’d rather you . I’m feeling cold.’
9 I hate doing the shopping. I’d rather somebody else it.
10 I’d prefer to go to the beach go shopping.

➜ Additional exercises 27–28 (pages 318–19) [Link]/LinguaLIB 119

[Link]/lingualib
Unit
60 Preposition (in/for/about etc.) + -ing
A If a preposition (in/for/about etc.) is followed by a verb, the verb ends in -ing:
preposition verb (-ing)
Are you interested in working for us?
I’m not good at learning languages.
Kate must be fed up with studying.
What are the advantages of having a car?
Thanks very much for inviting me to your party.
How about meeting for lunch tomorrow?
Why don’t you go out instead of sitting at home all the time?
Amy went to work in spite of feeling ill.
You can also say ‘instead of somebody doing something’, ‘fed up with people doing something’ etc. :
I’m fed up with people telling me what to do.

B We say:

before -ing, after -ing:

Before going out, I phoned Sarah. (not Before to go out)
What did you do after leaving school?
You can also say ‘Before I went out …’ and ‘… after you left school’.

by -ing (to say how something happens):

You can improve your English by reading more.
She made herself ill by not eating properly.
Many accidents are caused by people driving too fast.
The burglars got into the house by breaking a window and climbing in.

without -ing:
We ran ten kilometres without stopping.
It was a stupid thing to say. I said it without thinking.
She needs to work without people disturbing her. or … without being disturbed.
I have enough problems of my own without having to worry about yours.

C to + -ing (look forward to doing something etc.)

We often use to + infinitive (to do / to see etc.):
We decided to travel by train.
Would you like to meet for lunch tomorrow?
But to is also a preposition (like in/for/about/with etc.). For example:
We went from Paris to Geneva.
I prefer tea to coffee.
Are you looking forward to the weekend?
If we use a preposition + verb, the verb ends in -ing:
I’m fed up with travelling by train.
How about going away this weekend?
So, when to is a preposition and it is followed by a verb, we use to -ing:
I prefer driving to travelling by train. (not to travel)
Are you looking forward to going on holiday? (not looking forward to go)

be/get used to -ing ➜ Unit 61 Verb + preposition + -ing ➜ Unit 62 while/when -ing ➜ Unit 68B
120 in spite of ➜ Unit 113 Prepositions ➜ Units 121–136
[Link]/LinguaLIB
[Link]/lingualib
 Unit
Exercises 60
60.1 Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first.
1 Why is it useful to have a car?
What are the advantages of having a car ?
2 I don’t intend to apply for the job.
I have no intention of .
3 Helen has a good memory for names.
Helen is good at .
4 You probably won’t win the lottery. You have little chance.
You have little chance of .
5 Did you get into trouble because you were late?
Did you get into trouble for ?
6 We didn’t eat at home. We went to a restaurant instead.
We went to a restaurant instead of .
7 We got into the exhibition. We didn’t have to queue.
We got into the exhibition without .
8 Amy is 90 years old, but she’s fit and healthy.
Amy is fit and healthy despite .

60.2 Complete the sentences using by -ing. Choose from these verbs:
borrow break drive press put stand

1 The burglars got into the house by breaking a window.

2 I was able to reach the top shelf on a chair.
3 You turn on the computer the button at the back.
4 Kevin got himself into financial trouble too much money.
5 You can put people’s lives in danger too fast.
6 We made the room look nicer some pictures on the walls.

60.3 Complete the sentences with a suitable word. Use only one word each time.
1 We ran ten kilometres without stopping .
2 Dan left the hotel without his bill.
3 It’s a nice morning. How about for a walk?
4 You need to think carefully before an important decision.
5 It was a long trip. We were tired after on a train for 36 hours.
6 I’m not looking forward to away. I’d prefer to stay here.
7 I was annoyed because the decision was made without anybody me.
8 After the same job for ten years, Ellie felt she needed a change.
9 We got lost because we went straight on instead of left.
10 I like these pictures you took. You’re good at pictures.
11 Can you touch your toes without your knees?
12 We’ve decided to sell our car. Are you interested in it?

60.4 For each situation, write a sentence with I’m (not) looking forward to.
1 You are going on holiday next week. How do you feel?
I’m looking forward to going on holiday.
2 A good friend of yours is coming to visit you soon. It will be good to see her again. How do you feel?
I’m
3 You’re going to the dentist tomorrow. You don’t enjoy visits to the dentist. How do you feel?
I’m not
4 Rachel doesn’t like school, but she’s leaving next summer. How does she feel?

5 Joe and Helen are moving to a new apartment soon. It’s much nicer than where they live now.
How do they feel?

➜ Additional exercises 26–28 (pages 317–19) [Link]/LinguaLIB 121

[Link]/lingualib
Unit
61 be/get used to … (I’m used to …)
A Study this example situation:

Lisa is American, but she lives in Britain.

