Lecture 1 – Introduction and History of changed little over thousands of

Civil Engineering years.

 View of the city of Machu Picchu
Definitions constructed from stone cut from the
Civil Engineering surrounding mountains.
- An engineer trained in the design and
construction of public works, such as Vernacular Architecture
bridges, dams, and other large facilities.  African Hut at Bana, a small village
of Cameroon
Architecture  An igloo, an Inuit winter dwelling
- Art and science of designing buildings Methods of construction that use
for human habitation. locally available resources and
traditions to address local needs.
Beginnings  Apache wickiup built of brush,
Architecture was born when people grass, or reed
began  Traditional Nepalese house built
to live in constructed dwellings and of stone and clay
within  Southern African rondavel (or
communities after using caves as banda)
habitats.
 The Pyramids
Building Materials - Stepped Pyramid
Materials were chosen based on - Great Pyramid of Khufu
availability and climate. - Bearing Wall
 Greece consists almost entirely of - Kukulkan's Pyramid
limestone with many sources of fine  Modern Pyramids
marble. Therefore many Greek  The Parthenon
structures were constructed with  Arches
limestone and marble.  The Vault
 Ruins of Babylon (present day  Domes
Iraq). All that remains of the famous  Pantheon
city-state is a mound of broken  Colosseum
mud- brick dwellings.  Great Wall of China
 Wood was readily available in  Water supply
China. Traditional Chinese wooden  Road System
architecture  Early Bridge Designs
- Pons Sublicius in Rome
 Roman Bridges other engineering fields of building
- Roman bridge in Vaison la Romaine, design and construction who works with
south France other engineers and architects for the
-A Roman bridge crosses the Afrin River designing and construction of buildings
in northern Syria and is still in use
today. Urban Engineering
 After the Fall of Rome • Or Municipal Engineering
- The first arch bridge in the world to be • Concerned with urban/municipal
made out of cast iron, a material which infrastructure
was previously far too expensive to use • This involves specifying, designing,
for large structures. constructing, and maintaining streets,
 Iron and Steel sidewalks, water supply networks,
- Perhaps the best known structural sewers, street lighting, municipal solid
steel framed building is the Empire waste management and disposal,
State Building, completed in 1931 storage depots for various bulk
 Reinforced Concrete materials used for maintenance and
- The Burj Khalifa (United Arab public works, public parks and cycling
Emirates) is the tallest man- made infrastructure.
structure ever built. It is supported by a • History:
reinforced concrete core using a special “Modern municipal engineering finds its
concrete mix. origin in the 19th century United
 Reinforced Concrete Bridges Kingdom, following the Industrial
- Cedar Avenue Bridge (actually Revolution and the growth of large
carrying Tenth Street) in Minneapolis, industrial cities. The threat to urban
MN over the Mississippi is a reinforced populations from epidemics of
concrete open spandrel arch bridge. waterborne diseases such as cholera
and typhus lead to the development of a
LECTURE 2 - SUB-DISCIPLINES OF profession devoted to ‘sanitary science’
CIVIL ENGINEERING that later became ‘municipal
engineering’”.
Architectural Engineering “In 1984 the Institution of Municipal
• Also known as Building Engineering Engineers merged with the Institution of
• Application of engineering principles Civil Engineers.”
and technology to building design and “Since 1970, there has been a global
construction trend toward increasing privatisation
• An engineer in the structural, and outsourcing of municipal
mechanical, electrical, construction or engineering services.”
• International Organization various features which interact with
- International Federation Municipal water such as spillways and outlet
Engineering (IFME) works for dams, culverts for highways,
- Compromising professional municipal canals and related structures for
engineers from all round of the irrigation
world projects, and cooling-water facilities for
- Mission: to connect municipal thermal power plants.”
engineers, public works of • Fundamental principles:
professionals, public agencies, - Fluid mechanics
institutions and businesses around the - Fluid flow
world in order that they can share a - Behavior of real fluids
global pool of knowledge and - Hydrology
experience. - Pipelines
- Aim: to foster continued improvement - Open channel hydraulics
in the quality of public works and wider - Mechanics of sediment transport
community services - Physical modeling
• Related Engineering Disciplines: - Hydraulic machine
- Water Resources Engineering - Drainage hydraulics
- Transportation Engineering • History
- Environmental Engineering - Earliest uses were to irrigate crops and
dates back to the Middle East and
Water Resources Engineering Africa.
(Hydraulic Engineering) - Water clock was used in 2nd
• Concerned with the flow and millennium BC
conveyance of fluids, principally water - Using gravity to move water include
and sewage. the Qanat system in Ancient Persia,
• Related to the design of bridges, Turpan water system in China and
dams, channels, canals, and levees, irrigation canal in Peru.
and to both sanitary and environmental
engineering. Transportation Engineering
• Application of fluid mechanics • Or Transport Engineering
principles to problems dealing with the • Application of technology and scientific
collection, storage, control, transport, principles to the planning, functional
regulation, measurement, and use of design, operation and management of
water. facilities for any mode of transportation
• “The hydraulic engineer actually in order to provide
develops conceptual designs for the for the safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable,
convenient, economical, and • Highway Engineering specialize with
environmentally compatible movement the ff:
of people and goods (transport). - Handle the planning, design,
• Six divisions related according to construction, and operation of highways,
ASCE (1987) which is 1/3 of the total 18 roads and other vehicular facilities as
divisions: well as their related bicycle and
- Aerospace pedestrian realms
- Air transportation - Estimate the transportation needs of
- Highway the public and then secure the funding
- Pipeline for the project
- Waterway - Analyze locations of high traffic
- Port volumes and high collision for safety
- Coastal and Ocean and capacity
- Urban Transportation - Use civil engineering principles to
• The planning aspects involves improve the transportation system
elements of urban - Utilizes three design controls which
planning, technical forecasting decisions are the drivers, the vehicles, and the
and political roadways themselves.
factors. • Professional Societies:
• Technical forecasting of passenger - Young Professional in Transportation
travel usually involves an urban (YPT)
transportation planning model, requiring - Institute of Transportation Engineers
the estimation of trip generation, trip (ITE)
distribution, mode choice and route - American Society for Highway
assignment. Engineering (ASHE)
• Inventories help the engineer create - American Society of Civil Engineers
business models to complete accurate (ASCE)
forecasts of future conditions of system - The American Association of State
Reviews: Highway and Transportation Officials
1. Population (AASHTO)
2. Land use - Eastern Asia Society for
3. Economic activity Transportation Studies (EASTS)
