INTERIOR

DESIGN
GROUP MEMBERS:
RAMJITH P R
SUSMITHA M K
SNEHA SHAJI K
RISHIKA K
SANGEETH K
NANDANA S
SAYANTH SANTHOSH K
SANJAL SANIL
ADHARSH K
MUHAMMAD DANISH K
Group 1
 INTRODUCTION

ØInterior design in habitat technology combines design,

sustainability, and smart solutions.

ØIt creates innovative living and working spaces that prioritize user
comfort and efficiency.

ØThis field integrates technology, materials science, and design

principles.

ØIts enhance functionality, sustainability, and quality of life.

 INTERIOR DESIGN

Ø Interior design in habitat technology combines design principles,

sustainable materials, and smart solutions to create innovative living and
working spaces.
Ø These spaces prioritize user-centricity, enhancing functionality,
sustainability, and overall quality of life.
 FACTORS EFFECTING INTERIOR
DESIGN
Ø Sustainability and Energy Efficiency
Ø Technology Integration (Smart Home Automation, IoT, AI)
Ø User Experience and Comfort
Ø Space Optimization and Layout
Ø Environmental and Health Considerations
Ø Budget and Cost-Effectiveness
Ø Innovation and Aesthetics
 INTERIOR DESIGNER
Ø An interior designer is someone who plans, coordinates and manages
interior designing projects.
Ø An interior designer should have knowledge of architecture, carpentry,
planning, circulation, ventilation, plumbing, sanitation, electric wiring,
furnishing, painting, polishing, art movements, sculpture, plastering,
aesthetic, psychological factors etc.
 ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF
DESIGNER
Ø Determine the client’s goals and requirements of the project.
Ø Prepare final plans, using computer applications.
Ø Provide illustrations manually & mechanically.
Ø Initiate, develop & coordinate interior design projects.
 INTERIOR SPACE

� Interior space refers to the enclosed or semi-

enclosed areas within a building or structure
that are designed for various human activities,
such as living, working, socializing, and
leisure.
� These spaces are typically created by
architects, interior designers, and other
professionals to provide a functional,
comfortable, and aesthetically pleasing
environment for occupants.
 TYPES OF INTERIOR SPACE
1. RESIDENTIAL SPACES
Homes, apartments, condominiums, and other living quarters.
2. COMMERCIAL SPACES
Offices, retail stores, restaurants, hotels, and other business environments.
3. INSTITUTIONAL SPACES
Schools, hospitals, libraries, museums, and other public or private institutions.
4. RECREATIONAL SPACES
Theaters, stadiums, gyms, parks, and other areas for entertainment and
leisure.
5. INDUSTRIAL SPACES
Factories, warehouses, laboratories, and other areas for manufacturing and
production.
 PRINCIPLES OF INTERIOR SPACE
1. COMFORT:
Interior space affects occupant comfort, well-being, and quality of life.
2. PRODUCTIVITY:
Well-designed interior spaces can improve focus, efficiency, and
productivity.
3. MOOD AND EMOTIONS:
Interior spaces can influence mood, emotions, and overall mental
health.
4. HEALTH:
Interior spaces can impact physical health through factors like air
quality, lighting, and ergonomics.
 PRINCIPLES OF INTERIOR SPACE (CONT.)

5. SUSTAINABILITY:
Interior spaces can be designed to reduce environmental impact
and promote sustainability.
6. AESTHETICS:
Interior spaces can be visually appealing and beautiful, enriching
our lives.
7. SOCIAL CONNECTIONS:
Interior spaces can foster social interaction, community, and
connection.
DESIGN ASPECTS OF INTERIOR SPACE
1. LAYOUT:
The arrangement of furniture, fixtures, and equipment to maximize
functionality and flow.
2. LIGHTING:
Natural and artificial lighting strategies to create ambiance, visibility, and
task illumination.
3. COLOUR SCHEME:
Selection of colors for walls, furniture, and accents to evoke emotions,
convey brand identity, and enhance mood.
4. FURNITURE:
Choice of furniture pieces, such as seating, tables, and storage, to
support activities and occupant needs.
 DESIGN ASPECTS OF INTERIOR SPACE
(CONT.)
5. ACOUSTICS:
Design elements, like sound-absorbing materials and acoustic panels,
to manage sound levels and quality.
6. SUSTAINABILITY:
Incorporation of eco-friendly materials, energy-efficient systems, and
waste reduction strategies.
7. CIRCULATION AND FLOW:
The movement of people through the space, including entry, exit, and
navigation.
 POSITIVE SPACE
Positive space refers to the main subject or focal point in an image,
design, or composition. It's the area occupied by the primary object or
element, as opposed to the negative space (the background or empty
areas).
TYPES OF POSITIVE SPACE
1. Figural positive space:
Figural positive space in interior design
refers to the use of defined,
recognizable shapes and forms to
create a cohesive and functional
environment.
 TYPES OF POSITIVE
SPACE
2. Abstract positive space:
Abstract positive space in interior design refers to the use of non-
representational shapes or patterns to create a cohesive and functional
environment
(e.g., geometric shapes).
3. Textual positive space:
Textural positive space in interior
design refers to the use of various
textures and materials to create a
tactile and visually
engaging environment.
(e.g., typography)
EXAMPLES OF POSITIVE SPACE

Ø A portrait subject's face

Ø A product in an advertisement
Ø A building in an architectural
drawing
Ø A main character in a graphic novel
 DESIGN PRINCIPLES USING POSITIVE
SPACE
Ø Emphasis: Use size, color, and placement to draw attention to
the positive space.
Ø Balance: Balance positive space with negative space for
harmony.
Ø Contrast: Use contrasting colors, textures, or shapes to make
the positive space stand out.
Ø Hierarchy: Organize positive spaces to create a
visual hierarchy.
Ø Proportion : ensure that furniture and decorative elements are
proportionate to the space and each other.
 NEGATIVE
SPACE
Negative space is the empty or unoccupied area around,
between, or within objects, forms, or shapes.

