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DasThis article is about the Republic of India. For other uses, see India (disambiguation).

Republic of India
Bhārat Gaṇarājya

Flag

State emblem

Motto: Satyameva Jayate (Sanskrit)

"Truth Alone Triumphs"[1]

Anthem: Jana Gana Mana (Hindi)[a][2][3]

"Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People"[4][2]
Duration: 1 minute and 4 seconds.1:04

National song: Vande Mataram (Sanskrit)[c]

"I Bow to Thee, Mother"[b][1][2]
Duration: 2 minutes and 26 seconds.2:26
 Territory controlled by India
Territory claimed but not controlled

Capital New Delhi

28°36′50″N 77°12′30″E

Largest Mumbai
city by city
proper
population

Largest city by Delhi

metropolitan
area population

Official langua  Hindi

ges  English[d][8]

Recognised show
regional langua
ges State level and Eighth
Schedule[9]

Native 424 languages[g]

languages

Religion  79.8% Hinduism

 14.2% Islam
(2011)[11]
 2.3% Christianity
 1.7% Sikhism
 0.7% Buddhism
 0.4% Jainism
 0.23% unaffiliated
 0.65% other

Demonym(s)  Indian
 others
 Government Federal parliamentary republic

• President Droupadi Murmu

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi

Legislature Parliament

• Upper house Rajya Sabha

• Lower house Lok Sabha

Independence

from the United Kingdom

• Dominion 15 August 1947

• Republic 26 January 1950

Area

• Total 3,287,263 km2 (1,269,219 sq mi)[2]

[h]
(7th)

• Water (%) 9.6

Population

• 2023 estimate 1,428,627,663[13] (1st)

• 2011 census 1,210,854,977[14][15] (2nd)

• Density 428.3/km2 (1,109.3/sq mi) (30th)

GDP (PPP) 2024 estimate

• Total $16.020 trillion[16] (3rd)

• Per capita $11,112[16] (122nd)

GDP (nominal) 2025 estimate

• Total $4.27 trillion[17] (5th)

• Per capita $2,940[17] (138th)

Gini (2021) 32.8[18]

medium inequality

HDI (2022) 0.644[19]

medium (134th)
 Currency Indian rupee (₹) (INR)

Time zone UTC+05:30 (IST)

DST is not observed.

Date format  dd-mm-yyyy[i]

Drives on Left[20]

Calling code +91

ISO 3166 code IN

Internet TLD .in (others)

India, officially the Republic of India,[j][21] is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest
country by area; the most populous country from June 2023 onwards;[22][23] and since its
independence in 1947, the world's most populous democracy.[24][25][26] Bounded by the Indian
Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the
southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;[k] China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the
north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is near Sri
Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border
with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia.

Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago.
[28][29][30]
Their long occupation, predominantly in isolation as hunter-gatherers, has made the
region highly diverse, second only to Africa in human genetic diversity.[31] Settled life emerged
on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago, evolving
gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE.[32] By 1200 BCE,
an archaic form of Sanskrit, an Indo-European language, had diffused into India from the
northwest.[33][34] Its hymns recorded the dawning of Hinduism in India.[35] India's pre-
existing Dravidian languages were supplanted in the northern regions.[36] By
400 BCE, caste had emerged within Hinduism,[37] and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen,
proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity.[38] Early political consolidations gave rise to the
loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires.[39] Widespread creativity suffused this era,[40] but the
status of women declined,[41] and untouchability became an organized belief.[l][42] In South India,
the Middle kingdoms exported Dravidian language scripts and religious cultures to the
kingdoms of Southeast Asia.[43]

In the early mediaeval era, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism became
established on India's southern and western coasts.[44] Muslim armies from Central
Asia intermittently overran India's northern plains.[45] The resulting Delhi Sultanate drew
northern India into the cosmopolitan networks of mediaeval Islam.[46] In south India,
the Vijayanagara Empire created a long-lasting composite Hindu culture.[47] In
the Punjab, Sikhism emerged, rejecting institutionalised religion.[48] The Mughal Empire, in
1526, ushered in two centuries of relative peace,[49] leaving a legacy of luminous architecture.[m]
[50]
Gradually expanding rule of the British East India Company followed. It turned India into a
colonial economy but consolidated its sovereignty.[51] British Crown rule began in 1858. The
rights promised to Indians were granted slowly,[52][53] but technological changes were
introduced, and modern ideas of education and public life took root.[54] A pioneering and
influential nationalist movement emerged. Noted for nonviolent resistance it became the major
factor in ending British rule.[55][56] In 1947, the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two
independent dominions,[57][58][59][60] a Hindu-majority dominion of India and a Muslim-
majority dominion of Pakistan. A large-scale loss of life and an unprecedented migration
accompanied the partition.[61]

India has been a federal republic since 1950, governed through a democratic parliamentary
system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society. India's population grew from
361 million in 1951 to almost 1.4 billion in 2022.[62] During this time, its nominal per capita
income increased from US$64 annually to US$2,601, and its literacy rate from 16.6% to 74%.
A comparatively destitute country in 1951,[63] India has become a fast-growing major
economy and a hub for information technology services; it has an expanding middle class.
[64]
Indian movies and music increasingly influence global culture.[65] India has reduced its
poverty rate, though at the cost of increasing economic inequality.[66] It is a nuclear-weapon
state that ranks high in military expenditure. It has disputes over Kashmir with its neighbours,
Pakistan and China, unresolved since the mid-20th century.[67] Among the socio-economic
challenges India faces are gender inequality, child malnutrition,[68] and rising levels of air
pollution.[69] India's land is megadiverse with four biodiversity hotspots.[70] India's wildlife, which
has traditionally been viewed with tolerance in its culture,[71] is supported among these forests
and elsewhere in protected habitats.

Etymology
D

Asd

asdasdasdasdasdasdasdasdasdes-Reporter of Dover-New Philadelphia, Ohio, said jenkem was

"largely debunked", but that "someone will be stupid enough to try it."[30] The story was also
covered with varying degrees of skepticism in the Orange County Register,[31] Evansville,
Indiana, Fox affiliate WTVW,[32] and Wichita, Kansas, CBS affiliate KWCH-TV.[33]

In 2009, Bettendorf, Iowa, amended its city ordinance regarding illegal inhalants to
include organic substances.[34][35] In 2010, an apartment building in Fort Pierce, Florida, was
condemned after police found leaking containers of human waste in a unit. One police official
speculated the tenant was manufacturing jenkem.[36][37][38]