When she first drove a car in Britain, driving on the left
was a problem for her because:
She wasn’t used to it.
She wasn’t used to driving on the left.
(because Americans drive on the right)
But after some time, driving on the left became easier.
She got used to driving on the left.
lisa
Now it’s no problem for Lisa:
She is used to driving on the left.

B I’m used to something = it is not new or strange for me

You can say: something
be
used to or
get
doing something

Paul lives alone. He has lived alone for a long time, so it is not strange for him. He’s used to it.
He is used to living alone.
I bought some new shoes. They felt a little strange at first because I wasn’t used to them.
Our new apartment is on a busy street. I expect we’ll get used to the noise, but at the moment
it’s very disturbing.
Helen has a new job. She has to get up much earlier now than before – at 6.30. She finds this
difficult because she isn’t used to getting up so early.
Katherine’s husband is often away from home. She doesn’t mind this. She’s used to him
being away.

C We say ‘be/get used to doing something’ (not I’m used to do).

Lisa is used to driving on the left. (not is used to drive)
I’m used to living alone. (not I’m used to live)
When we say ‘I am used to …’ , to is a preposition:
⎫ the noise.
⎪
We’re not used to ⎬ it.
⎪ living here. (not live here)
⎭
Compare to + infinitive (to do, to live etc.):
We don’t want to live here.

D Compare I am used to doing and I used to do:

I am used to (doing) something = it isn’t strange or new for me:
I’m used to the weather here.
I’m used to driving on the left because I’ve lived in Britain a long time.

I used to do something = I did it regularly in the past but no longer do it. We use this only for the past
(I used …), not for the present. See Unit 18.
I used to drive to work every day, but these days I usually go by bike.
We used to live just outside the town, but now we live near the centre.

122 used to (do) ➜ Unit 18 to + -ing ➜ Unit 60C

[Link]/LinguaLIB
[Link]/lingualib
 Unit
Exercises 61
61.1 Complete the sentences using used to + a suitable verb.
1 I’m not lonely. I don’t need other people. I’m used to being on my own.
2 I don’t feel good. I stayed up until 3 am. I’m not to bed so late.
3 Tomorrow I start a new job. I’ll have to get with new people.
4 My feet hurt. I can’t go any further. I’m not so far.
5 I like this part of town. I’ve been here a long time, so I’m here.

61.2 Read about Sarah and Jack. Complete the sentences using used to.
1 Sarah is a nurse. A year ago she started working nights. At first it was hard for her.
Sarah wasn’t used to working nights. It took her a few months to it.
Now, after a year, it’s normal for her. She nights.
2 Jack has to drive two hours to work every morning. Many years ago, when he first had to do this, it was
hard for him and he didn’t like it.
When Jack started working in this job, he driving two hours
to work every morning, but after some time he it. Now it’s no
problem for him. He two hours every morning.

61.3 What do you say in these situations? Use I’m (not) used to … .
1 You live alone. You don’t mind this. You have always lived alone.
friend: Do you get lonely sometimes?
you: No, I’m used to living alone.
2 You sleep on the floor. It’s OK for you. You have always slept on the floor.
friend: Wouldn’t you prefer to sleep in a bed?
you: No, I
3 You have to work long hours in your job. This is not a problem. You have always done this.
friend: You have to work long hours in your job, don’t you?
you: Yes, but I don’t mind that. I
4 You’ve just moved from a village to a big city. It’s busy and you don’t like the crowds of people.
friend: How do you like living here now?
you: It’s different from living in a village. I

61.4 Read the situations and complete the sentences using get/got used to.
1 Some friends of yours have just moved into an apartment on a busy street. It is very noisy.
They’ll have to get used to the noise .
2 The children got a new teacher. She was different from the teacher before her, but this wasn’t
a problem for the children. They soon .
3 Kate moved from a big house to a much smaller one. She found it strange at first. She had to
in a much smaller house.
4 Anna has lived in Britain for ten years. She didn’t like the weather when she first came, and she
still doesn’t like it. She can’t .
5 Lee got a new job, but his new salary was much less. So he had less money.
He had to .

61.5 Complete the sentences using only one word each time.
1 Lisa had to get used to driving on the left.
2 Daniel used to a lot of coffee. Now he prefers tea.
3 I feel very full after that meal. I’m not used to so much.
4 I wouldn’t like to share a room. I’m used to my own room.
5 I used to a car, but I sold it a few months ago.
6 When we were children, we used to swimming very often.
7 There used to a school here, but it was knocked down a few years ago.
8 I’m the boss here! I’m not used to told what to do.

➜ Additional exercises 26–28 (pages 317–19) [Link]/LinguaLIB 123

[Link]/lingualib
Unit Verb + preposition + -ing
62 (succeed in -ing / insist on -ing etc.)
A We use some verbs + preposition + object. For example:
verb + preposition + object
We talked about the problem.
I apologised for what I said.