TYPES OF NEGATIVE SPACE

Ø Figure-ground relationship (object vs. background)
Ø Positive and negative shapes (form and counter form)
Ø Visual voids (gaps, holes, or empty areas)
Ø Atmospheric perspective (depth and distance)
� FIGURE- GROUND RELATIONSHIP
The interaction between an object (figure) and its surrounding
environment (ground), creating a visual hierarchy.
� POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SPACE
Positive Shape (Form): An actual object or shape.
Negative Shape (Counter form): The empty space around or within the
positive shape.
� VISUAL VOIDS
Empty spaces or gaps within a composition, creating a sense of absence
or emptiness.
� ATMOSPHERIC PERSPECTIVE
Objects fade to lighter, cooler tones with reduced detail, conveying depth
and distance.
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE NEGATIVE
SPACE
Ø Balance positive and negative elements
Ø Use simplicity and minimalism
Ø Consider proportion and scale
Ø Play with contrast and texture
Ø Experiment with different shapes and forms
BENEFITS OF NEGATIVE SPACE

Ø Enhances visual clarity

Ø Guides user focus
Ø Provides balance and stability
Ø Encourages creativity
Ø Supports minimalism
Ø Improved air quality and ventilation
Ø Aesthetic appeal
EXAMPLES OF NEGATIVE SPACE

Ø Logo designs (e.g., Nike swoosh)

Ø Typography (e.g., white space between lines)
Ø Architecture (e.g., empty spaces in buildings)
Ø Art (e.g., Henry Moore's sculptures)
Ø Photography (e.g., empty landscapes)
 CIRCULATION
SPACE
� Paths of Movement
Circulation space refers to the pathways and areas within a
building that enable movement from one point to another. This
includes corridors, stairs, elevators, and walkways.
� Accessibility and Functionality
It ensures that individuals can easily and safely navigate
through the building, accessing different areas, rooms, and
amenities.
� Efficiency and Comfort
Well-designed circulation space optimizes flow, minimizes
congestion, and provides a comfortable experience for users
 IMPORTANCE OF CIRCULATION SPACE

� Safety and Accessibility

Adequate circulation space ensures safety for pedestrians,
wheelchair users, and individuals with disabilities, providing clear and
accessible pathways.
� Functionality and Efficiency
Well-designed circulation space minimizes congestion, reduces travel
time, and improves the overall efficiency of a building.
� User Experience and Comfort
Comfortable circulation spaces contribute to a positive user
experience, promoting a sense of flow and ease of movement within
the building.
 TYPES OF CIRCULATION SPACE

� Horizontal Circulation
Corridors, hallways, and walkways that connect different rooms and
areas within the same level.
� Vertical Circulation
Stairs, elevators, and ramps that enable movement between different
floors of a building.
� Exterior Circulation
Pathways, sidewalks, and access routes that connect different parts
of a building or site.
FACTORS INCLUDING CIRCULATION
SPACE DESIGN
� Building Function
� Occupancy Load
� Building Size and Shape
� Accessibility Requirements
� Determines circulation patterns
� Influences width of corridors and stairwells
� Impacts circulation flow and layout
� Ensures ramps, elevators, and wide
pathways
 INDOOR SPACE

� Indoor space is the central theme of architecture.

� Interior architectural space is enclosed by 3 planes – floors , walls
and ceilings .
� The most important of these is the floors , the other space are
necessary only for protection and convenience .
� Two major characteristics of indoor spaces are :
QUANTITY
QUALITY
 PHYSICAL
QUANTITY
� Quantity includes a Sense of three dimensional Mass or
volume.
� Dimensions are very much essential to define the
quantity of space.
� The size of any interior (L×B×H) depends on the number
of people using it at a particular time, furniture they use,
space required for the movement of persons , furniture
and equipment.
SPATIAL QUANTITY

� Room dimensions (length, width, height)

� Floor area (square footage)
� Volume (cubic footage)
� Ceiling height
� Door and window sizes
ACOUSTIC QUANTITY

� Sound absorption coefficient (alpha)

� Reverberation time (RT60)
� Noise level (decibels)
� Sound transmission class (STC)
THERMAL QUANTITY

� Temperature (degrees
Fahrenheit/Celsius)
� Humidity (relative humidity)
� Air movement (air changes per hour)
 ATTACHED
QUALITY
� Quality of an indoor space is felt through five sense
� The form, size, scale, texture, pattern, colour modulation of
light, altogether gives quality to a space
� Quality can be enhanced by efficient and intelligence use
of light, ventilation, surface texture, colours, materials and
technology
EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL QUALITY

� Mood (atmosphere, ambiance)

� Aesthetic appeal (beauty, style)
� Emotional connection (sense of belonging, nostalgia)
� Comfort (physical and psychological)
� Stress reduction (calmness, serenity)
SENSORY QUALITIES

� Visual interest (colour, texture, pattern)

� Auditory experience (soundscapes, acoustics)
� Tactile experience (touch, texture, temperature)
CONTEXTUAL QUALITIES

� Site-specificity (response to location, climate)

� Historical significance (preservation, restoration)
� Urban or rural setting (contextual design)
� Environmental sustainability (eco-friendliness)
THANKYOU
GROUP 2
 Elements of interior
designing & principles of
interior designing
GROUP 2
ASWANTH V 23
NANDAKRISHNA K 66
AKARSH RAJEEVAN 11
HRISHIRAJ 32
AAROMAL 64
NAVAJYOTH 44
ANVIN 21
AGNEY V C 10
NANDHANA 42
CONTENTS
• Interior designing
• Elements of interior designing
• Principles of interior designing
• Artificial lighting
 INTERIOR DESIGNING
Interior design is a dynamic field that combines
creativity, aesthetics, and functionality to transform living
and working spaces
Elements of interior designing

• Paint
• Line
• Shape
• Texture
• Colour
• Light
Paint
Paints are thin coatings applied
to surfaces in a liquid form. Paint
dries and becomes flexible
solids. They have many uses,
the protection of the surface from
sunlight, dampness, dust,
abrasion, and weathering. They
provide easily cleanable surfaces
that help keep the substrates
clean and tidy.
Cont…
• Colour
Colour plays a crucial role in interior design, influencing mood,
energy levels, and the overall ambiance of a space.
• Finish
Paint finishes can range from matte to gloss, affecting the
reflection of light and the overall appearance of a surface.
• Application
The way paint is applied, whether with brushes, rollers, or
sprayers, can contribute to unique visual effects
Line
Line in interior design is often used to define a space, create an
emotion or create different patterns
• Vertical Lines
Vertical lines create a sense of height and grandeur, often
used to make a space feel larger and more formal.
• Horizontal Lines
Horizontal lines can create a sense of relaxation and
tranquility, often used to make a space feel wider and more casual.
• Diagonal Lines
Diagonal lines add a dynamic element to a space, creating
visual interest and a sense of movement
 Texture
Texture can create a visually appealing and emotionally
enganging space by adding interest ,variation and richness to a
room design
• Smooth
Smooth textures create a sense of elegance and sophistication, often
used in formal spaces.
• Patterned
Patterned textures, like fabrics, can add visual interest and personality
to a space.
• Rough
Rough textures can add warmth and rustic charm to a space, often
used in casual and cozy settings.
• Natural
Natural textures, like wood and stone, bring a sense of
authenticity and grounding to a space.
Light
• Natural light
Sunlight provides a bright and energizing atmosphere, often used
to enhance the feeling of spaciousness.
• Artificial light
Artificial light sources, like lamps and overhead fixtures, can be
used to create different moods and highlight specific areas.
• Ambient light
Ambient light provides general illumination for a space, creating a
comfortable and inviting atmosphere.
• Task light
Task lighting provides focused illumination for specific activities,
like reading or working.
• Accent light
Accent lighting highlights specific features or objects, adding
visual interest and depth to a space
Colour
Color is a primary element of interior design. It can set the mood,
evoke emotions, and influence the perception of space
• Warm Colors
Warm colors, like red, orange, and yellow, evoke feelings of
warmth, energy, and excitement.
• Cool Colors
Cool colors, like blue, green, and purple, create a sense of
calmness, tranquility, and relaxation.
• Neutral Colors
Neutral colors, like white, black, and gray, provide a balanced
backdrop for other colors and elements
Colour wheel
The color wheel is a fundamental tool in art and design. It's a
visual representation of color relationships, helping us
understand how colors interact and create specific effects.
• Primary colour
Red, yellow, and blue are the foundation of the color wheel. They
cannot be mixed from other colors.
• Secondary colour
Orange, green, and violet are created by mixing two primary colors
• Tertiary colour
Tertiary colors are created by mixing a primary color with a
neighboring secondary color, creating a spectrum of twelve colors.
Munsell colour system
it is a colour space that specifies colour based on three
properties of color: hue (basic color), value (lightness),
and chroma (color intensity).

