Chapter 13 United Nations (WHEN)

 The League of Nations was established after the First W War and the United Nations was established after Second World War. )
 The name "The United Nations" was used for the first time on January 1, 1942. And was established in New York, USA.
 24 Oct 1945 On, San Franscisco Conference with 50 members including India, the original member of UN, India represented
[Link].
 October 24 is celebrated every year throughout the world as the United Nations Day.
 Uniting for Peace" resolution adopted by the General Assembly in November 1950,
 Then UN flag was adopted on October 20,1947
 Permanent headquarters of the International Court of Justice is located at The Hague (Netherlands) in 1946 -principal judicial organ)
 Note : ALL THE ORGANS OF THE UN or The headquarters of the UN are based in New York, USA. (EXCEPT)
 Note : it replaced the Permanent court of Int. C Justice functioned in the Peace Palace since 1922
 Since 1946 the International Court of Justice has given 24 Advisory Opinions, concerning reparation for injuries suffered in the
service of the UNs, territorial status of South-West Africa and Western Sahara, etc.
 By 2021, 193 countries are its members , South Sudan is the last country to be admitted in the UN
 26-06-1945, San Franscisco Conference With 50 members including India, the original member of UN, India represented [Link].

o ALL THE ORGANS OF THE UN or The headquarters of the UN are based in New York, USA. (EXCEPT) ( WHERE)
o The permanent headquarters of the International Court of Justice is located at The Hague (Netherlands) in 1946.

 António Guterres is the current Secretary-General of the United Nations. (WHO)

 Membership of the UN is open to all peace-loving nations who believe in the principles of the UN and accept the obligations of the
UN Charter.
 The General Assembly appoints the Secretary-General of the UN on the recommendation of the Security Council.
 The Security Council has 5 permanent members – Chicken Fry and Roast in barbecue for USA –
China,France,Russia,Britain&USA
 Composition of - 5 permanent members & Regional representation of the 10 non-permanent members is:Afro-Asian countries
— 5 b. Latin American countries — 2 c. West European and other countries — 2 d. East European countries — 1. ( so 6
official languages are CARES&French and with 5 translation for speech but docu only in E&S
 (WHY)
 Reasons for the world leaders decided to set up a world organisation to maintain peace more powerful than League of the Nation.
 The destruction caused by the two WW’s. 2. The failure of the League of Nations to prevent wars and maintain peace. 3. The fear of
a WW3 The division of the world into 2 pwr bloc led by the US and the USSR, 5. The invention of weapons of mass destruction like
the atom bomb.
 Reason for the formation of United Nations is to maintain international peace and security, protect human rights, deliver
humanitarian aid, promote sustainable development and uphold international law. Oct 24 is celebrated every year throughout the
world as the UN Nations Day.
 Reason for taking action by the Assembly
 Under the "Uniting for Peace" resolution adopted by the General Assembly in November 1950, the Assembly
 may take action if the Security Council, because of a lack of unanimity of its permanent members, fails to act in a case where there
appears to be a threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression.
 It is empowered to consider the matter immediately with a view to making recommendations to members for collective measures,
including the use of armed force.
 Reason for the establishment of the United Nations - Disastrous World W / Stockpiling of Destructive weapons / Fear of the WW3
 Division of the World into Three Blocs - NOT a reason for the establishment of the United Nations.
 Reason for the purpose of UN :-
 To develop friendly relations among nations & To maintain international peace and security & To be a centre for harmonising the
actions of nations
 Note :- To achieve national cooperation in solving problems - NOT a purpose of the United Nations
 the flag of the UN : both colour/emblem - Light blue in colour and portrayed in white at its centre is the UN emblem in white.
 The Un emblem is a polar map of the worls embraced by twin olive branches.
 Finance for UN:

Names of 6 Principal organs of the UN: [Link] General Assembly [Link] Security Council [Link] International Court of Justice 4.
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 5. Trusteeship Council 6. Secretariat (see 3 lines)
 ECOSOC– responsible for promoting higher standards of living, full employment and Eco &Social progress.
 Trusteeship Council is in charge of the territories tat were administered before the 2WW by the mandate systemof the LN.
 Secretariat is Chief administrative office of the UN with main fn to coordinate and supervise the activities of the various organs of
the UN consists of [Link] and the international staff appointed by him. The [Link] who is the CAO of the organisation.
Recall The General Assembly appoints the Sec-General of the UN on the recommendation of the Sec Council.
The Security Council IS THE Principal organ is the executive body of the [Link] fn-[Link] & security maintenance. A rep for 24hrs
Veto Power' - Each member of the Security Council has 1 vote. Decisions on procedural matters are made by an affirmative vote of 9
members, including the concurring votes of all five permanent members. The negative vote of a permanent member is called a veto. The
Council is powerless to act if any of the five permanent members uses the veto power. However (chose not to vote)abstinence from voting
does not amount to a negative vote or veto.
Composition of The Security Council (15 members) with 5 permanent members & Regional representation of the 10 non-permanent
members Afro-Asian countries — 5 b. Latin American countries — 2 c. West European and other countries — 2 d. East European
countries — 1 where elected by the UN General Assembly by a 2/3rd majority for a term of 2 years. A retiring member is not eligible for
immediate re-election. The Presidency of the Council rotates monthly, according to the English alphabetical listing of its member States.
Each member has 1 vote. Decision in the [Link] is take after at least 9 members vote in its favour including the permanent members
Four functions of the Security Council related to world peace :- maintain/investigate recmmend
To maintain international peace and security in accordance with the principles and purposes of the United Nations.
To investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to international friction & take Military action against an aggressor.
To recommend methods of adjusting  such disputes or the terms of settlement.
To formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments(process of increasing the no & strength of a country's weapons)
To determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression & to recommend what action should be taken.
To call on Members to apply econ” sanctions & other measures not involving the use of force to prevent or stop AGG.
To take military action against an aggressor.
The principal judicial organ of United Nations Organisation is the International Court of Justice.
International Court of Justice Composition of the Court : The Court is composed of 15 judges elected for a term of 9 years of office by the
United Nations General Assembly and Security Council sitting independently of each other. It may not include more than one judge from any
nationality. Elections are held every three years for 1/3rd of the seats, and retiring judges may be re-elected.
The Court elects its President and Vice-President for a term of 3 years. & may, when their term expires, be re-elected.
The Court has the power to appoint its Registrar.

