DrKl© GKv‡WwgK †Kqvi 1

G‡¶‡Î `kwU k– b¨¯’vbmn GKwU Text †`Iqv _vK‡e| k– b¨¯’vbMy‡jv‡K Numbering Kivi Rb¨ a-j e¨envi Kiv n‡e| Gevi j¶ Ki :
Fill in the blanks in the following texts with articles (a/an/the) as necessary. Some of the blanks may not
require an article. Put a cross () in those blanks. 0.5  10 = 5
In (a) — twenty-first century (b) — number of undesirable practices have emerged as mobile phone usage
spreads into everyday life. In (c) — workplace, employers report that many members of their staff use (d) —
individually owned mobile phone to socialize during work hours. It results in (e) — loss of productive work time
and effort. In social settings, people comment that they are irritated by (f) — intrusion of mobile phone
conversations in (g) — restaurants, theatres and other public venues. Another worrying trend is that face to face
social interaction seems to have been taken over by (h) — mobile phone devices. For example, (i) — analysis of
(j) — survey of 2000 teenagers reveals that 93 percent of todays youth terminate relationships by voice mail or
text messages. [NCTB Sample Question]
†hfv‡e DËi wjL‡Z n‡e :
wKQz k– b¨¯’v‡b Definite Article Avevi wKQz k– b¨¯’v‡b Indefinite Article e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| Avevi wKQz k– b¨¯’v‡b †Kv‡bv
Article e¨envi Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e bv| †m‡¶‡Î  e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| ev‡K¨i ïi“ ‡Z k– b¨¯’vb _vK‡j Ges †mLv‡b †Kv‡bv Article
e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡j Zv/Zvi cÖ_g A¶i Capital letter n‡e| Z‡e, G ai‡bi fz‡ji Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Marks KZ©b Kiv nq bv| wk¶v_©xiv ïay
1
Number e¨envi K‡i DËi wjL‡e| cÖwZwU k– b¨¯’v‡bi Rb¨ 2 K‡i †gvU Marks _vK‡e 05|
Solution: (a) the (b) a (c) the (d) an (e)  (f) the (g)  (h) the (i) an (j) a

wb‡Pi cvV¨vskwU j¶ Ki :
We met a boy while going to my college, Rajdhani Ideal College. The boy was carrying a bag. He had apples in the
bag. He gave the apples to a beggar. The beggar thanked the boy.
Dc‡i cÖ`Ë Aby‡” Q‡` Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB †h cÖwZwU Noun Gi c– ‡e© ‗a‘ ev ‗an‘ ev ‗the‘ e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GB A, An I The †K article e‡j| GLv‡b `yB ai‡bi Article e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
(i) KL‡bv KL‡bv Avgiv The e¨envi K‡iwQ| hLb †kªvZv ev cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q Noun wU ¯• ó A_v©r wbw`©ó K‡i eySv‡Z
Avgiv †mB Noun Gi c– ‡e© The e¨envi K‡iwQ| ZvB The †K Definite Article ejv nq|
(ii) Avevi, Ô†Kv‡bv GKRbÕ A_v©r Awbw`©ó eySv‡Z Avgiv A/An e¨envi K‡iwQ| ZvB A/An †K Indefinite Article
e‡j|
A and An Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
wb‡Pi cvV¨vskwU j¶ Ki :
Aria went out for shopping yesterday. She bought a new dress for herself. She also bought an excellent story book
for me.
Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw” Q A/ An DfqB Ô†Kv‡bv GKwUÕ A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi A_©MZ w`K w`‡q A I An Gi g‡a¨
†Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ †bB; kyay Ae¯’vbMZ cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| An e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q Vowel sound Gi c– ‡e© Ges A e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q Consonant
sound Gi c– ‡e©|
wb‡Pi cvV¨vskwU j¶ Ki :
There was an orphan boy. He read in a university. He was very regular in his class. He worked in a private farm
after his class. Thus he continued his study and finally obtained an MA degree.
j¶Yxq, ‗MA‘ kãwUi ‗M /em/‘ letter wU Consonant n‡jI Zv D” Pvi‡Y Vowel sound nevi Kvi‡Y Zvi c– ‡e© An e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Avevi, ‗University‘ kãwUi ‗U /ju/‘ letter wU Vowel n‡jI Zv D” Pvi‡Y Consonant sound nevi Kvi‡Y Zvi c– ‡e© A e¨envi Kiv
n‡q‡Q| g‡b ivL‡e, ÔBD /ju/ Õ ev ÔIqv /w/ Õ Bs‡iwR‡Z Consonant sound|
Grammar Focus : Vowel sound Gi c– ‡e© an Ges consonant sound Gi c– ‡e© a e‡m|
Articles Gi Ae¯’vb:
Articles mvaviYZ noun Gi Rb¨ e‡m| Noun Gi c– ‡e© †Kv‡bv eY©bvKvix kã (adjective/adverb) _vK‡j article H eY©bvKvix k‡ãi
c– ‡e© e‡m| j¶ Ki :
Example : a boy, a good boy, a very good boy, the last few days, a really good concert.
e¨wZµg : wKQy wKQy kã Articles Gi c– ‡e© e¨eüZ nq|
Example :
1. all the time But not: the all time
2. just the right amount But not: the just right amount
3. rather a good idea But not: a rather good idea
 DrKl© GKv‡WwgK †Kqvi 2