• Hue
Hue refers to the pure color, like red, blue, or green, represented by
a circle of colors around the center.
• Value
Value describes the lightness or darkness of a color, ranging from
black to white, represented vertically on the chart.
• Chroma
Chroma indicates the intensity or saturation of a color, ranging from
gray to the purest hue, represented by a horizontal axis.
Applying the Munsell Scale
Hue Value Chroma

Red 5 8

Green 3 4

Blue 7 6
Applications of the Munsell Scale

• Art and design

The Munsell system provides a precise way to communicate
and replicate colors in various applications.
• Environmental studies
It's used to analyze soil colors, providing insights into soil
composition and fertility.
• Science and technology
The Munsell system is used in fields like geology, meteorology,
and textile research.
Principles of
Interior Designing
Proportion

The relative size and scale of

elements.
• Balance :Elements are well-
proportioned to create harmony.

• Visual interest:Intriguing
spaces are visually appealing.

• Functionality:Ensure
comfortable use of the space.
 Scale
Ensure comfortable
use of the space.
• Size:The overall size of furniture.
• Space:The size of the room affects scale.
• Balance :Oversized elements need balance.
Balance
Creating visual
equilibrium in a space.

• Symmetrical
Formal, mirrored
elements.
• Asymmetrical
Informal, balanced
through visual weight.
• Radial
Elements radiating from
a central point.
Harmony
A sense of unity and
coherence.

• Color
A sense of unity and
coherence.
• Texture
Mixing textures adds interest
while maintaining harmony.
• Style
Consistent style elements
enhance harmony.
Variety
Adding visual interest and avoiding monotony.

Pattern Shape Style

Varying Diverse shapes Mixing styles adds
patterns add create visual a unique touch.
excitement. interest.
Unity
The feeling of cohesiveness in a
space.
• Common theme
A consistent theme ties elements
together.

• Color scheme
A coordinated color palette adds
unity.

• Style guidelines
Adhering to a style creates a
sense of unity.
Rhythm
Creating a visual flow and movement.

• Repetition
Repeating elements for visual interest.
• Alternation
Alternating elements for visual movement.
• Gradation
Gradual changes in size or color.
Emphasis

Creating a focal point

or center of attention.
• Lighting
Focus light on the focal point.
• Color
Use contrasting colors to highlight.
• Scale
Larger or more prominent
elements draw
attention.
• Shape
Unique shapes can create
emphasis.
Artificial lighting
Artificial lighting is an integral part of modern
living, offering a multitude of benefits. From
enhancing the ambiance of a room to improving
productivity and safety, it plays a significant role
in our daily lives.
Cool lighting Warm lighting
• Cool lighting is characterized • Warm lighting, on the other
by its bluish hue, resembling hand, emits a yellowish glow,
daylight. It is often used in similar to incandescent bulbs.
commercial spaces and for It creates a cozy and inviting
tasks that require high atmosphere, making it ideal
visibility. for residential settings.
Understanding Color Temperature
Color Temperature Description Applications

2700K - 3000K Warm White Living rooms, bedrooms,

dining rooms
3000K - 4000K Neutral White Kitchens, bathrooms,
hallways

Cool White Offices, workshops,

4000K - 6500K garages
Benefits of Cool
Lighting

• Enhanced Visibility
Cool lighting provides excellent visibility, making it ideal for
tasks requiring precision and focus.
• Increased Productivity
The bright and stimulating nature of cool lighting can
enhance focus and improve work performance.
• Improved Safety
Cool lighting can illuminate areas effectively, reducing the
risk of accidents and enhancing security.
• Elevated Mood
Cool lighting is associated with alertness and can positively
impact mood and energy levels.
Benefits of
Warm Lighting

• Relaxation and Comfort

Warm lighting creates a calming and cozy
atmosphere, promoting relaxation and
reducing stress.
• Enhanced Mood
The warm glow can evoke feelings of
happiness, contentment, and well-being.
• Improved Sleep
Warm lighting can help regulate sleep
patterns by signaling the body to wind down for
the night.
THANK YOU…
GROUP 3
ABHIRAMI VINOD
ANAGHA ASHOK
ANANYA E
ATHUL THILAK
AVANI M
HARIPRIYA AH
JUMANA JEBEEN KP
NANDITHA K
SREELAYA RK
VISMAYA P 69
ABHIRAMI VINOD :STRUCTURAL MODIFICATION
ANAGHA ASHOK : MODIFICATION OF INTERIOR
ANANYA E : ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
ATHUL THILAK :CLASSIC AND MODERN STYLES
AVANI M :CLASSIC AND MODERN STYLES
HARIPRIYA AH :COOL AND WARM LIGHTING
JUMANA JEBEEN KP :STRUCTURAL MODIFICATION
NANDITHA K :SPACE MODULATION
SREELAYA RK :STRUCTURAL MODIFICATION
VISMAYA P :NON STRUCTURAL MODIFICATION

70
 MODIFICATION OF
INTERIOR
O Choose a different color for one of
the walls
O Buy an amazing design item
O Throw away unnecessary things in
your kitchen
O Change the mat and shower curtain
O Put new images in the frames

71
Fig.1 Modification of interior
72
O Organize the wardrobe
O Integrate nature at home
O Tiles and floorings

73
SPACE MODULATION
O Manipulation of spaces to create a
sense of rhythm, hierarchy, and
flow.

q LIGHTING MODULATION:
1. Dimming systems
2. Color temperature control
3. LED lighting
4. Fiber optic installations
74
q ACOUSTIC MODULATION:
1. Soundproofing materials
2. Acoustic panels
3. Resonance control
4. Audio system optimization
q THERMAL MODULATION:
1. HVAC systems
2. Radiant flooring
3. Thermal mass integration
4. Smart glass technologies 75
q VISUAL MODULATION:
1. Optical illusions
2. Perspective manipulation
3. Color psychology
4. Texture and pattern manipulation
q SPATIAL MODULATION:
1. Room drivers
2. Modular furniture
3. Flexible layouts
4. Vertical space utilization
76
q TECHNOLOGICAL INTEGRATION:
1. Smart home systems
2. Ambient intelligence
3. Interactive installations
4. Biometric sensors
q SUSTAINABLE MODULATION:
1. Green walls
2. Living roofs
3. Natural ventilation
4. Energy- harvesting systems
77
 STRUCTURAL
MODIFICATION
Structural modification refers to changes
made to a building's physical structure to
improve its functionality, aesthetic appeal,
or user experience.

