Paper One (Physics and Clinical Measurement)

January/2025
a) Define saturated vapour pressure. Mention the principle of vaporizer. Can you use isoflurane
in halothane vaporizer?
b) What is micro shock? How can you prevent micro shock peroperatively?
c) Define pressure and filling ratio. What are the methods of flow measurement? Foxc
d) What is piped medical gas supply in hospital? Mention its advantages and disadvantages. H
e) What is pseudocritical temperature? Mention the clinical aspects of temperature
measurement.

Jul 24
a)Classify the Mapleson breathing systems. Draw and label the Bain circuit with mentioning the
function of its different parts.
b) Mention the types of humidity. Describe the HME technique of humidification,
c)Define heat, temperature and humidity. How to prevent hypothermia during surgery and
anaesthesia?
d) Differentiate laminar flow from turbulent flow. When a laminar flow can be converted to
turbulent flow during anaesthesia?
e) Mention the basic mechanism of diathermy. How can you prevent fire explosion in operation
theater?

Jan 24
a) Define saturated vapour pressure. Mention the principle of vaporizer. Can you use isoflurane
in halothane vaporizer?
b) What is hypothermia? What are the causes of hypothermia in operation theatre and mention
its effect on anaesthesia outcome?
c) Define critical temperature and pressure with example. Write down the application of critical
temperature in anaesthesia.
d) Define flow. What are the types of flow? How laminar flow is turned into turbulent in
anaesthesia practice?
e) Write down the principle of capnography. What is the importance of capnography in
anaesthesia practice?

Jul 23
a) Define Charles law and Boyle's law. Write the importance of combined gas law in anaesthetic
practice.
b) List the safety features of a standard anaesthesia machine.
c) Define hyperthermia. Give the systemic effects of it during anaesthesia.
d) Define gas and vapour. How will you measure the amount of N₂O and O, in a cylinder?
e) What is microshock? What are the types of diathermy? Mention the complication of its use.

Jan 23
a) Write down the principle of pulse oximetry. Mention the limitations of it.
b) Define Laminar and Turbulent flow. Mention the importance of flow in anaesthesia practice.
c) What precautions are taken to reduce electrical hazards in the operating room?
d) What is absolute humidity & relative humidity? Shortly discuss the importance of humidifiers
in case of an anaesthetized patient.

DR. RUSSELL
e) Classify Breathing Systems. What are the advantages of Bain circuit?

Jul 22
a) Define pressure and filling ratio. What are the methods of volume measurement?
b) Mention the components and pressures in different sites of piped medical gas supplies in
hospital. What is VIE?
c) What is Hagen Poiseuille equation? Mention its importance in anaesthesia practice. c
d) Classify breathing system. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Bain circuit?
e) Mention the methods of oxy gen measurement during anaesthesia. What are the merits of
E1CO; measurement over Sp0; measurement during anaesthesia?

Jan 22
a) List the safety features of a standard anaesthesia machine.
b) Define critical temperature and critical pressure with example. Mention this implications in
anaesthesia.
c) Mention the methods of heat loss during anaesthesia. Write the importance of humidification
in anaesthesia practice.
d) Mention importance of measurement of FiO2 and ETCO2. Write down the uses of
capnography in anaesthesia.
e) What is Bernoulli's principle? Mention the name of some equipments which are made using
this principle.

Jul 21
a) Define flow. What are the types of flow? Mention its importance in anaesthesia practice.
b) What are the methods of blood pressure measurement? Mention the indications and
complications of invasive blood pressure measurement.
c) Classify breathing system. What are the anti-hypoxic features in modern anaesthesia
machine?
d) What is microshock? What are the types of diathermy? Mention the complications of
improper uses of diathermy.
e) How does pulse oximeter work? Mention the factors affecting the readings of pulse oximeter.

Jul 20 & Jan 21

a) Define types of humidity. Describe HME technique of humidification.
b) What is hypothermia, pyrexia and hyperthermia? What are the deleterious effects of
hypothermia?
c) Define with example: critical temperature, pseudocritical temperature and critical pressure.
d) State Dalton's law of partial pressure. Mention the percentage of different gases in expired air.
e) Describe laminar flow and turbulent flow with equations.
Jan 20
a) What is Bernoulli's principle? Mention the name of some equipments which are made using
this principle.
b)What is Beer's law? Write down the principle of pulse oximetry.
c) Define vaporizer & classify it.
d) Define flow. How gas flow can be measured?
e) Name the different methods of temperature measurement. Mention the principal routes of
heat loss.