4. quite a nice day But not: a quite nice day

5. exactly the wrong colour But not: the exactly wrong colour
6. both the red dresses But not: the both red dresses
7. such a funny expression But not : a such funny expression
8. what a pity But not: a what pity
Practice
1.1. Use a or an in the blanks.
(a) — European tourist. (b) — house. (c) — useless dress. (d) — honourable man. (e) — umbrella. (f) — uniform.
(g) — hour and a half. (h) — university. (i) — unhappy man. (j) — honest boy.
Article Gi cybive„wË

Highlighted kã ev kãMy” Q g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q j¶ Ki :

Yesterday, I and my friend went to New Market. I bought a black and a white cat. They cost me 1000 taka. They
look very nice. My friend, Badal, bought a black and white rabbit which is also nice. It cost him 1500 taka.
j¶ Ki, ―A black and a white cat‖ Gi Pronoun ‗They‘ †jLv n‡q‡Q| A_v©r GLv‡b `yBwU weovj‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q hvi GKwU Kv‡jv I
Ab¨wU mv`v| wKš‘ ‗A black and white rabbit‘ Gi Pronoun ‗It‘ †jLv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b GKwU Li‡Mvk eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q †hwU Kv‡jv I mv`v is
wgwkªZ|
Grammar Focus : wfbœ wfbœ mËv eySv‡j cÖwZwU noun ev adjective Gi c– ‡e© article e¨envi Kiv nq| wKš‘ GKB mËv eySv‡j ïay cÖ_g noun
ev adjective Gi c– ‡e© article e‡m|
Practice
1.2. Repeat the article or use cross (x) where repetition not necessary.
(a) The Principal and — Secretary of Rajdhani Ideal College gave away prizes among the meritorious students
yesterday. (b) The head coach and — manager of the club inaugurates the function. (c) The Principal and — math
teacher were jointly awarded as the best teacher. (d) There are on the committee among others a great writer and —
actor. (e) John was a great orator and — statesman. (f) The Secretary and — treasurer have given their approval for
the plan. (g) The Chairman and — member of PDB has been found guilty. (h) The cow is a useful and — domestic
animal.
Articles Gi g– j wbqg
GwU GKwU mnR c×wZ| Avgv‡`i †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ Z_¨wU Kvi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨:
♦ meLv‡b mevi Rb¨?
♦ A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ GKRb ev K‡qKR‡bi Rb¨?
♦ wbw`©ó GKRb ev K‡qKR‡bi Rb¨?
meLv‡b mevi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨

wb‡Pi cvV¨vskwU co :
An/ The ant (meLv‡bi me ants) is an industrious insect. × Bees (meLv‡bi me Bees) are also industrious insects. If we
observe the life of a successful man, we will find that he is also industrious.
cÖ_g ev‡K¨ †`Lv hv‡” Q, ‗ant‘ n‡” Q Singular countable noun Ges ‗an industrious insect ‘ Z_¨wU meLv‡bi me ant Gi †¶‡Î
cÖ‡hvR¨| GLv‡b ant kãwUi c– ‡e© An ev The e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Avevi, wØZxq ev‡K¨ †`Lv hv‡” Q, ‗Bees‘ n‡” Q Plural countable noun Ges ‗industrious insects‘ Z_¨wU meLv‡bi me bees Gi †¶‡Î
cÖ‡hvR¨| GLv‡b bees kãwUi c– ‡e© †Kv‡bv article e¨envi Kiv nqwb|
Gevi wb‡Pi cvV¨vskwU co :
× Water has no colour of its own. But the water of St. Martins looks blue.
cÖ_g ev‡K¨ †`Lv hv‡” Q, ‗Water‘ n‡” Q Uncountable noun Ges ‗no colour of its own‘ Z_¨wU meLv‡bi me water Gi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨|
GLv‡b water kãwUi c– ‡e© †Kv‡bv article e¨envi Kiv nqwb| wKš‘ Ôwater of St. MartinsÕ ej‡Z wbw`©ó GKwU ¯’v‡bi water-†K eySvq|

AZGe, †h Z_¨ meLv‡bi mevi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ †m‡¶‡Î Avgiv e¨envi Kwi :
Rule :
1. Uncountable noun Gi mv‡_ no article (×) e‡m|
Temperature is measured in degrees.  Money makes the world go around.
2. Plural nouns Gi mv‡_ no article (×) e‡m|
Volcanoes are formed by pressure under the earth‘s surface.
3. Singular nouns Gi mv‡_ Ôthe/a/anÕ e‡m|
The computer is a marvelous invention. The elephant lives in family groups.
 DrKl© GKv‡WwgK †Kqvi 3

Note : 1. †h Noun MYbv Kiv hvq Zv‡K countable noun e‡j| †hgb : pen, cow, dog BZ¨vw`|
2. †h Noun MYbv Kiv hvq bv Zv‡K uncountable noun e‡j| †hgb : air, water, rice, gold
BZ¨vw`|