If the object is another verb, we use -ing:

verb + preposition + -ing
We talked about going to South America.
You should apologise for not telling the truth.

You can use these verbs in the same way:

approve of He doesn’t approve of swearing.
decide against We have decided against moving to London.
dream of I wouldn’t dream of asking them for money.
feel like I don’t feel like going out tonight.
insist on They insisted on paying for the meal.
look forward to Are you looking forward to going away?
succeed in Has Paul succeeded in finding a job yet?
think of/about I’m thinking of/about buying a house.

You can also say ‘approve of somebody doing something’, ‘look forward to somebody doing
something’ etc. :
I don’t approve of people killing animals as a sport.
We are all looking forward to Andy coming home next week.

B Some verbs can have the structure verb + object + preposition + -ing.
For example:
verb + object + preposition + -ing
accuse … of He accused me of telling lies.
congratulate … on We congratulated Lisa on winning the first prize.
prevent … from What prevented you from coming to see us?
stop … from The rain didn’t stop us from enjoying our holiday.
suspect … of Nobody suspected the general of being a spy.
thank … for I thanked everyone for helping me.

You can say ‘stop somebody doing’ or ‘stop somebody from doing’:
You can’t stop me doing what I want. or You can’t stop me from doing …
Note this example with not -ing:
He accused me of not telling the truth.
Some of these verbs are often used in the passive. For example:
We were accused of telling lies. (or … accused of lying.)
The general was suspected of being a spy.
Note that we say ‘apologise to somebody for …’ :
I apologised to them for keeping them waiting. (not I apologised them)

124 decide to … ➜ Unit 54A Preposition + -ing ➜ Unit 60 Verb + preposition ➜ Units 132–136
[Link]/LinguaLIB
[Link]/lingualib
 Unit
Exercises 62
62.1 Complete the sentences. Use only one word each time.
1 Our neighbours apologised for making so much noise.
2 I feel lazy. I don’t feel like any work.
3 I wanted to go out alone, but Joe insisted on with me.
4 I’m fed up with my job. I’m thinking of something else.
5 We can’t afford a car right now, so we’ve decided against one.
6 It took us a long time, but we finally succeeded in the problem.
7 I’ve always dreamed of a small house by the sea.
8 It’s great that Amy and Sam are coming to visit us. I’m looking forward to them again.

62.2 Complete the sentences. Use a preposition + one of these verbs (in the correct form):
be eat get go out invite steal
take off tell try use walk
1 I don’t feel like going out this evening. I’m too tired.
2 The police stopped the car because they suspected the driver it.
3 Our flight was delayed. Bad weather prevented the plane .
4 My phone is very old. I’m thinking a new one.
5 I didn’t want to hear the story but Dan insisted me anyway.
6 I’m getting hungry. I’m really looking forward something.
7 I think you should apologise to Sarah so rude.
8 There’s a fence around the lawn to stop people on the grass.
9 I’m sorry I can’t come to your party, but thank you very much me.
10 The man who has been arrested is suspected a false passport.
11 I did my best. Nobody can accuse me not .

62.3 Complete the sentences on the right.

1 Kevin thanked me for helping him .
It was nice of you to help
me. Thanks very much.
you kevin

2 I’ll take you to the

Tom insisted Ann
station. I insist. .
ann tom

3 I hear you got married.

Dan congratulated me
Congratulations!
you dan

4 Jen thanked
It was nice of you to come
to see me. Thank you.
sue jen

5 Sorry I’m late.

Kate apologised

you kate

6 You don’t care

Jane accused
about other people.
you jane

➜ Additional exercises 27–28 (pages 318–19) [Link]/LinguaLIB 125

[Link]/lingualib
Unit
63 there’s no point in -ing, it’s worth -ing etc.
A We say: there’s no point in
it’s no use doing something
it’s no good

There’s no point in having a car if you never use it.

There was no point in waiting any longer, so we left.
It’s no use worrying about what happened. There’s nothing you can do about it.
It’s no good trying to persuade me. You won’t succeed.
We say ‘no point in …’ but ‘the point of …’ :
There’s no point in having a car.
What’s the point of having a car if you never use it?

B We say: it’s worth

doing something
it’s not worth

It’s a nice town. It’s worth spending a few days there.

Our flight was very early in the morning, so it wasn’t worth going to bed.
You can say that something is worth it or not worth it:
You should spend a couple of days here. It’s worth it.
We didn’t go to bed. It wasn’t worth it.
You can also say that something is worth doing, a movie is worth seeing etc. :
It’s a great movie. It’s worth seeing.
Thieves broke into the house, but didn’t take anything. There was nothing worth stealing.
It’s an interesting idea. It’s worth thinking about.

C We say: trouble
have difficulty doing something
a problem

I had no trouble finding a place to stay. (not trouble to find)

Did you have a problem getting a visa?
People sometimes have difficulty reading my writing.