78
Fig 2 Structural modification
79
q TYPES OF STRUCTURAL
MODIFICATIONS

1. Walls: Moving, removing, or adding

walls to create new spaces or improve
circulation
2. Flooring: Changing floor levels,
materials, or layouts to enhance
functionality.
3. Ceilings: Raising, lowering, or treating
ceilings to improve lighting or 80
aesthetics.
4. Staircases: Relocating, redesigning,
or modifying staircases for better
flow.
5. Windows and Doors: Installing,
enlarging, or relocating windows and
doors for natural light and ventilation.
6. Roofing: Adding skylights, decks, or
modifying rooflines for extra space.

81
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL
MODIFICATIONS
1. Vertical expansions (adding floors)
2. Horizontal expansions (adding wings
or extensions)
3. Renovations (reconfiguring interior
spaces)
4. Retrofitting (upgrading existing
structures for seismic or wind
resistance)
5. Adaptive reuse(repurposing 82

buildings)
q CONSIDERATIONS
1. Consult with structural engineers or
architects
2. Obtain necessary permits and
approvals
3. Ensure compliance with local building
codes and regulations
4. Assess potential impact on building
systems (e.g., electrical, plumping,
HVAC)
5. Plan for temporary relocation or83
phasing
q BENEFITS
1. Increased space or functionality
2. Improved natural light or ventilation
3. Enhanced aesthetic appeal
4. Increased property value
5. Better accessibility or ADA
compliance

84
q CHALLENGES
1. Cost and budget constraints
2. Disruption to occupants or business
operations
3. Potential for unforeseen structural
issues
4. Coordination with contractors and
subcontractors
5. Ensuring structural integrity and safety

85
NON STRUCTURAL
MODIFICATION
O Changes are do not affect buildings
load bearing capacity.
q Contribute to the building’s functionality,
appearance or comfort.
1. Finishing or refinishing floors (e.g.,
hardwood, tile, carpet)
2. Installing or replacing drywall or
partitions
3. Painting or wallpapering 86
Fig.3 Non structural modification
87
4. Updating electrical or plumbing fixtures
5. Installing or replacing ceilings (e.g.,
drop ceiling, suspended ceiling)
6. Adding or removing interior doors
7. Installing or replacing lighting or HVAC
systems
8. Upgrading insulation or soundproofing
9. Creating or modifying interior design
elements (e.g., built-in shelves,
cabinetry)
88
q These modifications are:
1. Less complex and less expensive
2. May not require permit
3. Focus on aesthetics and
functionality

89
 STRUCTURAL NON
STRUCTURAL
Changes are affect Changes are do
buildings load not affect buildings
bearing capacity load bearing
capacity
Require permit May not require
permit
High complex and High complex and
less expensive less expensive
90
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
O Creates atmosphere and adds interest
or depth to a room.
O Different types of lighting can be used
in interior design.
O Task lighting: Illuminates specific task
O Accent lighting: Highlights features
O Ambient lighting: Soft, general light
throughout a space.
91
 COOL AND WARM
LIGHTING
q COOL LIGHT
o Cool light colour temperature is
close to daylight.
o Impact on our sleep.
o Electronic devices have a warm
light setting for use in the evening.
o Close to bed time many people
prefers warm light in bedroom and
living room 92
Fig 4 Warm and cool lighting
93
q WARM LIGHT
o Warm light is best in comfortable and
relaxed environment
o Better for residential application
o Lounge room, kitchen, dining table,
bed room etc.

94
CLASSIC AND MODERN
STYLES
q CLASSIC DECORATIVE MATERIALS
o Ornate details: classic design often
incorporates intricate details and
ornamentation.
o Rich fabrics: classic interiors often feature
luxurious fabrics such as velvet, silk, or
brocade
95
o Soft color palette: classic interiors
typically feature a soft and muted color
palette.
o Antique furniture: classic design often
incorporates antique or vintage
furniture pieces.
o Traditional patterns: classic interiors
often feature traditional patterns such
as floral prints, damask, or toile.
o Natural materials: classic design often
emphasizes the use of natural
96
materials such as wood, marble, or
stone.
Fig 5 Classic style
97
q MODERN DECORATIVE MATERIALS
o Clean lines: modern design emphasizes
clean, straight lines and minimal
ornamentation.
o Metal accents: modern interiors often
incorporate metal accents, such as
stainless steel, chrome, or bushed nickel.
o Glass elements: it is used to create a
sense of transparency and openness.
o Natural materials: it often incorporates
natural materials to add warmth and98
texture.
Fig 6 Modern style
99
o Bold colors: feature bold and vibrant
colors to create visual interest and
contrast.
o Technology integration: it often
incorporates smart home features and
integrated technology

100
THANK YOU

101
 INTERIOR DESIGNING
q FURNITURE CLASSIFICATION BASED ON

STYLES, MATERIALS & FUNCTIONS.

q MODULAR FURNITURE FINISHES FOR WALLS,

FLOORS & CEILINGS.

q CRITERION FOR SELECTION OF FURNITURES.

1
 FURNITURE CLASSIFICATIONS

A. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON STYLES

B. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MATERIALS

C. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTONS

2
A. STYLE- BASED CLASSIFICATIONS:
1. Modern
2. Contemporary
3. Traditional
4. Rustic
5. Minimalist
6. Art deco
7. Mid century modern
8. Industrial
9. Scandinavian
10. Bohemian
3
 STYLE- BASED CLASSIFICATIONS

ØModern: Clean lines, minimal ornamentation, emphasis on

functionality, and use of materials like glass, steel, and leather.

ØContemporary: Reflects current trends, electic mix of materials

and textures, emphasis on comfort and sustainability, and often
incorporates technology.

4
 STYLE- BASED CLASSIFICATIONS
(Cont..)
ØTraditional: Classic, timeless designs, ornate details, rich
materials like wood and velvet, and inspired by historical
periods.

ØRustic: Natural materials like wood and stone, distressed

finishes, cozy and welcoming atmosphere, and often
incorporates vintage or antique pieces.

5
 STYLE- BASED CLASSIFICATIONS
(Cont..)
ØMinimalist: Simple, uncluttered designs, limited color palette,
emphasis on functionality, and use of materials like steel and
glass.