(i) hw` †Kv‡bv cÖvYx, kix‡ii A½, MvQcvjv, ev`¨hš¿ I RwUj Avwe®‹vi Gi †¶‡Î cÖ`Ë Z_¨ mevi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ nq Z‡e Avgiv cÖvqB the +
singular noun e¨envi Kwi| wKš‘ mvaviY Ro e¯‘i †¶‡Î Z_¨wU mevi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡j Avgiv No article + plural noun e¨envi Kwi|
The cow is a domestic animal but the tiger is not. The cow helps us in many ways.
× Books also help us to increase our knowledge.
(ii) ‗man‘ kãwU gvbeRvwZ eySv‡j Avgiv ‗man‘ Gi mv‡_ †Kv‡bv article e¨envi Kwi bv|
Man is mortal.
Practice
1.3. Use appropriate article in the blanks. Put a cross if no article is needed.
(a) — ant is an industrious insect. (b) — bees are also industrious insects. (c) — money cannot buy happiness. (d) We
should read — books to enrich ourselves. (e) — time is more valuable than anything else. (f) — tiger is a ferocious
animal. (g) The lion is the king of — beasts. (h) We cannot live without — water. (i) — practice makes a man
perfect. (j) — bee lives in a group.
A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ GKRb ev wKQz Õi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨

wb‡Pi cvV¨vskwU g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q co :

One day I met a lame boy. After talking for a while he showed me an identity card. Seeing the identity card I came to
know that he was a university student.
cvV¨vs‡k e¨eüZ Ôboy, card Ges studentÕ kãMy‡jv Singular countable Ges A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ GKwU/ GKRb eySvq| Gi c– ‡e© article 'a'
e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Avevi wb‡Pi cvV¨vskwU g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q co:
We were returning home. On the way we met a little girl. The girl was selling × flowers on the street. She was also
selling × water.
cvV¨vs‡k e¨eüZ ‗flowers‘ kãwU Plural countable Ges A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ K‡qKwU eySvq| Avevi, ‗water‘ kãwU Uncountable noun Ges wKQz
eySvq| Gi c– ‡e© †Kv‡bv article e¨envi Kiv nqwb|
ZvB, A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ GKwU ev A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ wKQz eySv‡Z:
Rule :
4. Uncountable noun Gi mv‡_ no article (×) e‡m| Z‡e Uncountable noun Gi c–
‡e© Adjective _vK‡j H Adjective Gi c– ‡e© a/an e‡m|
Our science class mixed  boric acid with  water today.
This day is celebrated in an enthusiastic atmosphere.
5. Plural nouns Gi mv‡_ no article (×) e‡m|
We‘re happy when people bring  cookies!
6. Singular nouns Gi mv‡_ 'a/an' e‡m|
Bring an umbrella if it looks like rain. You‘ll need a visa to stay for more than
ninety days.

Practice
1.4. Use Ôa/ an/ ×Õ as necessary.
(a) Once upon a time there was — king. (b) His palace was surrounded by — beautiful garden. (c) He called in (d) —
doctor. (d) The king could be healed if he wore a shirt of — happy man. (e) — messengers were sent everywhere, but
no happy man could be found. (f) Long long ago — mirror was found in a paddy field. (g) — water is first boiled in a
kettle to make tea. (h) Then — tea dust is put in it. (i) I saw a girl selling — flowers. (j) I like drinking — milk in the
morning.

wKfv‡e eyS‡e meLv‡b mevi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ bv A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ GKRb ev wKQyi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨
GUv eySvi Rb¨ ÔAll + noun + everywhereÕ kãwU e¨envi Ki‡j hw` A_© wVK _v‡K Z‡e a‡i wb‡Z n‡e meLv‡b mevi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨| wKš‘ A_© wVK
bv _vK‡j a‡i wb‡Z n‡e A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ GK ev wKQzi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨|
 DrKl© GKv‡WwgK †Kqvi 4

The cow lives on grass. — ÒAll cows everywhere‖ live on grass. (GLv‡b A_© cwieZ©b nqwb).
A cow gave birth to a calf last night. —ÒAll cows everywhere‖ gave birth to a calf last night. (GLv‡b A_© cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q hv
NUv m¤¢e bq|)
Practice
1.5. Use Ôa/ an/ ×Õ as necessary.
(a) We know that — birds can fly. (b) — man came to me yesterday. (c) The man saluted me with — love and
respect. (d) Today — women are playing an important role in society. (e) They are joining in — different professions.
(f) She began to pour — hot water on the head of Socrates. (g) During childhood — child receives training from its
mother. (h) He advised him to buy  heavy club. (i) We are very much afraid of  burglars. (j) While in Tahiti, he
was short of — money.
wbw`©ó GKRb (GKwU)/ wKQy

wb‡Pi cvV¨vskwU g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q co :