D We say: spend
(time) doing something
waste

He spent hours trying to repair the clock.

I waste a lot of time doing nothing.
We also say ‘(be) busy doing something’:
She said she couldn’t meet me. She was too busy doing other things.

E We use go -ing for sports and other activities. For example:

go sailing go swimming go fishing go riding go hiking
go surfing go scuba diving go skiing go jogging go camping
How often do you go swimming?
We went skiing last year.
Tom isn’t here. He’s gone shopping.
I’ve never been sailing.

126 gone and been … ➜ Unit 7B [Link]/LinguaLIB

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 Unit
Exercises 63
63.1 Which goes with which?

1 It’s a nice town. a I don’t believe you’re sorry. 1 f

2 It’s an interesting idea. b We’ll never find him. 2
3 It’s no use standing here talking. c It’s not worth getting a taxi. 3
4 It’s not important. d We have to do something. 4
5 There’s no point in looking for him. e He won’t change his opinion. 5
6 It’s no good apologising to me. f It’s worth spending a few days here. 6
7 It’s not worth arguing with him. g It’s not worth worrying about. 7
8 The hotel is a short walk from here. h It’s worth considering. 8

63.2 Write sentences beginning There’s no point … .

1 Why have a car if you never use it?
There’s no point in having a car if you never use it.
2 Why work if you don’t need money?

3 Don’t try to study if you feel tired.

4 Why hurry if you have plenty of time?

63.3 Complete the sentences.

1 I managed to get a visa, but it was difficult.
I had a problem getting a visa .
2 I find it hard to remember people’s names.
I have a problem .
3 Lucy found a job easily. It wasn’t a problem.
She had no trouble .
4 It will be easy to get a ticket for the game.
You won’t have any problems .
5 It was easy for us to understand one another.
We had no difficulty .

63.4 Complete the sentences. Use only one word each time.
1 I waste a lot of time doing nothing.
2 How much time do you spend to and from work every day?
3 Karen is going on holiday tomorrow, so she’s busy her things ready.
4 I waste too much time TV.
5 There was a beautiful view from the hill. It was worth to the top.
6 We need to stay calm. There’s no point in angry.
7 Amy is learning to play the guitar. She spends a lot of time .
8 Gary is enjoying his new job. He’s busy on a new project.
9 I decided it wasn’t worth for the job. I had no chance of getting it.
10 It’s no good to escape. You won’t be able to get out of here.

63.5 Complete these sentences. Choose from the following and put the verb in the correct form.
go riding go sailing go shopping go skiing go swimming
1 Ben lives by the sea and he’s got a boat, so he often goes sailing .
2 It was a very hot day, so we in the lake.
3 There’s plenty of snow in the mountains, so we’ll be able to .
4 Helen has two horses. She regularly.
5 Dan isn’t here. He . There were a few things he needed to buy.

➜ Additional exercises 27–28 (pages 318–19) [Link]/LinguaLIB 127

[Link]/lingualib
Unit
64 to … , for … and so that …
A We say:
I called the restaurant to reserve a table.
What do you need to make bread?
We shouted to warn everybody of the danger.
This letter is to confirm the decisions we made at our meeting last week.
The president has a team of bodyguards to protect him.
In these examples to … (to reserve … / to make … etc.) tells us the purpose of something: why
somebody does something, has something, needs something etc., or why something exists.

B We say ‘a place to park’, ‘something to eat’, ‘work to do’ etc. :

It’s hard to find a place to park in the city centre. (= a place where you can park)
Would you like something to eat? (= something that you can eat)
Do you have much work to do? (= work that you must do)
Sometimes there is a preposition (on, with etc.) after the verb:
Is there a chair to sit on? (= a chair that I can sit on)
I get lonely if there’s nobody to talk to.
I need something to open this bottle with.
We also say money/time/chance/opportunity/energy/courage (etc.) to do something:
They gave us money to buy food.
Do you have much opportunity to practise your English?
I need a few days to think about your proposal.

C Compare for … and to …

for + noun to + verb
We stopped for petrol. We stopped to get petrol.
I had to run for the bus. I had to run to catch the bus.

You can say ‘for somebody to do something’:

There weren’t any chairs for us to sit on, so we sat on the floor.
We use for (do)ing to say what something is used for:
This brush is for washing the dishes.
But we do not use for -ing to say why somebody does something:
I went into the kitchen to wash the dishes. (not for washing)
You can use What … for? to ask about purpose:
What is this switch for? (= what is it used for?)
What did you do that for? (= why did you do that?)

D so that
We use so that (not to …) especially with can/could and will/would:
She’s learning English so that she can study in Canada.
We moved to London so that we could see our friends more often.
I hurried so that I wouldn’t be late.
(= because I didn’t want to be late)
You can leave out that. So you can say:
I hurried so that I wouldn’t be late. or I hurried so I wouldn’t be late.