Ø Art Deco: Luxurious, geometric patterns, metallic accents, bold

colors, and inspired by 1920s-1930s glamour.

Ø. Mid-Century Modern: Retro-inspired, organic shapes,

functional simplicity, and iconic designs from the 1950s-1960s.
6
 STYLE- BASED CLASSIFICATIONS
(Cont..)
Ø Industrial: Exposed brick, metal beams, reclaimed wood, and
utilitarian aesthetic.

ØScandinavian: Light-colored woods, minimal ornamentation,

functional simplicity, and emphasis on natural light.

ØBohemian: Eclectic mix of vintage and global pieces, rich

textures and colors, and creates a unique, free-spirited
atmosphere.
7
 B. MATERIAL- BASED
CLASSIFICATIONS
1. Wood (solid, engineered, reclaimed)
2. Metal (aluminum, steel, wrought iron)
3. Glass
4. Plastic
5. Bamboo
6. Fabric (upholstered)
7. Leather
8. Recycled materials

8
MATERIAL- BASED CLASSIFICATIONS

Ø Wood:

1. Solid wood: Natural, durable, and aesthetically pleasing.

2. Engineered wood: Cost-effective, eco-friendly.

3. Reclaimed wood: Sustainable, unique, and adds character.

9
MATERIAL- BASED CLASSIFICATIONS
(Cont..)
ØMetal:

1. Aluminum: Lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and modern.

2. Steel: Strong, durable, and versatile.

3. Wrought iron: Ornate, traditional, and luxurious.

10
MATERIAL- BASED CLASSIFICATIONS
(Cont..)
ØGlass:

1. Clear glass: Transparent, elegant, and modern.

2. Tinted glass: Adds privacy, reduces glare.

3. Frosted glass: Textured, subtle, and sophisticated.

11
MATERIAL- BASED CLASSIFICATIONS
(Cont..)
ØPlastic:

1. Injection-molded: Affordable, versatile, and durable.

2. Recycled plastic: Eco-friendly, sustainable, and innovative.

ØBamboo:

1. Sustainable: Eco-friendly, renewable, and durable.

2. Lightweight: Easy to transport, install.

12
MATERIAL- BASED CLASSIFICATIONS
(Cont..)
ØLeather:

1. Full-grain leather: Luxurious, durable, and natural.

2. Top-grain leather: Strong, stain-resistant, and refined.

3. Bonded leather: Affordable, eco-friendly, and synthetic.

13
MATERIAL- BASED CLASSIFICATIONS
(Cont..)
ØFabric (Upholstered):

1. Cotton: Breathable, natural, and versatile.

2. Polyester: Durable, stain-resistant, and affordable.

3. Velvet: Luxurious, soft, and sophisticated.

14
MATERIAL- BASED CLASSIFICATIONS
(Cont..)
ØRecycled Materials:

1. Reclaimed wood composite

2. Recycled metal

3. Upcycled plastic

4. Repurposed glass

15
 C. FUNCTION- BASED
CLASSIFICATIONS
1. Seating (chairs, sofas, stools)
2. Sleeping (beds, mattresses)
3. Storage (shelves, cabinets, drawers)
4. Dining (tables, chairs)
5. Workspace (desks, chairs)
6. Decorative (vases, sculptures)
7. Lighting (table lamps, floor lamps)
8. Outdoor (patio furniture)

16
 FUNCTION- BASED
CLASSIFICATIONS
ØSeating: Chairs (dining, accent, recliners), Sofas, Stools,
Benches.

ØSleeping: Beds (platform, panel, storage), Mattresses,

Headboards.

ØStorage: Shelves (fixed, adjustable), Cabinets (closed, open),

Drawers.

ØDining: Tables (dining, coffee, console), Chairs, Benches,

17
 FUNCTION- BASED
CLASSIFICATIONS (Cont..)
Ø Decorative: Vases, Sculptures, Paintings, Rugs.

Ø Lighting: Table lamps, Floor lamps, Ceiling fixtures, Outdoor

lighting

Ø Outdoor: Patio furniture (seating, dining), Outdoor décor,

Pergolas.

18
MODULAR FURNITURE
FINISHES FOR WALLS,
FLOORS & CEILINGS

19
 MODULAR FURNITURE FINISHES

v Walls:

1. Painted MDF

2. Laminate

3. Veneer

4. Glass

5. Acoustic panels
20
 MODULAR FURNITURE FINISHES

v Floors:

1. Hardwood

2. Laminate

3. Tile

4. Carpet

5. Vinyl
21
 MODULAR FURNITURE FINISHES

v Ceilings:

1. Drywall

2. Drop ceiling

3. Suspended ceiling

4. Acoustic ceiling

5. Exposed ceiling
22
 v WALLS
§ Painted MDF: Cost-effective, Easy to clean, Variety of colors,
Durable.

§ Laminate: Scratch-resistant, Moisture-resistant, Affordable, Wide

range of patterns and colors.

§ Veneer: Natural wood grain appearance, Durable, Elegant look,

Available in various wood species

23
 WALLS (Cont..)

§ Glass: Sleek, modern appearance, Easy to clean, Resistant to

scratches and stains, Can be back-painted or etched.

§ Acoustic Panels: Sound-absorbing properties, Improves room

acoustics , Available in various materials (fabric, foam, wood) ,
Aesthetic designs

24
 v FLOORS

§ Hardwood: Timeless elegance, Durable, Easy to maintain,

Available in various species (oak, maple, cherry).

§ Laminate: Cost-effective, Moisture-resistant, Scratch-resistant,

Mimics natural wood appearance.

§ Tile: Ceramic, porcelain, or natural stone, Water-resistant, Easy

to clean, Versatile designs and patterns.

25
 FLOORS (Cont..)

§ Carpet: Soft, warm, and cozy, Noise-reducing, Available in

various colors and textures, Requires regular maintenance.

§ Vinyl: Water-resistant, Durable, Easy to clean, Affordable,

Mimics natural wood or stone appearance

26
 v CEILINGS

§ Drywall: Cost-effective, Smooth finish, Easy to install,

Paintable.

§ Drop Ceiling: Hides wiring and ductwork, Easy access for

maintenance, Acoustic insulation, Tile-based system.

§ Suspended Ceiling: Similar to drop ceiling, Grid-based system,

Conceals wiring and ductwork, Acoustic insulation.

27
 CEILINGS (Cont..)

§ Acoustic Ceiling: Sound-absorbing materials, Improves room

acoustics, Reduces echo and reverberation, Available in various
materials (fabric, foam, metal).

§ Exposed Ceiling: Open, industrial look, Showcases

architectural features, No dropped ceiling required, Can be
noisy.

28
CRITERION FOR
SELECTION FOR
FURNITUE

29
 CRITERION FOR SELECTION FOR
FURNITUE
o Space constraints
o Budget
o Lifestyle (e.g., family-friendly, pet-friendly)
o Personal taste
o Durability
o Maintenance
o Sustainability
o Acoustics
o Aesthetics

30
 SPACE CONSTRAINTS

• When selecting furniture, consider room dimensions, furniture

scale and proportion, pathways and circulation, door and
window placement, and corner spaces.