4. Transportation facilities/services - Transportation Science Society of the
5. Travel patterns and volumes Philippines (TSSP)
6. Laws and ordinances
7. Regional financial resources Environmental Engineering
8. Community values and expectations • Application of scientific and
engineering principles for protection of • They can be also involved in the
human populations from the effects of design of machinery, medical
adverse environmental factors; equipment, vehicles, etc. where
protection of environments, both local structural integrity affects functioning
and global, from the potentially and safety.
deleterious
effects of natural and human activities; • Structural engineering theories is
and improvement of environmental based upon applied physical laws and
quality. empirical knowledge of the structural
• Applied science and technology that performance of different materials and
addresses the issue of energy geometries.
preservation, production asset, and • Responsible for making creative and
control of waste from human and efficient use of funds, structural
animal activities. elements and materials to achieve these
• It involves public health, waste water goals.
management, air pollution control, • HISTORY
recycling, waste disposal, radiation - In 2700 B.C.E. when the step pyramid
protection, industrial hygiene, for Pharoah Djoser was built in Imhotep,
environmental sustainability and the first engineer in history known by
environmental engineering law. name
• It can be either department of civil • HISTORY
engineering or chemical engineering. - 1452-1519 Leonardo da Vinci – Milan
• Environmental “civil engineers” focus Cathedral
on the following: - 1638 Galileo Galilei “Two New
- Hydrology Science” –failure of simple structures
- Water resources management - 1660 Robert Hooke “Hooke’s Law”
- Bioremediation - 1687 Isaac Newton “Newton’s law of
- Water treatment plant design motion”
- 1750 Euler-Bernoulli beam equation
Structural Engineering - 1700-1782 Daniel Bernoulli “Principle
• Trained to understand and calculate of virtual work”
the stability, strength and rigidity of built - 1707-1783 Leonhard Euler “Theory of
structures for buildings and non- buckling of columns”
building structures. To develop designs - 1873 Carlo Alberto Castigliano
and integrate their design with that of “Method of the least work”
other designers, and to supervise - 1874 Otto Mohr “formalized idea of
construction of projects on site. indeterminate structures”
 • Determine the relevant
• OTHER SPECIALIZATION: physical/mechanical and chemical
- Earthquake engineering properties of these materials
- Façade engineering • Evaluate stability of natural slopes and
- Fire engineering man-made soil deposits
- Roof engineering • Assess risks posed by site conditions
- Tower engineering • Design earthworks and structure
- Wind engineering foundations
• Monitor site conditions, earthworks
• STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS and foundation construction.
- Columns
- Beams • HISTORY:
- Plates - Used soil material for flood control,
- Arches irrigation
- Shell purposes, burial sites, building
- Catenaries foundations, and as construction
•COMMONSTRUCTURAL MATERIALS material for buildings.
- Iron: Wrought Iron, Cast Iron - In 2000 BC: traces of dikes, dams and
- Concrete: Reinforced Concrete, canals at Egypt, ancient Mesopotamia
Prestressed concrete - Several foundation related problems
- Alloy: Steel, Stainless steel such as Leaning Tower of Pisa
- Masonry • Soil properties: unit weight, porosity,
- Timber: Hardwood, Softwood void ratio, permeability, compressibility,
- Aluminum shear strength and Atterberg limits
- Composite materials: plywood • Foundations: Shallow foundations,
- Other materials: Adobe, Bamboo, deep foundations, lateral earth support
Carbon fiber, fiber reinforced plastic, structures, earthworks, slope
mudbrick, roofing materials stabilization (geosynthetics)
• GEOSYNTHETICS – use for drainage,
Geotechnical Engineering filtration, reinforcement, separation and
• Branch of civil engineering concerned containment.
with the
engineering behaviour of earth
materials. Earthquake Engineering
• Uses principles of soil mechanics and • Interdisciplinary branch of engineering
rock mechanics to investigate that designs and analyzes structures,
subsurface conditions and materials
such as buildings and bridges, with remedial measures for the correction of
earthquakes. unsatisfactory conditions of materials;
• SEISMIC VIBRATION CONTROL 4. Checks/certifies design mixes
1. DRY-STONE WALLS CONTROL: prepared by contractors for concrete
Machu Picchu Temple of the Sun, Peru and bituminous mixtures;
2. LEAD RUBBER BEARING – base 5. Acquaints himself fully with the
isolation employing heaving damper standard procedures of sampling,
invented by Bill Robinson, a New testing and control;
Zealander 6. Sees to it that the field laboratory is
3. TUNED MASS DAMPER – huge adequately equipped so that the
concrete blocks mounted in skyscrapers progress of the work will not be
or other structures and moved in impeded;
opposition to the resonance frequency 7. Keeps a record of the daily activities
oscillations of the structures by means ready for inspection anytime; and
of some sort of spring mechanism. 8. Submits within required time frame
4. Building Elevation Control: pyramid test reports and other pertinent
shaped skyscrapers documents.
5. SIMPLE ROLLER BEARING
6. SPRINGS-WITH-DAMPER BASE Control Engineering
ISOLATOR • Branch of civil engineering discipline
that applies control theory to design
Materials Engineering systems with desired behaviours.
• It involves protection and prevention of • The practice uses sensors to measure
the materials. the output performance of the device
being controlled (often a vehicle) and
1. Ascertains that all materials those measurements can be used to
incorporated into the work pass the give feedback to the input actuators that
requirements of the DPWH Standard can make corrections toward desired
Specifications for Highways, Bridges performance.
and Airports and to strictly comply with
the schedule of Minimum Testing
LECTURE 4 - SURVEYING
Requirements;
2. Advises the Project Engineer on the What is Surveying?
acceptance or rejection of construction
> Is a technique, profession, and
materials intended for use in the project,
science of accurately determining the
based on test results;
terrestrial or 3-dimensional positions of
3. Recommends to the Project Engineer
points and the distances (horizontal and measuring angles between lines, of
vertical and angles (horizontal and determining the direction of lines, and of
vertical) between them. establishing points by pre-determined
angular and linear measurements.
 Is generally done by a practiced
surveyor. History of Surveying
 The art and science of making
1. Surveying had its beginning in
measurements of the relative
Egypt about 1400 BC
positions of natural and man-made
 The Egyptian phrase for a surveyor
features on the Earth's surface, and
was a "rope stretcher" and
the presentation of this information
surveying was known as "stretching
either graphically or numerically.
a rope"
• Why it is scientific?  Egyptian surveyors main work was
to relocate the land divisions (use
Because the use of mathematical
for taxation).
techniques to analyze field data,
 Extensive use of surveying in
accuracy and reliability depends on
building of Egyptian monuments
understanding underlying scientific
principles and affecting survey 2. Greeks: expanded Egyptian work
measurement. and developed Geometry
 Developed one of the earliest
• Why it is art?
surveying instruments

