Ecosystems
Basic feature of ecosystems
1. interactions of 2. energy flow
organisms with
one another and
with the
3. material cycling
environment
self-sustaining stable dynamic
3. Material cycling
energy flows in one way materials are cycled in
different forms
energy transfer
biotic community
energy energy transfer
loss
physical environment
energy loss
Carbon
Ø an essential element in organic compounds
Ø can be found in atmosphere, oceans and rocks
carbon cycle
the process by which carbon is cycled between
organisms and the environment
The carbon cycle
carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere
6
burning of 1 4
fossil fuels photosynthesis respiration
respiration
respiration
2
feeding 3
organic waste 1 carbon dioxide
and dead bodies dissolved in water
photosynthesis
5 decomposers
4 respiration
fossil fuels 7
limestone
Removing CO2 from the environment
carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere
CO2 is taken up by
producers during
_________________
photosynthesis 1
Removing CO2 from the environment
carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere
fixed into ______
organic
compounds glucose
>
-
1
Transfer of carbon along food chains
carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere
2
feeding
Transfer of carbon along food chains
Ø carbon is transferred along the food chain
consumer
___________
feeding
producer
Transfer of carbon along food chains
carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere
3
organic waste
and dead bodies
1
Transfer of carbon along food chains
Ø _______________
organic wastes and _______________
dead bodies of organisms
become food for ______________________
decompsosers
decomposer
decomposed by
organic waste
Releasing CO2 to the environment
carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere
4
respiration
respiration
respiration
decomposers
4 respiration
Releasing CO2 to the environment
Ø ____________
respiration of producers and consumers breaks
down organic compounds and releases ____________
Carbon dioxide
CO2
respiration
producer
consumer
Releasing CO2 to the environment
carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere
organic waste
and dead bodies
5 decomposers
release carbon dioxide
during decomposition
Releasing CO2 to the environment
carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere
organic waste
and dead bodies
fossil fuels
Releasing CO2 to the environment
Ø plants and animals that died and buried underground
may turn into _____________
fossil fuel over millions of years
e.g. coal
Releasing CO2 to the environment
carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere
6
burning of
fossil fuels
organic waste
and dead bodies
-
fossilization
fossil fuels
Releasing CO2 to the environment
carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere
carbon dioxide
dissolved in
water
limestone
Releasing CO2 to the environment
Ø shells of some marine organisms are made up of
calcium carbonate
form limestone when these marine organisms die
and sink to the seabed
carbon dioxide is released when
_________________
reacts with acid
Releasing CO2 to the environment
Ø limestone may also become uplifted to the land by
Earth movements
carbon dioxide is released
when _____________
weathering occurs
Nitrogen
Ø an essential element for making ________,
protein _________
nucleic acid
_____ and other nitrogenous compounds in organisms
amino group
H R nitrogenous base
O
N C C
H H OH
amino acid nucleotide
The nitrogen cycle
Ø the process by which nitrogen is cycled between
organisms and the environment
The nitrogen cycle
diffusion
nitrogen in the
atmosphere
diffusion 3 lightning
nitrogen oxides
dissolved in
rain water
1 feeding
nitrogen fixing bacteria
in root nodules organic waste and 5 taken up by plants
4 dead bodies
nitrogen
in soil air free-living nitrogen 2 decomposers
fixing bacteria decomposers
nitrifying nitrifying
ammonium ammonium bacteria bacteria
compounds compounds nitrites nitrates
in bacteria in soil 6 denitrifying bacteria
Transfer of nitrogen along food chains
1 feeding
nitrogen in the form of _______
organia
_________
compounds is transferred along
the food through _________
feeding
Adding nitrogen to the soil
organic waste and
dead bodies
2 decomposers
NHyt nitrifying nitrifying
ammonium bacteria NOz bacteria NO -
compounds in nitrites nitrates
soil
Adding nitrogen to the soil
Decomposition
Ø the conversion of nitrogen to __________
ammonium compounds
by decomposers
organic waste and ammonium
dead bodies by _______________
bacteria compounds (in soil)
putreying
and _________
fungi
Adding nitrogen to the soil
Nitrification
Ø the conversion of ammonium compounds to
___________
nitrates
ammonium nitrites nitrates
compounds (NO2-) (NO3-)
(in soil) by _______
nitrifying (in soil) by _______
nitrifying (in soil)
bacteria bacteria
Adding nitrogen to the soil
nitrogen in the
atmosphere
3 lightning
nitrogen oxides
dissolved in rain
water
nitrates
Adding nitrogen to the soil
Lightning
Ø Causes nitrogen in the atmosphere to combine with
___________
oxygen
dissolving
nitrogen lightning nitrogen in rain nitrates
(in atmosphere) oxides (in soil)
Adding nitrogen to the soil
nitrogen in the
atmosphere
nitrogen fixing bacteria
in root nodules
nitrogen 4
free-living nitrogen
in soil air nitrifying nitrifying
fixing bacteria decomposers bacteria bacteria
ammonium ammonium
compounds compounds nitrites nitrates
in bacteria in soil
Adding nitrogen to the soil
Nitrogen fixation
Ø the conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonium
compounds
ammonium
nitrogen
compounds
(in soil gas) by _____________
nitrogen (in bacteria)
________
fixing bacteria
Nitrogen fixing bacteria
Ø free-living in soil or live in
the ________________
root nodules of
___________________
leguminious plants
Ø supply nitrogenous
compounds to the plants
root nodules
Nitrogen fixing bacteria
Ø when the bacteria die, the ammonium compounds
present in them are released and converted into
nitrates by nitrification
ammonium decomposition ammonium nitrification
compounds compounds nitrates
(in bacteria) by putrefying (in soil) by nitrifying (in soil)
bacteria and bacteria
fungi
Removing nitrogen from the soil
producers take up 5 taken up by plants
nitrates from the soil to
make proteins and other
nitrogenous compounds
nitrates
Removing nitrogen from the soil
diffusion
nitrogen in the
atmosphere
nitrogen
in soil air
nitrates
6 denitrifying bacteria
Removing nitrogen from the soil
Denitrification
• the conversion of nitrates to ______________
nitrogen gas under
______________
anaerobic conditions
nitrates nitrogen
(in soil) by _____________ (in atmosphere)
denitrifying
bacteria
Summary
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Producers
Role in carbon cycle and
Role in energy flow
nitrogen cycle
Ø capture light energy Ø take up inorganic
and convert it to carbon and nitrogen
chemical energy that from the environment
is stored in organic and incorporate them
compounds through into organic
the process of compounds in their
photosynthesis bodies
Producers
Role in carbon cycle and
Role in energy flow
nitrogen cycle
Ø capture light energy Ø return carbon to the
and convert it to environment in the
chemical energy that form of carbon
is stored in organic dioxide through
compounds through respiration
the process of
photosynthesis
Consumers
Role in carbon cycle and
Role in energy flow
nitrogen cycle
Ø transfer chemical Ø transfer carbon and
energy in the form of nitrogen in organic
food along food compounds along
chains through food chains through
feeding feeding
Consumers
Role in carbon cycle and
Role in energy flow
nitrogen cycle
Ø transfer chemical Ø return carbon to the
energy in the form of environment in the
food along food form of carbon
chains through dioxide through
feeding respiration
Decompers
Role in carbon cycle and
Role in energy flow
nitrogen cycle
Ø break down dead Ø return carbon and
organic matter, nitrogen in the form of
releasing energy in inorganic compounds
the form of heat (e.g. CO2, nitrates) by
during respiration breaking down the
organic waste and dead
bodies of organisms
3 &
nitige
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