• Compact designs, multi-functional pieces, wall-mounted

furniture, foldable or nesting options, and vertical storage can
help address space constraints.

31
 BUDGET

• When selecting furniture, consider the allocated budget, cost of

materials, labor costs, brand reputation, warranty, and
maintenance expenses.

• When selecting furniture, consider the allocated budget, cost of

materials, labor costs, brand reputation, warranty, and
maintenance expenses.

32
 LIFE STYLE
• When selecting furniture, consider your individual preferences,
lifestyle, and personality.

• Personal taste is influenced by aesthetic appeal, emotional

connection, personal identity, lifestyle alignment, and unique
expression.

33
 PERSONAL TASTE

• When selecting furniture, consider individual preferences,

including style, color scheme, texture, shape, and cultural
influences.

• Personal taste is driven by aesthetic appeal, emotional

connection, personal identity, lifestyle alignment, and unique
expression.

34
 DURABILITY

• When selecting furniture, consider the durability of materials,

construction, and craftsmanship to ensure long-lasting
performance.

• Durable furniture features high-quality materials, sturdy

construction, and resistant finishes.

35
 MAINTENANCE

• When selecting furniture, consider the maintenance

requirements to ensure longevity and aesthetics.

• Furniture maintenance involves cleaning, polishing, staining,

and repairing.

36
 SUSTAINABILITY

• When selecting furniture, consider environmental, social, and

economic sustainability factors to ensure a responsible
purchase.

• Sustainable furniture features eco-friendly materials, energy-

efficient production, minimal waste generation, durable design,
and responsible supply chain management.

37
 ACOUSTICS

• When selecting furniture, consider acoustic factors to enhance

sound quality and minimize distractions.

• Furniture acoustic performance involves:

1. Sound absorption (reducing echo and reverberation).

2. Sound transmission (minimizing noise transfer).

3. Sound reflection (controlling echo and resonance).

38
 AESTHETICS

• When selecting furniture, aesthetic considerations play a crucial

role in creating a visually appealing and harmonious space.

• Aesthetic factors include style, color, texture, shape, and scale,

which collectively contribute to the overall ambiance of a room.

• Furniture aesthetics can enhance visual appeal, reflect

personality, boost mood, and support brand identity.

39
THANKYOU ALL

40
 MODULE 4
FABRIC CURTAINS, BLINDS, CARPETS, RUGS
ERGONOMICS, ANTHROPOMETRY
ACTVITY RELATIONSHIP PLANNING, 3D
VISUALIZATION

PRESENTED BY : GROUP 5
Megha Suresh -36 Arya K K – 22
Anjitha M V - 19 Adithya T – 8
Harshitha P V - 31 Gopika K - 30
Jyothika K – 34 Ameya T - 15
Surabhi K - 59 Sreevidya P - 58
 INTRODUCTION
Ø Fabric curtains
Ø Blinds
Ø Carpets
Ø Rugs
Ø Ergonomics
Ø Anthropometry
Ø Activity relationship planning
Ø 3d vizualisation
 FABRIC CURTAINS
• Functional Roles:
1. Light Control: Regulate natural light, reduce glare, and prevent UV damage.
2. Privacy: Provide seclusion and conceal views.
3. Insulation: Help regulate temperature and reduce energy consumption.
4. Noise Reduction: Minimize external noise.

• Aesthetic Roles:
1. Color Scheme: Integrate with or complement the room's color palette.
2. Texture: Add depth and visual interest with various fabric textures.
3. Pattern: Incorporate patterns to create visual appeal.
4. Style: Choose from modern, traditional, minimalist, or luxurious designs.
 FABRIC CURTAINS
• Design Considerations:
1. Fabric Selection: Choose fabrics suitable for the room's purpose (e.g.,
durable for high-traffic areas).
2. Curtain Length: Determine length based on window size, room proportions,
and desired effect.
3. Heading Style: Select from various heading styles (e.g., pinch pleat,
grommet).
4. Layering: Combine sheer, blackout, or thermal curtains for optimal
functionality.
 FABRIC CURTAINS

• Popular Fabric Curtain Styles:

1. Floor-Length Curtains : Long curtains that go from above your window frame
all the way to floor to create a traditional formal look.
2. Tiered Curtains : Tier curtains are designed to hang from the middle of the
window to the bottom of the window sill.
3. Swag Curtains : Pieces of fabric loosely slung and draped over a decorative
rod or wound over a tieback at each corner of a window frame to add a little
style .
4. Valance Curtains : A drapery hung along the edge of a bed, table, altar
canopy or shelf.
5. Roman Shades : Soft elegant window treatment that combine the beauty of
drapery with the functionality of shades.
 BLINDS
• Functional Roles:
1. Light Control: Blinds regulate the amount of natural light entering a room,
controlling glare and UV rays.
2. Privacy: Blinds provide privacy by blocking visibility from outside.
3. Temperature Control: Insulated blinds help maintain room temperature,
reducing heat gain in summer and heat loss in winter.
4. Noise Reduction: Some blinds, like acoustic blinds, reduce external noise.
 BLINDS
• Aesthetic Roles:
1. Style and Theme: Blinds come in various styles, materials, and colors,
complementing interior design themes.
2. Texture and Pattern: Blinds add texture and pattern to windows, enhancing
visual interest.
3. Color Scheme: Blinds can match or contrast with the room's color scheme,
influencing the ambiance.
4. Visual Flow: Blinds can create a sense of continuity or separation between
spaces.
 BLINDS
• Types of Blinds:
1. Venetian Blinds
2. Vertical Blinds
3. Roller Blinds
4. Roman Blinds
5. Plantation Shutters
6. Cellular Shades
7. Pleated Shades
1. Venetian Blinds: blind (as for a window) having numerous horizontal slats
that may be set simultaneously at any of several angles so as to vary the
amount of light admitted.

2. Vertical Blinds: long, vertical fabric panels (called slats) that are clipped into
a sliding track and operated with a want.
3. Roller Blinds : It's a solid piece of material that rolls up and down to cover
or expose the window.

4. Roman Blinds : a window blind consisting of a length of material which,

when drawn up, gathers into horizontal folds from the bottom
5. Plantation Shutters : Plantation Blinds are constructed as a panel
of large horizontal slats or lourves set into their own frames

6. Cellular Shades : These blinds consist of a double layer of fabric

that is formed into honeycomb shaped air pockets.
7. Pleated Shades : Pleated Blinds are made from two sheets of lightweight
fabric that are folded to create an accordion effect.
 CARPETS
• Benefits:
1. Aesthetics: Adds color, texture, and pattern to a space.
2. Acoustics: Reduces noise levels and echoes.
3. Comfort: Provides warmth and softness underfoot.
4. Safety: Slip-resistant and cushions falls.
5. Insulation: Helps regulate temperature and energy efficiency.