Dual Role of this ICof Justice: to settle, in accordance with international law, the legal disputes submitted to it by the States, and to give
advisory opinions on legal Qs referred to it by Duty Authourised Internatinal organs and agencies.

With reference to the International Court of Justice, Its Compulsory Jurisdiction.

The International Court of Justice has compulsory Jurisdiction in the following areas:
1. Against the background that a large number of treaties provide that disputes are submitted to the Court.
2. Disputes pertaining to the interpretation of international law.
3. Reparation, i.e., compensation to be made for the breach of an international obligation.
With reference to the International Court of Justice, Its Advisory Jurisdiction.
The advisory procedure of the International Court of Justice is open solely to international organisations.
The only bodies at present authorised to request advisory opinions of the Court are 5 organs of the UNs & 16 spee’ gencies of the UNs family.
Since 1946 the Court has given 24 Advisory Opinions, concerning reparation for injuries suffered in the service of the UNs, territorial status of
South-West Africa and Western Sahara, etc.

The scientific activities undertaken by the UNESCO are:

1. UNESCO organises seminars and conferences of scientists of various countries and circulates information through journals, press
and exhibitions. Courier' is the official monthly magazine of UNESCO. Its Hindi and Tamil editions are available in India.
2. It promotes basic research in fields like Geology, Mathematics, Physics and Oceanography. As a result, it finances engineering and
technology schemes in a number of developing countries.
3. It helps in correcting the imbalance in scientific and technological manpower that exists, because 90% of trained manpower is
concentrated in the industrialised countries.
4. It encourages the study of social sciences in order to focus attention on combating all forms of discrimination, improving the status of
women and helping the youth in solving their problems.

The objectives of the United Nations are as follows-

1. To maintain international peace and security,  to take collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to peace, to
suppress acts of aggression or other breaches of peace.
2. To develop friendly relations among nations based on  respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of people.
3. To achieve international cooperation  in solving international economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian problems and encouraging
respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms.
4. To be a centre for harmonising the actions of nations  in the attainment of these common ends.
5. Disarmanent, decolonise and development are  the three new objectives set by the UN. Not disintegration

UNO Principles  the members shall act in accordance with the following: or / In order to fulfil the purposes for which UNO was established,
1. To respect the sovereign equality of all its members.
2. All members should fulfil in good faith the obligations assumed by them.
3. They should settle their international disputes by peaceful means.
4. They would refrain from the threat or use of force against any State.
5. They should give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes.
6. The Organisation should ensure that States which are not members of the United Nations act in accordance with these principles.
7. The United Nations shall not intervene in the domestic, i.e., internal affairs of any State.
8. Note : NOT a principle The UN shall intervene in the domestic (internal) affairs of the state

(c) Four functions of the United Nations are as follows-

1. Maintain international peace and security. & 2. Protect human rights and deliver humanitarian aid.
2. Support sustainable development and climate action. & 4. Uphold international law.

(a) All members of the United Nations are members of the General Assembly.
1. Each State has five representatives in the General Assembly, but each State has one vote.
2. At the start of each regular session, the Assembly elects a new President, 21 Vice-Presidents and the Chairmen of the Assembly's
six Main Committees.
3. To ensure equitable geographical representation, the presidency of the Assembly rotates each year among five groups of States:
Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America and Caribbean, and Western Europe and other States.
4. Decisions on important matters are made by a two-third majority.
5. These matters include: the election of the non-permanent members of the Security Council, admission of new members, the
suspension or expulsion of members, budgetary issues, etc.
6. Decisions on other questions are made by a majority of members present and voting.

(b)(c) The role of the General Assembly in the promotion of international cooperation are as follows-
1. To consider and make recommendations on the principles of cooperation, in the maintenance of international peace and security.
2. To discuss any question relating to international peace and security and to make recommendations on it.
3. To initiate studies and make recommendations to promote international political, social, and economic cooperation.
4. To make recommendations for the peaceful settlement of disputes.

(c) Four other functions of the General Assembly are as follows-

1. To receive and consider reports  from the Security Council and other organs of the United Nations.
2. To consider and approve the budget of the United Nations and to apportion the contributions among members.
3. To elect the non-permanent members of the Security Council, the ECOSOC and the Trusteeship Council, and to elect the judges of
the International Court of Justice. &
4. 4. To appoint the Secretary-General on the recommendation of the Security Council.