We met a boy at railway station. The boy is an orphan. He was sitting with some flowers and water to sell. The
flowers were very fresh but it seems to me the water was not pure.
cvV¨vskwU‡Z e¨eüZ ‗boy, flowers and water‘ kãMy‡jv wbw`©ó| KviY GMy‡jv c– ‡e© D‡j­L Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi c– ‡e© article ‗the‘ e¨envi Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
ZvB wbw`©ó GKRb (GKwU)/ wKQz eySv‡Z :
Rule :
7. AwaKvsk Proper noun Gi c– ‡e© no article (×) e‡m|
My research will be conducted in  Luxembourg.
8. Uncountable nouns Gi c– ‡e© 'the' e‡m|
Step two: mix the water with the boric acid. The laughter of my children is
contagious.
9. Plural noun Gi c– ‡e© 'the' e‡m|
We recruited the nurses from General Hospital. The projects described in
your proposal will be fully funded.
10. Singular noun Gi c– ‡e© 'the' e‡m|
Bring the umbrella in my closet if it looks like rain. Did you get the visa you
applied for?

wKfv‡e eySe Ôwbw`©ó GKRb ev wKQzÕ

(i) hvi wØZxqwU †bB
The earth rotates around the sun.
(ii) †kªvZv I e³v hLb eyS‡Z cv‡i Kv‡K eySv‡bv n‡” Q
The boss just asked about the report. Meet me in the parking lot after the show.
(iii) cÖ_gevi D‡j­Lmn wØZxqevi D‡j­L Kiv n‡j
I found a good handout on English articles. The handout is available in online. You can get a giant ice cream cone
downtown. If you can eat the cone in five seconds, you get another one free.
(iv) cÖ_gevi Bw½Zmn wØZxqevi D‡j­L Kiv n‡j
Dr. Atiq performed a complicated surgery. He said that the patient was recovering nicely. (GLv‡b surgery kãwU Øviv
patient k‡ãi Bw½Z eySv hvq|)
(v) Ordinals I superlatives Gi c– ‡e© (first, next, primary, most, best, least, etc.)
The first man to set foot on the moon… The greatest advances in medicine…
(vi) Specifiers (one of, only, principle, same/similar etc.) Gi c– ‡e©
The sole purpose of our organization is… The only fact we need to consider is…
(vii) Restricters (words, phrases, or clauses hv †Kv‡bv noun Gi A_©‡K mxgve× K‡i †`q|) e¨envi Kiv n‡j noun wU wbw`©ó n‡q hvq|
Study the chapter on preposition for the test tomorrow. Also study the notes you took at the lecture that Mr
Harun gave yesterday.
Practice
1.6. Use Ôa/ an/ the/ ×Õ as necessary.
(a) — James Norman Hall was an American writer. (b) To save money he wanted to make a vegetable garden in front of
his house. But — land was full of ants and land-crabs. (c) Bangladesh is a land of — scenic beauty. (d) — wild animals of
the Sundarbans are also a great asset. (e) We know the story of an ant and a grasshopper. — ant was industrious. (f) He
makes — best use of his time. (g) We live on  ground floor of an old house. (h) You must have heard  name of Kazi
 DrKl© GKv‡WwgK †Kqvi 5

Nazrul Islam. (i) When  First World War broke out, he joined the army. (j) Have you finished reading — book that I
gave you yesterday?
Articles Gi we‡kl e¨envi

Proper Nouns :
Rule :
11. hLb Proper Noun †K Subject Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq ZLb Proper Noun Gi mv‡_ Avgiv a/ an e¨envi Kwi| wKš‘ Proper Noun
Gi ci prepositional phrase _vK‡j Avgiv the e¨envi Kwi|
I like the writings of Nazrul. I think he is a Byron. However, we can say, he is the Byron of Bangladesh.
12. HwZnvwmKfv‡e D‡j­L‡hvM¨ ¯’vb, feb, mgy`ª, b`x, msev`cÎ, gi“ f‚wg, †nv‡Uj, wm‡bgv, wgDwRqvg I M¨vjvwii bv‡gi c– ‡e© Avgiv ‗the‘
e¨envi Kwi|
The Taj Mahal is the symbol of love. Emperor Shahjahan built it to immortalize his love for his wife Mumtaj. It
stands on the Jamuna.
13. †hme Proper noun Øviv republic, state, union ev group eySvq Zvi c– ‡e© Avgiv ‗the‘ e¨envi Kwi|
The United Kingdom and The United States are the most powerful countries of the world now.
14. Noun + preposition + Noun w`‡q †h proper noun MwVZ Zvi c– ‡e© Avgiv ‗the‘ e¨envi Kwi|
I am a student of the University of Dhaka. The students of Dhaka University played a great role in the Language
Movement.

Note : †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev e¯‘ ev cÖvYx ev ¯’v‡bi wbR¯^ bvg‡K Proper noun e‡j| †hgb : Jisan is a good boy, I
like Rahim BZ¨vw`|
Practice
1.7. Use Ôa/ an/ theÕ as necessary.
(a) Emperor Shahjahan built — Taj Mahal when he was the emperor of Delhi. (b) Tamim Iqbal is — Brian Lara. (c)
In fact we can say, he is — Nelson of Bangladesh. (d) — University of Rajshahi was established in 1953. (e) —
Punjab is a land of five rivers. (f) — Padma is a big river in Bangladesh. (g) Dhaka stands on — Buriganga. (h) —
European Union has agreed to help each other. (i) — Sundarbans is the largest mangrove forest in the world. (j) I
think Dr. Kamal is — famous lawyer.