Because only a surveyor who

Diopter (a form of level).
possesses thorough understanding of
surveying techniques will be able to 3. Romans: developed surveying into
determine the most efficient methods a science to create the Roman
required to obtain optimal results over a roads, aqueducts, and land division
wide variety of surveving problems. systems.

Surveying Developed several instruments:

- the SCIENCE of determining the  Groma - cross instrument used to

dimensions and contour of the earth's determine lines and right angles
surface by measurement of distances,  Libella - "A" framewith a plumb bob
directions, and elevations. used for leveling
 Chorobates - straight edge with oil
- the ART of measuring horizontal and
in notch for leveling
vertical distances between objects, of
4. Middle Ages: land division of to select two points in the field to
Romans continued in Europe. measure the distance between them.
These can be represented on paper by
Quadrans - square brass frame capable
two points placed in a convenient
of turning angles up to 90° and has a
positions.
graduated scale developed by an Italian
2. Working from whole to the part: In
named Von Piso.
surveying an area, it is essential to

5. History of Surveying 18th & 19th establish first of all a system of control

Century in the New World: the need points with great precision. Minor control

for mapping and marking land points can then be established by less

claims caused extensive surveying, precise method and the details can be

especially by the English. located afterwards by method of

 1785: United Stated began triangulation or traversing between

extensive surveys of public lands control points.

into one mile square sections

Kinds of Surveys:

- 30 states surveyed under the U.S.

