English 3rd Quarter Reviewer
PARALLELISM
- is when phrases in a sentence have similar or the same grammatical structure
Examples:
1. Not parallel: She likes cooking, jogging, and to read.
Parallel: She likes cooking, jogging, and reading.
2. Not parallel: He likes baseball and running.
Parallel: He likes playing baseball and running.
3. Not parallel: The dog ran across the yard, jumped over the fence, and sprinted away.
Parallel: The dog ran across the yard, jumped over the fence, and sprinted down the
alley.
4. Not parallel: My parents considered getting a divorce or they would obtain a legal
separation.
Parallel: My parents considered getting a divorce or obtaining a legal separation.
5. Not parallel: Meaghan was excited by the prospect of visiting Paris, or that she might
attend a family reunion in Italy.
Parallel: Meaghan was excited by the prospect of visiting Paris, or attending a family
reunion in Italy.
BIASES MADE BY THE AUTHOR
Author’s bias - any opinion or prejudice that affects that author's writing and prevents the
author from being completely neutral about the topic or issue about which s/he is writing
Ways on identifying made by the author:
Look for loaded words or phrases - the author uses words with strongly positive or strongly
negative meanings
Example:
Congressman Smith was born near the green pastures of Indiana and raised with
wholesome family values.
Stereotypes - the author bases off of mistaken ideas or beliefs many people have about a
thing or group
Example:
Goths and punks are bad for the society. Goths only wear black and are depressed
while punks are typical gangsters with mohawks.
Unclear language or generalization - the author is not being specific and is using broad
statements
Example:
New cars are way better than older cars. They are way faster and perform better.
Older cars are still usable though.
One sided arguments - the author only presents arguments in favor of a particular position
and doesn’t consider opposing arguments
Example:
Summer is the best season because you get to spend more times outdoors, and you
are able to go to beaches and waterparks. You also catch diseases less in the summer
and it is the perfect time to enjoy cold drinks and food.
Author presents facts/opinions - the author doesn’t base off of facts, but rather what he/she
feels or believes
Example:
Dogs are better than cats.
PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES
Propaganda - a set of strategies designed to persuade someone to believe in an idea,
support a cause, or buy a product
- designed to influence or manipulate people
- often exaggerates the truth
- may contain hidden messages
Propaganda techniques:
Bandwagon - encourages you to ‘jump on board’ or take part in something because
everyone else is doing it too
Examples:
Name-calling - calling the competition or the opposing side names
Examples:
Testimonial - having a celebrity or other respectable people (ex: doctor) endorse a product,
person, or cause
Examples:
Glittering generality - using empty words, or words that just sound good, to make a person,
product, or cause seem good
Examples:
Plain folks - seeks to convince people that a product is for the average person or that a
politician is a ‘regular joe’
Examples:
Card stacking - involves listing all good features/aspects of a product, person, or cause
Examples:
Transfer - involves connecting a person, product, or cause with something good or bad
Examples:
TEXT’S SOCIAL, MORAL, AND ECONOMIC ISSUES
Social issue - a problem that influences many citizens within a society
Examples of social issues:
Poverty and homelessness
Climate change
Civil rights and racial discrimination
Gender inequality
Child abuse
Drug abuse
Moral issue - actions which have the potential to help or harm others or ourselves
Examples of moral issues:
Lies
Deceit
Embellishment
Corruption
Manipulation
Disinformation
Bodily autonomy
Economic issue - the problem of how to make the best use of limited, or scarce, resources
Examples of economic issues:
Inflation
Economic growth
The trade cycle
Stagflation
The exchange rate and the balance of payments
COHESIVE DEVICES IN SPEECH
Cohesion - linking ideas together in writing
Linking words and phrases
Addition:
Again, equally, in fact, also, furthermore, moreover, and, in addition (to), too, and
them, indeed, what is more, besides
Comparison:
Compared with, in the same way, similarly, in comparison with, likewise
Contrast and concession:
Besides, naturally, still, but, nevertheless, whereas, however, of course, while, in
contrast, on the contrary, yet, instead, on the other hand
Enumeration:
First(ly), finally, in the (first) place, last, next, more important, on top of (that), to
(begin with, then
Exemplification:
As (evidence of), such as, for example, thus, for instance, to show what (I mean), let
us (take the case of)
Inference:
If not, otherwise, then, in (that) case, that implies
Summary:
In all, in short, on the whole, in brief, in conclusion, to sum up
Time:
After (a while), before (that time), since (then), afterwards, finally, so far, at first, in
the end, then, at last, meanwhile, (up to) then, at (the same time), next
Result:
Accordingly, for that reason, then, as a result, hence, therefore, consequently, the
(consequence) of that is, thus
Reformulation:
In other words, that is (to say), rather, to put it more (simply)
Replacement:
Again, (better) still, the alternative is, alternatively, on the other hand
Transition:
As far as… is concerned, now, as for, to turn to, incidentally, with (reference) to
Pronouns
- Cohesion is created when a noun in the 1st sentence is replaced by a pronoun in the
2nd sentence
Subject pronouns - he, she, they, it
Object pronouns - him, her, it, them
Examples:
The Khalifa Tower opened in 2010. It is the tallest building in the world.
Mr. Amit Jain is the CEO of Emaar Properties. He became the CEO in 2016.
Many years ago, merchants in the Gulf countries used boats to transport their goods.
Today, airplanes have become more important to them to move their goods.
This/these + noun
- When you have 2 sentences, replace the subject in the 1st with this/these + noun in
the 2nd sentence
Examples:
UAEU has 5000 students. This university is located in Al-Ain.
Cairo and Damascus are famous for their antiquities. These cities are among the oldest in
the world.
We depend on oil, coal and gas for the majority of our energy needs. However, these
natural resources will one day run out.