Jobs and Positions :

Rule :
15. †Kv‡bv c` (position) Gi c– ‡e© Avgiv ‗the‘ e¨envi Kwi| wKš‘ c` (position) Gi mv‡_ hw` †Kv‡bv Proper noun _v‡K ev c` hw`
Complement wn‡m‡e e‡m Z‡e †Kv‡bv article e‡m bv|
The Headmaster praised me yesterday. But Principal Rafiqul Islam did not like it. So I will campaign so that the
members of the association do not elect him President.

Note : Verb Gi c‡ii †h noun ev adjective Zvi c– e©eZx© subject †K wb‡`©k K‡i Zv‡K complement e‡j|
†hgb : He is honest. He is a girl . He is a singer. We made him chairman. BZ¨vw`|
16. Singular noun hw` Abstract idea cÖKvk K‡i Z‡e Zvi c– ‡e© ‗the‘ e¨envi Kiv nq|
The mother rose in her. We should control the beast in us. Here ‗mother‘ means quality of a mother. GLv‡b 'mother' Gi
A_© n‡” Q ÕgvZ…Z¡Õ hv GKwU Abstract Idea|
Practice
1.8. Use Ôthe/ ×Õ as necessary.
(a) — Principal of our college is a good man. (b) It is — Principal's honesty that encourages me to go ahead. (c)
However, — Principal Kamal Uddin can handle any situation of his college. (d) All the teachers of his college made
him — President. (e) We elect Jahid — captain. (f) — father is seen in the boy. (g) — brother rose in him. (h) I have
seen — beast of Kamal. (i) Khaleda Zia was — Prime Minister of Bangladesh. (j) — Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina is
an experienced leader.

Adjective/ Verb/ Adverb/Person/Preposition :

Rule :
17. (i) mvaviYZ, Avgiv adjective/ adverb/ verb Gi c– ‡e© †Kv‡bv article e¨envi Kwi bv| ‡hgb: Fahima is  brilliant.
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(ii) wKš‘ adjective hw` noun wn‡m‡e e‡m Z‡e Zvi c– ‡e© ‗the‘ e¨envi Kwi| ‡hgb: She always helps the poor.
(iii) verb hw` noun wn‡m‡e e‡m Z‡e Zvi c– ‡e© Avgiv ‗a/an‘ e¨envi Kwi| ‡hgb: She everyday goes out for a walk in the
morning.
(iv) Adjective Ges Noun Gi gv‡S †Kv‡bv Article e¨envi Kiv nqbv| ‡hgb: Fahima is a brilliant  student.
18. Proper noun Gi mv‡_ Adjective em‡j, Avgiv H Adjective Gi c– ‡e© ‗the ‘ e¨envi Kwi|
Akbar the Great was an emperor of Delhi. [GLv‡b Akbar- Proper noun; Great- adjective]
19. Adjective Gi Comparative form Gi mv‡_ ‗of the two‘ _vK‡j H adjective Gi c– ‡e© Avgiv ‗the ‘ e¨envi Kwi|
Bina is the younger of the two girls.
20. Double comparative _vK‡j Avgiv DfqwUi mv‡_ ‗the ‘ e¨envi Kwi|
The higher we fly, the harder we fall. The more, the merrier.
21. Possessive/ Determiner Gi Av‡M ev c‡i †Kv‡bv article e‡m bv|
My  pen is red. I saw there some  boys and girls. You will be paid 300 taka  each day.
Determiner : Determiner n‡” Q Ggb wKQz kã †hMy‡jv Noun ev Noun phrase Gi c– ‡e© e‡m Noun ev
Noun phrase My‡jvi msL¨v, cwigvY ev †mMy‡jvi wbw`©óZv wb‡`©k K‡i|

Practice
1.9. Use Ôa/ an/ the/ ×Õ as necessary.
(a) Jakir is — honest. (b) — honest are always rewarded. (c) For getting good marks good hand writing is — must.
(d) Let's go out for — walk. (e) Eva is — more brilliant of the two sisters. (f) Off the two players Sakib is — better.
(g) — more you read, the more you learn. (h) Najmul is my — younger brother. (i) Tamal's — father is a farmer. (j) I
don't have — much money.

Parts of the body :

Rule :
22. A½ Gi mv‡_ mvaviYZ Avgiv possessives e¨envi Kwi; Z‡e preposition _vK‡j ‗the‘ e¨envi Kwi|
She broke her leg climbing. She has been shot in the leg.
Illness
23. †ivM ev e¨_vi bvg mvaviYZ uncountable| ZvB Gi c– ‡e© article e‡m bv|
She never had  measles. I have got  toothache again.
24. wKš‘ Aches, pains, growths, attack m¤• wK©Z †ivM| †hgb : cough, headache, cold, stroke Gi mv‡_ Avgiv ‗a/ an‘ e¨envi Kwi|
I have got a horrible cold.
Place/object A_ev activity noun :
25. School, College, Market, Bed, Hospital, Prison, Mosque, Temple, Church, Court hLb activting Kiv nq ZLb Avgiv
†Kv‡bv Article e¨envi Kwi bv| Z‡e object/place/secondary cÖKvk Ki‡j ‗the‘ e¨envi Kwi|
The patient was admitted to  hospital. (Primary purpose)
I went to the hospital to see the patient. (Secondary purpose)
We ate  dinner together dinner was delicious.
Practice
1.10. Use Ôthe/ ×Õ as necessary.
(a) He got severe wounded in — hand. (b) Actually, he got wounded in his — hand while he was climbing a tree. (c)
He has never suffered from — diarrhoea in his whole life. (d) He had — severe headache in his childhood. (e)
Everyday I go to — mosque for saying prayers. (f) Yesterday, I went to — hospital for CT scan. (g) But today I have
gone to — hospital for seeing my friend. (h) He is suffering from — dengue fever. (i) I could not but visit — temple
yesterday. (j) But tomorrow I shall go to — temple to meet my friends.