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 Unit
Exercises 64
64.1 Choose from Box A and Box B to make sentences with to … .
A 1 I shouted B I wanted to be nearer my friends
2 I opened the box I wanted someone to help me with my work
3 I moved to a new apartment I wanted to report the accident
4 I couldn’t find a knife I wanted to warn people of the danger
5 I called the police I wanted to see what was in it
6 I called the hotel I wanted to chop the onions
7 I employed an assistant I wanted to find out if they had any rooms free

1 I shouted to warn people of the danger.

2 I opened the box
3 I
4
5
6
7

64.2 Complete these sentences using to + a suitable verb.

1 The president has a team of bodyguards to protect him.
2 I don’t have enough time all the things I have to do.
3 I came home by taxi. I didn’t have the energy .
4 Would you like something ? Coffee? Tea?
5 Can you give me a bag these things in?
6 There will be a meeting next week the problem.
7 Do you need a visa to the United States?
8 I saw Helen at the party, but I didn’t have a chance to her.
9 I need some new clothes. I don’t have anything nice .
10 They’ve passed their exams. They’re going to have a party .
11 I can’t do all this work alone. I need somebody me.
12 Why are you so scared? There’s nothing afraid of.

64.3 Put in to or for.

1 We stopped for petrol. 5 Can you lend me money a taxi?
2 We’ll need time make a decision. 6 Do you wear glasses reading?
3 I went to the dentist a check-up. 7 I put on my glasses read the letter.
4 He’s very old. He needs somebody 8 I wish we had a garden the
take care of him. children play in.

64.4 Make one sentence from two, using so that.

1 I hurried. I didn’t want to be late.
I hurried so that I wouldn’t be late.
2 I wore warm clothes. I didn’t want to get cold.
I wore warm clothes
3 I gave Mark my phone number. I wanted him to be able to contact me.
I gave Mark my phone number
4 We spoke very quietly. We didn’t want anybody else to hear us.
We spoke very quietly nobody else
5 Please arrive early. We want to be able to start the meeting on time.
Please arrive early
6 We made a list of things to do. We didn’t want to forget anything.
We made a list of things to do
7 I slowed down. I wanted the car behind me to be able to overtake.
I slowed down

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Unit
65 Adjective + to …
A hard to understand, interesting to talk to etc.

Compare sentences (a) and (b):

⎫ (a) It is hard to understand him .
James doesn’t speak clearly. ⎪⎬
⎪ (b) He is hard to understand.
⎭
Sentences (a) and (b) have the same meaning. Note that we say:
He is hard to understand. (not He is hard to understand him)

We use other adjectives in the same way. For example:

easy nice safe cheap exciting impossible
difficult good dangerous expensive interesting
Do you think it is safe to drink this water?
Do you think this water is safe to drink? (not to drink it)
The exam questions were very hard. It was impossible to answer them.
The exam questions were very hard. They were impossible to answer.
(not to answer them)
Nicola has lots of interesting ideas. It’s interesting to talk to her.
Nicola is interesting to talk to. (not to talk to her)
We also use this structure with adjective + noun:
This is a difficult question to answer. (not to answer it)

B nice of (you) to …
We say ‘It’s nice of somebody to …’ :
It was nice of you to take me to the airport. Thank you very much.
We use other adjectives in the same way. For example:
kind generous careless silly stupid inconsiderate unfair typical
It’s silly of Ruth to give up her job when she needs the money.
I think it was unfair of him to criticise me.

C sorry to … / surprised to … etc.

You can use adjective + to … to say how somebody reacts to something:
I’m sorry to hear that your mother isn’t well.
We use other adjectives in the same way. For example:
glad pleased relieved surprised amazed sad disappointed
Was Julia surprised to see you?
It was a long and tiring journey. We were glad to get home.

D You can use to … after the next / the last / the only / the first / the second (etc.):
The next train to arrive at platform 4 will be the 10.50 to Liverpool.
Everybody was late except me. I was the only one to arrive on time.
If I have any more news, you will be the first to know. (= the first person to know.)

E You can say that something is sure/likely/bound to happen:

Carla is a very good student. She’s bound to pass the exam. (= she is sure to pass)
It’s possible I’ll win the lottery one day, but it’s not likely to happen. (= it’s not probable)

130 afraid/interested/sorry ➜ Unit [Link]/LinguaLIB

it … ➜ Unit 84C enough and too + adjective ➜ Unit 103
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 Unit
Exercises 65
65.1 Write these sentences in another way, beginning as shown.
1 It’s hard to understand some things. Some things are hard to understand.
2 It was difficult to open the window. The window
3 It’s impossible to translate some words. Some words
4 It’s expensive to maintain a car. A
5 It’s not safe to eat this meat. This
6 It’s easy to get to my house from here. My

65.2 Make sentences from the words in brackets.

1 I couldn’t answer the question.
(difficult question / answer) It was a difficult question to answer .
2 It’s a very common mistake.
(easy mistake / make) It’s .
3 I like living in this town.
(great place / live) .
4 I wonder why she said that.
(strange thing / say) .