• Types of Carpets:
1. Cut Pile: Soft, dense, and durable.
2. Loop Pile: Resistant to wear and tear.
3. Berber: Natural, textured, and stain-resistant.
4. Frieze: Shaggy, textured, and casual.
 CARPETS
• Design Considerations:
1. Color: Choose a color that complements the room's palette.
2. Pattern: Select from various patterns (e.g., stripes, florals).
3. Texture: Mix textures to add depth and visual interest.
4. Pile Height: Determine pile height based on foot traffic and desired feel.
5. Size: Ensure carpet fits the room's dimensions
 RUGS
Rugs are a type of floor covering that
can be a key element in interior design.

Size of rugs
Rugs are usually smaller than carpets and
cover a specific area of a room, rather than
the entire floor.

Material used
Rugs can be made from a variety of
materials, including wool, silk, cotton, jute,
ect.
 RUGS
• Functional Roles:
1. Flooring Protection: Rugs protect floors from wear, tear, and damage.
2. Noise Reduction: Rugs absorb sound, reducing echo and noise levels.
3. Comfort: Rugs provide cushioning and warmth underfoot.
4. Safety: Non-slip rugs prevent slips and falls.
5. Room Definition: Rugs define different spaces within a room.

• Aesthetic Roles:
1. Color and Texture: Rugs add color, texture, and pattern to a room.
2. Visual Interest: Rugs create visual interest and focal points.
3. Style and Theme: Rugs complement or contrast with interior design themes.
4. Ambient Enhancement: Rugs influence the ambiance and mood of a room.
5. Furniture Anchoring: Rugs anchor furniture and create a sense of stability.
 RUGS

• Types of Rugs:
1. Area Rugs
2. Throw Rugs
3. Moroccan Rugs
4. Persian Rugs
5. Shag Rugs
6. Flat weave Rugs
7. Hand-knotted Rugs
1. Area Rugs : An area rug is a rug that covers only a portion.

2. Throw Rugs : a small decorative rug ,piece of heavy cloth for covering the
floor that is designed to be moved around.
3. Moroccan Rugs : Moroccan rugs are the weaves, carpets, and textiles that
have been traditionally hand-woven in Morocco.

4. Persian Rugs : Persian rugs is a subcategory of Oriental rugs. These rugs

specifically originate from Iran, previously known as Persia. Persian rugs are
famous for their complex, symmetrical patterns and rich, deep color palettes.
5. Shag Rugs : It is a type of rug that has a thick body, long strands , and a
textured, scattered appearance .

6. Flat weave Rugs : A flat weave rug is a rug made by weaving threads
together without knots to create a flat surface.
7. Hand-knotted Rugs : It is a rug that is made entirely by hand on a vertical
loom.
 ERGONOMICS
Ergonomics in interior design focuses on creating spaces that promote comfort,
efficiency, and well-being by understanding human physiology and behavior

• Principles:
1. Anthropometrics: Designing spaces to accommodate human body
measurements.
2. Biomechanics: Understanding human movement and posture.
3. Cognitive Psychology: Considering mental processing and perception.
4. Accessibility: Designing for inclusive and universal use.
 ERGONOMICS
• Benefits:
1. Improved productivity and focus
2. Enhanced comfort and well-being
3. Reduced fatigue and injury risk
4. Increased accessibility and inclusivity
5. Boosted mood and overall satisfaction
 ERGONOMICS
• Design Considerations:
1. Furniture:
- Chair height and lumbar support
- Desk height and workspace ergonomics
- Sofa depth and cushioning
2. Lighting:
- Task lighting for specific activities
- Ambient lighting for overall comfort
- Avoiding glare and reflections
3. Space Planning:
- Circulation paths and clearances
- Room layout for efficient navigation
- Storage and organization
 ANTHROPOMETRY
• Anthropometry in interior design involves measuring human body dimensions
to create spaces that accommodate and support occupants' physical needs.

• Key Anthropometric Measurements:

1. Height (standing and sitting)
2. Reach (vertical and horizontal)
3. Body depth (sitting and standing)
4. Knee and elbow height
5. Head and shoulder clearance
6. Hand and finger dimensions
 ANTHROPOMETRY
• Design Applications:
1. Workspace design (desk, chair, monitor)
2. Seating design (chair, sofa, bench)
3. Circulation paths and clearances
4. Door and window placement
5. Storage and shelving
6. Bathroom and kitchen design

• Software Tools:
Autodesk Revit, SketchUp, Blender, HumanCAD, ErgoMAX
 ANTHROPOMETRY
• Benefits:
1. Improved comfort and reduced fatigue
2. Enhanced productivity and efficiency
3. Increased safety and reduced injury risk
4. Better accessibility and inclusivity

• Challenges and Limitations :

1. Variability in human body dimensions
2. Cultural and age-related differences
3. Designing for diverse user groups
4. Balancing aesthetics and functionality
5. Staying updated with evolving anthropometric dat
 ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP PLANNING
• Activity Relationship (AR) Planning:
1. Identifies relationships between activities and spaces.
2. Analyzes how occupants interact with each other and the space.
3. Determines space requirements and layouts.
4. Considers factors like circulation, noise, and privacy.

• Steps in AR Planning:
1. Define project goals and objectives.
2. Identify user groups and their activities.
3. Analyze activity relationships (e.g., work, relaxation, socializing).
4. Create a space adjacency matrix.
5. Develop a block plan or bubble diagram.
 3D VISUALIZATION
• 3D Visualization:
1. Translates 2D designs into immersive, interactive 3D models.
2. Enhances design understanding and communication.
3. Facilitates design iteration and refinement.
4. Allows for virtual walkthroughs and spatial analysis.

• 3D Visualization Tools:
1. Autodesk Revit
2. SketchUp
3. Blender
4. 3ds Max
5. Rhino
 3D VISUALIZATION
• Benefits of 3D Visualization:
1. Improved design clarity and understanding.
2. Enhanced client communication and engagement.
3. Reduced errors and misinterpretations.
4. Increased design iteration and refinement.
5. Better space planning and analysis.
THANK YOU
GROUP 6
VYSHNAV E
NIVED C
SARFANA
ALAN VINCENT
ABHINAND
RENIL
AKSHAY
ADHISH
Topic

 DWELLING/ HOUSING TYPOLOGY

 HOUSING
 Slums
 Types of slum
 Slum clearance
 Mass housing
What is DWELLING/ HOUSING
TYPOLOGY

 Housing typology categorizes different types of dwellings, such as single-family

homes, multi-family units, townhouses, and condominiums, based on their design
and function to meet diverse living needs.
Types of DWELLING/ HOUSING
TYPOLOGY

 BUNGALOWS
 APARTMENTS
 PENTHOUSE
 STUDIO FLATS
 VILLAS
 CONDOMINIUMS
 FARM HOUSES
 HUTS
BUNGALOWS

 Bungalows are large, solitary family homes.