Sports, Language, festivals and disciplines :

Rule :
26. Sports, discipline, language, festival Gi bvg Ges society, nature, space, relation Gi c– ‡e© †Kv‡bv Article e‡m bv|
 Bangla is our mother tongue.  Cricket is my favourite game.  Mother manages the finances in our family. I
took  physics instead of  biology.
Measurements :
27. ‗by‘ hy³ cwigvc‡Ki c– ‡e© Avgiv ‗the‘ e¨envi Kwi| wKš‘ ÔcÖwZÕ A‡_© cwigvc‡Ki c– ‡e© ‗a/ an‘ e‡m|
 DrKl© GKv‡WwgK †Kqvi 7

Do you sell the eggs by the dozen? ~ Yes I do. 100 taka a dozen.
Rekha earns five thousand taka a month. (Here ‗a‘ means ‗every‘)
Musical Instrument :
28. Musical instrument Gi mv‡_ Avgiv mvaviYZ the e¨envi Kwi| Z‡e jazz, pop, classic music Gi mv‡_ †Kv‡bv Article e¨envi Kwi
bv|
The violin is really difficult. Who is playing the piano? I like  pop music.
Media, Communication & Entertainment :
29. GB we‡bv`b gva¨gMy‡jvi e¨envi eySv‡j Avgiv mvaviYZ the e¨envi Kwi| wKš‘ GMy‡jv †ckvi †¶‡Î e¨envi Kiv n‡j †Kv‡bv Article e¨envi
Kwi bv|
I always listen to the radio while doing my homework.
He has worked in radio and television all his life.
Practice
1.11. Use Ôa/ an/ the/ ×Õ as necessary.
(a) — football is my favourite game. (b) The manager earns fifty thousand taka — month. (c) How much money do
you need to buy — dozen of eggs? (d) I need thirty taka — dozen. (e) I like — gittar you have. (f) He can play on —
violin. (g) I watch — television daily. (h) My friend worked in — television last ten years of his life. (i) — cinema
gives us pleasure. (j) At present, the young generation like — pop music.

Days, Months and Seasons :

Rule :
30. (i) Period of time (5 minutes, 7 years etc.), dawn, dusk, night, noon, w`‡bi bvg, gv‡mi bvg, FZzi bv‡gi mv‡_ mvaviYZ Avgiv
Article e¨envi Kwi bv|
(ii) Z‡e Morning, afternoon, evening, decades, centuries I histroic periods Gi mv‡_ ‗the‘ e¨envi Kwi|
 February is the second month of the year.
Jack, meet me on Thursday. ~ Ok. I will in the morning.
(iii) gv‡mi ev mßv‡ni bv‡gi mv‡_ µgevPK _vK‡j H µgevPK k‡ãi c– ‡e© the e‡m|
Double Expression :
31. we‡klK‡i preposition hy³ double expressions Gi mv‡_ Avgiv †Kv‡bv article e¨envi Kwi bv|
With knife and fork, day after day, husband and wife, from top to bottom
Meals :
32. Meal Gi bv‡gi c– ‡e© Avgiv †Kv‡bv article e¨envi Kwi bv| Z‡e Gi mv‡_ Adjective _vK‡j a/ an e¨envi Kwi|
I took  breakfast at 8:00 am.
It was an excellent breakfast.
Transports :
33. ‗By + transport‘ _vK‡j Avgiv †Kv‡bv article e¨envi Kwi bv| wKš‘ Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î Avgiv article e¨envi Kwi|
I will not go by  launch again. When I was in the launch yesterday, I got very frightened.
Roads :
34. road hy³ iv¯@vi bv‡gi mv‡_ Avgiv ‗the‘ e¨envi Kwi; wKš‘ street, lane, square or avenue Gi mv‡_ †Kv‡bv article e¨envi Kwi bv|
I live in Jigatola near  Rifles Square. Two years back, I was in  Bonogram lane that originates from the BCC
Road which is a branch of  Rankeen street.
Casts, Nationals :
35. eûePb †MvÎ ev esk ev RvwZ Gi mv‡_ Avgiv ‗the‘ e¨envi Kwi|
The Khans, the Pathans.
Physical Environment :
Rule :
36. Avgiv town, country, seaside, sea, wind, rain, weather, sunshine etc Gi mv‡_ ‗the‘ e¨envi Kwi|
I love listening to the wind.
37. wbw`©ó wKQy Phrase/idioms/proverbs G wbw`©ó article e‡m|
38. Unit : cwigvc evPK unit Gi c– ‡e© one A‡_© a/an e‡m|
39. How/what/such/so
Such/what Gi ci singular countable noun _vK‡j Zvi mv‡_ a/an e‡m|
What a beautiful bird it is?
I have never seen such an incident.
How I so _vK‡j a/an KL‡bv noun phrase Gi c– ‡e© bv e‡m wVK noun Gi c– ‡e© e‡m|
 How a beautiful bird it is!
√ How beautiful a bird it is!
40. Collective Noun : Collective noun Gi c– ‡e© the e¨envi Kwi| wKQy common noun wb‡q hLb GKwU group n‡j H group Gi
bvgwU collective noun| †hgb : wKQy soldiers wg‡j nq army; wKQy students wg‡j nq class|
He pined the army in 1990.
 DrKl© GKv‡WwgK †Kqvi 8