65.3 Complete the sentences. Choose from the box.

1 It’s nice of Dan and Kate to invite me to their party. to hear
2 I’ve been travelling a long time. Now I’m to be back home. to help
3 I heard about Tom’s accident. I was relieved that he’s OK. to invite
4 It was nice to remember my birthday. to make
5 Let me know if you need any assistance. I’d be very pleased you. not
6 I thought James was about 25. I was to discover he was 40. of you
7 It was inconsiderate of our neighbours so much noise. silly
8 My interview went well. I was disappointed to be offered the job. amazed
9 It’s of me to worry so much about things that are not important. glad

65.4 Complete the sentences. Use: the first the second the last the only
1 Nobody spoke before me. I was the first person to speak.
2 Everybody else arrived before Paul.
Paul was
3 Emily passed the exam. All the other students failed.
Emily
4 I complained to the manager. Another customer had already complained.
I
5 Neil Armstrong walked on the moon in 1969. Nobody had done this before him.
Neil Armstrong

65.5 Complete the sentences using the words in brackets and a suitable verb.
1 Carla is a very good student.
(she / bound / pass) She’s bound to pass the exam.
2 I’m not surprised you’re tired after your trip.
(you / bound / tired) after such a long journey.
3 Andy has a very bad memory.
(he / sure / forget) anything you tell him.
4 I don’t think you’ll need an umbrella.
(it / not / likely / rain) .
5 The holidays begin this weekend.
(there / sure / be) a lot of traffic on the roads.

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Unit to … (afraid to do) and
66 preposition + -ing (afraid of -ing)
A afraid to (do) and afraid of (do)ing

I am afraid to do something =
I don’t want to do it because it is dangerous or the result could be bad.
This part of town is dangerous. People are afraid to walk here at night.
(= they don’t walk here at night because it is dangerous)
James was afraid to tell his parents what had happened.
(= he didn’t tell them because he thought they would be angry)
I am afraid of something happening =
I am afraid that something bad will happen.
The path was icy, so we walked very carefully. We were afraid of falling.
(= we were afraid that we would fall – not afraid to fall)
I don’t like dogs. I’m always afraid of being bitten.
(= I’m afraid that I will be bitten – not afraid to be bitten)
So, you are afraid to do something because you are afraid of something happening as a result:
I was afraid to go near the dog because I was afraid of being bitten.

B interested in (do)ing and interested to (do)

I’m interested in doing something = I’m thinking of doing it, I would like to do it:
Let me know if you’re interested in joining the club. (not to join)
I tried to sell my car, but nobody was interested in buying it. (not to buy)
I was interested to hear/see/know something = it was interesting for me. For example:
I was interested to hear that Tanya left her job.
(= I heard this and it was interesting for me)
I’ll ask Mike for his opinion. I would be interested to know what he thinks.
(= it would be interesting for me to know what he thinks)
This structure is the same as surprised to … / glad to … etc. (see Unit 65C):
I was surprised to hear that Tanya left her job.

C sorry for … and sorry to …

We use sorry for (doing) to apologise for something:
I’m sorry for shouting at you yesterday. (not sorry to shout)
You can also say:
I’m sorry I shouted at you yesterday.
We use sorry to … to say that we regret something that happens:
I’m sorry to hear that Nicky lost her job. (not sorry for)
I’ve enjoyed my stay here. I’ll be sorry to leave.
We also say ‘I’m sorry to …’ to apologise at the time we do something:
I’m sorry to bother you, but I need to ask you a question.

D We say: I want to (do), I’d like to (do) but I’m thinking of (do)ing
I hope to (do) I dream of (do)ing
I failed to (do) I succeeded in (do)ing
I allowed them to (do) I prevented them from (do)ing
I plan to (do) I’m looking forward to (do)ing
I promised to (do) I insisted on (do)ing

Verb + to … ➜ Units 54–55 Verb + preposition + -ing ➜ Unit 62 sorry to … ➜ Unit 65C
132 Adjective + preposition ➜ Units 130–131 sorry about/for ➜ Unit 130
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 Unit
Exercises 66
66.1 Write sentences using afraid to … or afraid of -ing.
1 The streets here are not safe at night.
(a lot of people / afraid / go / out) A lot of people are afraid to go out.
2 We walked very carefully along the icy path.
(we / afraid / fall) We were afraid of falling.
3 I don’t usually carry my passport with me.
(I / afraid / lose / it)
4 I thought she would be angry if I told her what had happened.
(I / afraid / tell / her)
5 We ran to the station.
(we / afraid / miss / our train)
6 In the middle of the film there was a very horrifying scene.
(we / afraid / look)
7 The vase was very valuable, so I held it carefully.
(I / afraid / drop / it)
8 If there’s anything you want to know, you can ask me.
(don’t / afraid / ask)
9 I was worried because we didn’t have much petrol.
(I / afraid / run out of petrol)