 According to the space involved:
Public Land System (also called the
 Geodetic Surveys - when surveys
Rectangular System)
are such wide extent that the

 1807: United States Geological spheroidal shape of the earth is a

Survey founded to establish an matter of importance.

accurate control network and  Plane Surveys - when they are

mapping such limited extent that the exact

 Famous American Surveyors: shape of the earth may be

George Washington, Thomas disregarded.

Jefferson, George Rogers Clark,

PLANE SURVEYING
Abe Lincoln and many more.
 Surface of earth is considered as a
Basic Principles of Surveying
plane and the spherical shape is

The following two basic principles neglected.

should be considered while determining  All survey line and triangles are

relative position of points on the surface considered as plane and straight.

of earth:-  Small area

 Accuracy is low
1. Determining suitable method for
locating a point: it is always practicable
GEODETIC SURVEYING 5. Tacheometric survey

 spherical shape of earth taken into CLASSIFICATION BASED ON

account. METHOD EMPLOYED
 Lines are considered curved and all
1. Triangulation surveys
triangles are considered as
2. Traverse survey
spherical triangles.
 Large area
 Accuracy is high
LECTURE 5 - TRANSPORTATION
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ENGINEERING
NATURE OF FIELD OF SURVEY. Introduction
◼ How significant is transportation in
1. Land survey our society?
◼ It impacts every facet of life:
2. Marine navigational and economic, social, recreational, cultural,
hydrographic survey etc.
◼ The efficient and safe movement of
3. Astronomical survey people and goods is important to our
quality of life
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON OBJECT
◼ Given the significant impact that
OF SURVEY transportation has it is important for
transportation engineers to strive toward
1. Geotechnical survey two goals:
1. providing a high level of service
2. Mine survey
(LOS, a term you will hear frequently
3. Military survey later): minimize travel times and delays)
2. providing a high level of safety
4. Control survey
◼ These goals are, unfortunately,
5. Topographic survey usually mutually exclusive
 e.g., higher speeds reduce travel
6. Cadastral survey
time but may also decrease safety
7. Route survey ◼ And the constraints (“rules”) are
constantly
8. Engineering survey
changing:
9. Construction survey - economic (the cost of highway
related projects,
construction/maintenance)
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON - political (community-related
INSTRUMENT USED impacts of projects)
building a highway through the
middle of a neighborhood (eminent
1. Chain survey
domain)
2. Compass survey City council members disregarding
advice of traffic engineer
3. Plane table survey
◼ environmental (impact of projects
4. Theodolite survey on the environment measured in
terms of air, water, and noise
impacts, and quality of life)
 - Does offer the highest level of travel
Challenges mobility (flexible departure times and
◼In attempting to meet level of service destination choices)
and safety goals, transportation ◼ Transportation engineers need to be
engineers must deal with both technical creative in the approaches to encourage
and behavioral challenges. usage of alternative modes, yet still give
 Travel behavior: Who, What, When, travelers reasonable departure time and
Where, Why, How humans move destination options
 How to ensure safe highways,
etc. ◼ Demographic Trends
- Suburban growth (lower housing
Infrastructure prices,
horse-acre lots, the highways, etc)
 Highway maintenance - Suburb-to-suburb commutes (new
E.g. Ensure fix road damage, employment centers, the highways)
pavement overlay - Aging population, slower
 Need methods to combat aging perception/reaction times
pavement, and design better ones
 Need to make better use of existing Challenges
infrastructure ◼ Safety Trends
- Plenty of capacity on a 24-hr basis - Involves both technical and behavioral
- Make it possible to travel at various components
times, - Transportation engineers must strive
telecommuting, etc. to
- Use of reversible lanes, etc reduce frequency and severity of
crashes
Develop new roadway design
Vehicle Technologies guidelines,
 Performance: acceleration, roadside safety equipment,
cornering, countermeasures
braking, etc
 Motivation for vehicle advances
- air pollution and safety regulations
- energy conservation and fuel price
issues
- foreign competition

Traffic Control
 Signal is most obvious device
- Timing strategies
- New detection and signal controller
technologies
- Actuated, coordinated control
- Increasing efficiency

- Safety is key issue at intersections due

to the high number of conflicting
movements
- Many agencies are actually going to a
low-tech approach for traffic control:
Roundabouts— popular in many areas

Behavioral Challenges
◼ Private vehicles, dominate traffic
stream