Practice
1.12. Use Ôa/ an/ the/ ×Õ as necessary.
(a) — January is the first month of the year. (b) I have holiday on — Friday. (c) I generally go to play in — afternoon. (d)
But in — morning I read attentively. (e) He is becoming weak day — after day. (f) We usually take — lunch at 2 pm. (g)
Yesterday I had — delicious supper. (h) I feel comfortable on — train journey. (i) But I feel frightened going by —
launch. (j) He knows the story — from top to bottom.
Article at a glance
Av‡iv fv‡jvfv‡e article AvqË Ki‡Z wb‡Pi PvU©wU j¶ Ki| GLv‡b A, AN Ges THE e¨env‡ii wKQy mvaviY Ges wbw`©ó wbqg †`Lv‡bv nj :
g‡b ivL‡e, Article mwVKfv‡e e¨env‡ii Rb¨ †Zvgv‡K noun wU countable bv uncountable Zv eyS‡Z n‡e|
"a" A_ev "an" e¨envi Ki "the" e¨envi Ki †Kv‡bv article e¨envi Ki bv
Singular Countable hLb noun wU wbw`©ó hLb †Kvb GKwU
noun hLb ÔA‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ K‡i †evSvq ZLb "the" uncountable noun mvgwMÖK
GKRb/ GKwUÕ; ÔGKwUÕ; e¨envi Ki| A‡_© A_©vr mevB‡K ev
ÒmvaviY A‡_©Ó †evSvq ZLb D`vniY¯^iƒc noun wU mewKQy‡K †evSvq ZLb article
"a" A_ev "an" e¨envi Ki| hLb †Kvb cÖKv‡ii n‡e bv|
mvaviY wbqg
 Alif is a student. (A‡bK kyaygvÎ GKwU †K  We believe in  love.
Qv‡Îi g‡a¨ GKRb|) †evSvq| ('love' uncountable noun
(General Rules)
 I like a good movie.  Harun was the Ges GLv‡b Zv wbw`©ó bq|
(A‡bK gywfi g‡a¨ GKwU|) first man. (GKgvÎ GLv‡b Zv mvgwMÖK|)
cÖ_g e¨w³|)
 Have you heard
the news? (wbw`©ó
GKwU Lei)
†Kv‡bv paragraph ev GKB noun GKB hLb †Kv‡bv plural
Aby‡” Q` †jLvi mgq †Kv‡bv paragraph G wØZxq evi countable noun Øviv H
GKwU noun cÖ_gevi †jLvi D‡jÐL Kivi mgq "the" RvZxq meMy‡jv‡K ev wKQy
mgq "a" A_ev "an" e¨envi e¨envi Ki| msL¨K †K †evSv‡e ZLb
Ki|  I read a poem of article e¨envi Ki‡e bv|
 I saw a movie last Shakespeare. The  Movies are
night. Movies are really poem was about entertaining. (wKQy
very good to see at love. movies; mvgwMÖKfv‡e)
night.  A man came to   Mangoes are juicy.
 A man came to you you yesterday. The (mvgwMÖK A‡_©|)
yesterday. man was very
strange.
bvg/wk‡ivbvg wbw`©ó bv n‡j wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv e¨w³i hw` mivmwi bv‡gi m‡½ c`ex
"a" A_ev "an" e¨envi Ki| †Kv‡bv c`ex _v‡K ZLb _vK‡j article e¨envi
 a poet 'the' e¨envi Ki| K‡ivbv|
bvg/wk‡ivbvg/c`ex  a principal  the doctor  President Obama
(Title)  an entertainer  the president of  Dr. Javed
Bangladesh  Queen Elizabeth
 the manager of
the bank
Awbw`©ó n‡j, †`‡ki bvg hw` plural c– ‡e©i `yBwU †¶Î Qvov
 a country nq A_ev †Kv‡bv group article e¨envi Ki‡e bv|
†`‡ki bvg (Names wb‡`©k K‡i Zvn‡j 'the'  Bangladesh
e¨envi Ki|  India
of Countries)
 the United States  Russia
 the Netherlands  Sri Lanka
 the Philippines
Awbw`©ó n‡j, gnv‡`‡ki bv‡gi †¶‡Î
gnv‡`‡ki bvg  a continent article e¨envi Ki‡e bv|
(Names of  Asia
Continents)  Africa
 Europe
wKQy †fŠ‡MvwjK GjvKvi wb‡Pi †¶‡Î 'the' wb‡Pi †¶‡Î article e¨envi
bvg (Names of e¨envi Ki‡e Ki‡e bv|
Some  the South Pole  Western Europe
Geographical  the West
 DrKl© GKv‡WwgK †Kqvi 9