66.2 Complete the sentences using interested in … or interested to … . Choose from these verbs:
buy hear know look start study
1 I’m trying to sell my car, but nobody is interested in buying it.
2 Nicola is her own business.
3 I saw Joe recently. You’ll be that he’s getting married soon.
4 I didn’t enjoy school. I wasn’t .
5 I went to a public meeting to discuss the plans for a new road. I was
how people felt about the project.
6 Paul doesn’t enjoy sightseeing. He’s not at old buildings.

66.3 Complete the sentences using sorry for … or sorry to … . Use the verb in brackets.
1 I’m sorry to bother you, but I need to ask you something. (bother)
2 We were that you can’t come to the wedding. (hear)
3 I’m bad things about you. I didn’t mean what I said. (say)
4 It’s a shame Alan is leaving the company. I’ll be him go. (see)
5 I’m so much noise last night. (make)

66.4 Complete the sentences in each group using the verb in brackets.
⎭
1 a We wanted to leave the building. ⎪
⎬
b We weren’t allowed the building. ⎪ (leave)
⎫
c We were prevented the building.
⎭
2 a Sam and Chris hoped the problem. ⎪
⎬
b Sam failed the problem. ⎪ (solve)
⎫
c Chris succeeded the problem.
⎭
3 a I’m thinking away next week. ⎪
b I’m planning away next week. ⎬
⎪ (go)
c I’d like away next week.
⎫
d I’m looking forward away next week.
⎭
4 a Helen wanted me lunch. ⎪
b Helen insisted me lunch. ⎬
⎪ (buy)
c Helen promised me lunch. ⎫
d Helen wouldn’t dream me lunch.

➜ Additional exercise 27 (page 318) [Link]/LinguaLIB 133

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Unit
67 see somebody do and see somebody doing
A Study this example situation:

Tom got into his car and drove off. You saw this.
You can say:
I saw Tom get into his car and drive off.
We say ‘I saw him do something’ (= he did it
and I saw this). In the same way, you can say:
tom
hear
listen to somebody do something
watch something happen
feel

I didn’t hear you come in. (you came in – I didn’t hear this)
Lisa suddenly felt somebody touch her on the shoulder.

B Study this example situation:

Yesterday you saw Kate. She was waiting for a bus.

You can say:
I saw Kate waiting for a bus.
We say ‘I saw her doing something’ (= she was doing it and I saw this).
In the same way, you can say:
hear
listen to kate
watch somebody doing something
feel something happening
smell
find

I could hear it raining. (it was raining – I could hear it)

Listen to the birds singing!
Can you smell something burning?
We looked for Paul and finally we found him sitting under a tree eating an apple.

C Study the difference in meaning:

I saw him do something = he did something and I saw this.

I saw the complete action from start to finish:
He jumped over the wall and ran away. I saw this.
→ I saw him jump over the wall and run away.
They went out. I heard this. → I heard them go out.
I saw him doing something = he was doing something and I saw this.
I saw him in the middle of doing something (not from start to finish):
I saw Tom as I drove past in my car. He was walking along the street.
→ I saw Tom walking along the street.
I heard them. They were talking. → I heard them talking.
Sometimes the difference is not important and you can use either form:
I’ve never seen her dance. or I’ve never seen her dancing.

134 Past simple (I did) ➜ Unit 5 Past continuous (I was doing) ➜ Unit 6
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 Unit
Exercises 67
67.1 Complete the sentences with the verb in the correct form:
1 a Tom doesn’t have the keys. He gave them to Lisa. (give)
b Tom doesn’t have the keys. I saw him them to Lisa. (give)
2 a A car outside our house, and then it drove off again. (stop)
b We heard a car outside our house, and then it drove off again. (stop)
3 a Ben gave me the envelope and watched me it. (open)
b Ben gave me the envelope and I it. (open)
4 a Sarah is Canadian. I heard her she’s from Toronto. (say)
b Sarah is Canadian. She she’s from Toronto. (say)
5 a A man over in the street, so we went to help him. (fall)
b We saw a man over in the street, so we went to help him. (fall)

67.2 You and a friend saw, heard or smelt something. Complete the sentences.

1 2 Look! There’s Clare. 3

Look! There’s David and Helen.

Look! There’s Kate.

4 5 6

Look! There’s Linda.

What’s that smell? Listen. That’s Bill.