DR. RUSSELL
Jul 19
a) What is capnography? Mention its clinical uses.
b) Define absolute and relative humidity. How will you humidify the inspired gases?
c) Classify breathing system. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Bain circuit.
d) Describe Boyle's law with its clinical implications.
Jan 19
a) Define critical temperature, pseudocritical temperature and critical pressure.
b) Describe the principle of pulse oximeter.
c) Define flow. What are the characteristics of turbulent flow? What is Coanda effect?
d) Define diffusion. Describe how different factors affect diffusion of a gas across a membrane.
e) Define mean pressure and pulse pressure. Enumerate the methods of blood pressure
measurement.

Jul 18
a) What is humidity? Classify humidity. What is the clinical importance of humidity?
b)What is Sl system of measurement? What are the derived units?
c) Define flow. Mention factors which change a laminar flow into a turbulent flow. What is its
importance in anaesthesia?
d) CClassify breathing system. What are the ads antages of co-avial sy stem?
e)How oxygen is prepared commercially? Mention the methods of oxygen measurement in
clinical practice.

Jan 18
a) Mention the gas laws and their clinical implication, What is filling ratio?
b) What do you mean by heat and temperature? What are the methods of temperature
measurement?
c) Write down the principle of capnography. What is the importance of eapnography in
anaesthetic practice?
d) Write short notes on low flow anaesthesia.

Jul 17
a)What do you mean by diffusion? What are the factors which affects diffusion across a semi-
permeable membrane?
b) State Dalton's law of partial pressure. Mention the percentages of different gases in air.
C) What are the methods of oxygen measurement? Write down the principle of pulse oximeter.
d) Define relative and absolute humidity. What are the different methods of measurement of
humidity? Write down the importance of humidity measurement in operating room.
e) Define flow. What are the types of flow? How flow is measured?

Jan 17
a) What are the different gas laws? State Dalton's law of partial pressure.
b) What are methods of carbon dioxide measurement in clinical practice? Write down the
principle of capnography.
c) Define flow. What are the types of flow? How laminar flow is turned into a turbulent flow?
d) Mention the importance of electrical safety in anaesthesia practice. What is microshock?
e) What is critical temperature? What is the clinical implication of critical temperature in
anaesthesia? What is vacuum-insulated evaporator (VIE)?

DR. RUSSELL
Jul 16
a) Define with example critical temperature and critical pressure. Mention their implication in
anaesthesia.
b) What is temperature? Write down the different methods of temperature measurement.
c) What is flow? Mention the factors which changes the laminar flow to turbulent flow. What is
its importance in anaesthetic practice?
d) What is a vaporizer? Mention the methods of temperature compensation in vaporizer.
e) Write down the principle of pulse oximetry. What are the limitations of pulse oximetry?

Jan 16
a) What is meant by venturi? Mention some applications of venturi principle in anaesthesia.
b) Write down Mapleson's classification of breathing system. When and why sodalime is used in
an anaesthesia machine?
c) Define humidity, absolute humidity and relative humidity. Write down the implications of
humidity in anaesthesia.
d) State the gas laws with their clinical implications,
e) What is meant by Gauge pressure and absolute pressure? What are the units of pressure
measurement? Mention atmospheric pressure in different units.

Jul 15
a) Detine flow. What do you mean by laminar flow and turbulent flow? Mention their
characteristics.
b) Define heat and temperature. What are the techniques of temperature measurement?
c) What are the methods of blood pressure measurement? Mention the indications and
complications of invasive blood pressure measurement.
d) Define SI units. Enumerate common S1 units used in anaesthesia. Name any two derived
units with their units of measurements.
e) What is critical temperature? Mention its importance in anaesthesia.

Jan 15
a) Define absolute and relative humidity. How humidity can be measured?
b) Define flow. Write down the Hagen Poiseuille's law. Define Reynolds number.
C) Write down Boyle's law. What is its clinical implication?
d) Classify Mapleson breathing system. Draw and label a Bain circuit.
c) What are the anti-hypoxic features available in anaesthesia machine"

Jul 14
a) Mention the perfect gas laws.
b) Define heat & temperature. Mention different scales of measuring temperature.
c) Define and classify exponential system. Describe with example.
d) Define cardiac output. Mention the procedures used to measure it. Describe one procedure.
e) Classify breathing systems. What are the advantages of cirele system?

DR. RUSSELL