"a" A_ev "an" e¨envi Ki "the" e¨envi Ki †Kv‡bv article e¨envi Ki bv

Areas)  the South
Awbw`©ó n‡j, kn‡ii bv‡gi †¶‡Î article
kni Ges cÖ‡`‡ki bvg  a city e¨envi Ki‡e bv|
(Names of Citis  a state  Dhaka
and States)  Paris
 Mumbai
iv¯@vi bv‡gi †¶‡Î article
e¨envi Ki‡e bv|
iv¯@vi bvg (Names  Kazi Nazrul Islam
Avenue
of Streets)
 Bijoy Soroni
 Manik Mia Avenue
 Fourth Street
Awbw`©ó †evSv‡j, a/ an wbw`©ó K‡i gnvmvMi †K wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv †j‡Ki bv‡gi
e¨envi Ki‡e| †evSv‡j, "the" e‡m| c– ‡e© article e¨envi Ki‡e
gnvmvMi, mvMi, b`x,  an ocean  the Pacific bv|
gi“ f‚wg, eb, Lvj-Gi  a river Ocean  Lake Baikal
bvg (Names of  a sea  the
Oceans, Rivers,  a desert Mediterraneaan Sea
Seas, Deserts,  the Attantic
Forests, Canals) Ocean
 the Patomac
River
Awbw`©ó †evSv‡j- wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv †j‡Ki bv‡gi
†j‡Ki bvg (Names  a Lake c– ‡e© articlel e¨envi Ki‡e
of Lake) bv|
 Lake Baikal
Awbw`©ó †Kv‡bv wewìs ev wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv wewìs ev
†mŠa, cvK©, RvZxq †mŠ‡ai bv‡gi †¶‡Î a/an †mŠ‡ai bv‡gi c– ‡e©
†Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi bvg e¨envi Ki‡e 'the' e¨envi Ki‡e-
(Names of  a building  the National
Memorials,  a museum Memorial
Monuments, Parks  the Shaheed
and National Minar
places)  the White House
 the Eiffel Tower
Awbw`©ó ¯‹zj K‡j‡Ri †¶‡Î hw` ¯‹zj, K‡jR ev hLb ¯‹zj, K‡jR ev
a/an e¨envi Ki‡e wek¦we`¨vj‡qi bv‡gi wek¦we`¨vj‡qi bvg †Kv‡bv e¨w³
mv‡_ 'of' A_ev 'for A_ev RvqMvi bv‡g nq Ges
K‡jR, wek¦we`¨vjq Ges  a school
Ab¨vb¨ ¯‹z‡ji bvg  a university _v‡K Z‡e 'the' e¨envi Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv 'of' ev 'for' _v‡K
Ki‡e bv,
(Names of
College,  the University of ZLb article e‡m bv|
Universities and Dhaka  Dhaka University
other schools)  the University of  Rajshahi University
Chittagong  Harvard University
 the University of
Maryland
Article e¨env‡ii AviI GKwU †KŠkj
hw` Zzwg †Kv‡bv noun Gi c– ‡e© †Kvb article e¨envi Ki‡e †m m¤• ‡K© wbwðZ bv nI, Zvn‡j wb‡Pi Pv‡U©i mvaviY cÖkœMy‡jv‡K e¨envi Ki †mMy‡jv
†ei Ki‡Z| wb‡P article Gi D`vniY †`qv nj| cÖwZwU eY©bvq Ges ev‡K¨ bold Kiv kãMy‡jv‡Z article hy³ kã e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges
underline Kiv kãMy‡jv‡Z article e¨envi Kiv nqwb|
Question
Singular-i †¶‡Î article Mr. Talukder is
1. Common/Proper : GUv  here with his
It is a proper n‡e bv|
wK common noun bv wife.
noun
proper noun? The Talukders
Plural-i †¶‡Î the
are here.
 DrKl© GKv‡WwgK †Kqvi 10

GwU GKwU common noun

The sun is
2. mvaviY/ wb‡`©wkZ : e³v hv Singular-i †¶‡Î 'the'
nu¨v, cvVK Rv‡b bright.
†evSv‡Z Pvq Zv wK cvVK I like the
(wbw`©ó)
Rv‡b? plural-Gi †¶‡Î 'the' books you
gave.

He bought an
nu¨v, GwU Singular-i †¶‡Î a, an
3. Count/Uncountable old car
countable| MYbv
Noun Uv wK MYbv Kiv hv‡e plural-Gi †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv Books can be
Kiv hvq
article n‡e bv fun to read
Uncountable Bangalees are peace
noun-i †¶‡Î loving.
bv, GwU countable bq, GUv Zero article
MYbv Kiv hvq bv A_ev some I would like some
e¨envi Ki‡Z noodles.
n‡e|