1 We saw Kate waiting for a bus .

2 We saw Clare in a restaurant.
3 We saw David and Helen .
4 We could smell something .
5 We could hear .
6 .

67.3 Complete the sentences. Use these verbs (in the correct form):
crawl cry explode get happen lie put ride say slam stand tell
1 The bus stopped at the bus stop but I didn’t see anybody get off.
2 I saw two people standing outside your house. I don’t know who they were.
3 I thought I heard somebody ‘Hi’, so I turned round.
4 There was an accident outside my house, but I didn’t see it .
5 Listen. Can you hear a baby ?
6 I know you took the key. I saw you it in your pocket.
7 We listened to the old man his story from beginning to end.
8 Everybody heard the bomb . It was a tremendous noise.
9 Oh! I can feel something up my leg. It must be an insect.
10 I looked out of the window and saw Dan his bike along the road.
11 I heard somebody a door in the middle of the night. It woke me up.
12 When I got home, I found a cat on the kitchen table.
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Unit
68 -ing clauses (He hurt his knee playing football.)
A Study this example:

Kate is in the kitchen. She’s making coffee.

You can say:
Kate is in the kitchen making coffee.
-ing clause

You can use -ing in this way when two things happen
at the same time:
A man ran out of the house shouting.
(= he ran out of the house and he was shouting)
Do something! Don’t just stand there doing nothing!
Be careful crossing the road.
We also use -ing when one action happens during another action:
Joe hurt his knee playing football. (= while he was playing)
Did you cut yourself shaving? (= while you were shaving)
You can also say ‘while doing something’ and ‘when doing something’:
Joe hurt his knee while playing football.
Be careful when crossing the road. (= when you are crossing)

B When one action happens before something else, we use having (done) for the first action:
Having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to eat.
Having finished her work, she went home.
You can also say after -ing:
After finishing her work, she went home.
These structures are used more in written English than in spoken English.
When we begin a sentence with ‘Having (done something)’ or ‘After (doing something)’, we
write a comma (,) after this part of the sentence:
Having finished her work, she went home.

comma

C You can also use -ing to explain something, or to say why somebody does something.
The sentence usually begins with -ing:
Feeling tired, I went to bed early. (= because I felt tired)
-ing clause

Being unemployed, he doesn’t have much money. (= because he is unemployed)

Not having a car, she finds it difficult to get around.
(= because she doesn’t have a car)
We use having (done) for something that is complete before something else:
Having seen the film twice, I didn’t want to see it again.
(= because I had seen it twice)
These structures are used more in written English than in spoken English.
When we begin a sentence with -ing (Feeling tired … / Not knowing … / Having seen … etc.), we write
a comma (,) after this part of the sentence.
Not knowing what to do, I called my friend to ask her advice.

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 Unit
Exercises 68
68.1 Choose from Box A and Box B to make sentences. Use -ing.
A 1 Kate was in the kitchen. B She was trying not to make a noise.
2 Amy was sitting in an armchair. She looked at the sights and took pictures.
3 Nicola opened the door carefully. She said she would be back in an hour.
4 Sarah went out. She was reading a book.
5 Lisa worked in Rome for two years. She was making coffee.
6 Anna walked around the town. She was teaching English.

1 Kate was in the kitchen making coffee.

2 Amy was sitting in an armchair
3 Nicola
4
5
6

68.2 Put the words in the right order.

1 Joe (knee / football / his / hurt / playing) Joe hurt his knee playing football.
2 I (in the rain / wet / got / very / walking)
I
3 Laura (to work / had / driving / an accident)
Laura
4 My friend (off / slipped / a bus / getting / and fell)
My friend
5 Emily (trying / her back / a heavy box / to lift / hurt)
Emily
6 Two people were (to put out / by smoke / the fire / overcome / trying)
Two people were

68.3 Complete the sentences. Use Having + a suitable verb.

1 Having finished her work, Katherine left the office and went home.
2 our tickets, we went into the theatre and took our seats.
3 the problem, I think we’ll be able to find a solution.
4 he was hungry, Joe now says he doesn’t want to eat anything.
5 his job recently, James is now unemployed.
6 most of his life in London, Sam has now gone to live in a small village
in the country.

68.4 Make one sentence from two. Begin with -ing or Not -ing. Sometimes you need to begin with
Having … . Don’t forget the comma (,).
1 I felt tired. So I went to bed early.
Feeling tired, I went to bed early.
2 I thought they might be hungry. So I offered them something to eat.
I offered them something to eat.
3 Robert is a vegetarian. So he doesn’t eat any kind of meat.
Robert doesn’t eat any kind of meat.
4 I didn’t have a phone. So I had no way of contacting anyone.
I had no way of contacting anyone.
5 Sarah has travelled a lot. So she knows a lot about other countries.
Sarah knows a lot about other countries.
6 I wasn’t able to speak the local language. So I had trouble communicating.
I had trouble communicating.
7 We had spent nearly all our money. So we couldn’t afford to stay at a hotel.
we couldn’t afford to stay at a hotel.

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