 Commonly found in urban areas of India
Advantages:
Spaciousness: Ample indoor and outdoor space.
Garden Space: Room for gardens or green areas.
Privacy: Typically offers more privacy compared to multi-family units.
Accessibility: Often single-story, making them easier to navigate
APARTMENTS

 Known by various names (e.g., flat, unit, suite).

 A separate, self-contained part of a property.
 Includes one or more rooms or enclosed spaces.
 Can be on one or more floors in a building or on a plot of land.
 Designed for residential or commercial purposes (e.g., residence, office, shop).
 May be used for business, trade, or ancillary activities.
PENTHOUSE

 Situated on the highest floor of an apartment building, condominium, or hotel.

 Often features luxury amenities and expansive views.
 Initially referred to a smaller house built on the roof of a building.
STUDIO FLATS

 A popular, compact living space without separate bedrooms.

 Ideal for young working individuals seeking cozy accommodations.
 Open-plan design with combined bedroom and living areas.
 Typically includes all necessary facilities in a single space.
VILLAS

 Stylish, upper-class homes.

 Ranges from large to ultra-large properties.
 Often includes private lawns, gardens, swimming pools, and driveways.
 Offers privacy and a more personal experience than hotels.
 Attracts travelers seeking a rejuvenating environment with lush greenery.
CONDOMINIUMS

 Individually owned units within a complex.

 Access to shared facilities (e.g., rooftop, clubhouse, swimming pool).
 Common areas are co-owned by all residents through an association.
 Promotes a sense of community among owners while providing private living
space.
FARM HOUSES

 Typically situated away from urban areas.

 Attracts high-end buyers seeking relaxation.
 Increasingly becoming part of organized housing supply.
 Generally sporadic in availability but popular for leisure and escape from city life.
HUTS

 Commonly found in rural areas, especially tribal regions of India.

 Constructed from natural materials like mud, bricks, wood, and leaves.
 Features mud walls that help keep interiors cool in summer.
 Gradually incorporating improvements, such as chimneys for smoke ventilation
during cooking.
Housing

 Definition: Housing is a physical structure providing shelter, consuming land, and

requiring infrastructure and services (water, sewerage).
 Components: Housing = Shelter + Infrastructure + Facilities.
Importance of Housing

 Central to health and overall quality of life.

 Valuable with broader economic, social, and cultural
 Influences equity and poverty reduction.
 Affects sustainability and disaster mitigation.
 Design protects cultural and religious values.
 Limited access to resources leads to informal settlements.
 Over 100 million homeless; 1 billion inadequately housed
 Housing crisis expected to worsen with urbanization
 Housing should promote savings, employment, and economic activity for poverty
alleviation
 35 million housing units needed annually in the next 20 years.
 Housing construction boosts broader economic activity
Slums

 A slum is an overcrowded area in advanced decay, with uninhabitable dwellings.

 A slum is an area, not just a single deteriorated building.
 Basic facilities like water and drainage are insufficient; insanitary conditions lead
to disease.
 High rates of poverty, birth, infant mortality, illegitimacy, juvenile crime, and overall
poor living conditions.
 Slums pose significant threats to the health and welfare of residents.
 Defined as predominantly residential areas with dilapidated conditions harmful to
safety, health, and morals.
Types of slum

 Notified slums
 Recognized slums
 Identified slums
Notified slums

 Designated by government authorities.

 Defined under relevant slum legislation.
 All areas in a town or city marked as slums.
Recognized slums

 Areas identified as slums by government.

 State, Union territories, Local Government, Housing Boards.
 Not necessarily formally notified under any act.
Identified slums

 Area with 300+ people or 60-70 households

 Poorly built, congested, and unhygienic
 Inadequate sanitation and drinking water.
Slum Clearance

 Process to improve conditions in slums; if poorly managed, it can shift slums to

other areas
Methods of slum clearance

 Complete Removal Method

 Improvement Method
Complete Removal Method

 Demolishes poorly built houses.

 Creates open spaces for roads, recreation, or better housing
 Costly; requires alternative housing for displaced residents.
Improvement Method

 Focuses on enhancing existing structures

 Involves improving drainage, street systems, and removing obstructions.
 No demolition needed if houses are in fair condition
Mass housing

 Concept borrowed from manufacturing for housing development.

 Involves designing and constructing standardized housing units.
 Can occur at one or multiple locations under the same contract.
 Increasing urbanization makes mass housing essential for affordable living.
 Aims to provide low-cost housing to large populations.
 Addresses high property prices, making homes accessible for middle-class
families.
 Typically involves multi-story apartment buildings.
THANK YOU
Components of landscape designs
Submitted By :
SREEHARI P P
SOURAV P
ANURAG K
AMAL PRASAD
ADWAITH ASHOK
MINHAJ P
NACHIKETH A J
ANAGH B
ABIJITH K V
LABEEB
Contents

Classification of plants
Decorative vegetation
Artifically moulded elements
Components of landscape design

1 2 3

Aesthetic Appeal Functional Design Environmental

Harmony
Aesthetic appeal in landscape Functional design focuses on Environmental harmony
design involves creating visually usability and accessibility, emphasizes sustainable
pleasing environments using ensuring spaces serve their practices, integrating native
color, texture, and form. intended purpose. It considers plants and sustainable materials.
Thoughtfully arranged elements pathways, seating areas, and This approach fosters
enhance the overall beauty of plant placement for optimal biodiversity and reduces
outdoor spaces. interaction and flow. ecological impact, creating
balanced outdoor ecosystems.
Classification of
plants
The classification of plants in landscape
design is crucial for creating harmonious and
functional spaces. Key categories include:

- Ornamental plants for aesthetic appeal.

- Native species for ecological balance.

- Edible plants for practical use.

Understanding these classifications

enhances both beauty and sustainability in
outdoor environments.
Decorative vegetation
Aesthetic Appeal
1
- Decorative vegetation enhances the visual appeal of landscapes, adding color, texture, and form. This diversity
attracts wildlife and creates inviting outdoor spaces.

Plant Selection
2
- Choosing the right plants is crucial for decorative purposes. Considerations include growth habits, seasonal
changes, and compatibility with local climate conditions.

Functional Roles
3
- Beyond aesthetics, decorative vegetation serves functional roles such as providing shade, reducing erosion,
and improving air quality, enhancing both beauty and ecosystem health.
Species typical to Kerala
Native Varieties
Kerala's rich biodiversity includes native species like the Neelakurinji and Kanikonna, which thrive
in the region's unique climate and soil conditions.

Ornamental Plants
Popular ornamental species in Kerala, such as Hibiscus and Bougainvillea, enhance gardens with
vibrant colors and are integral to landscape aesthetics.

Medicinal Plants
Kerala is known for its traditional medicine; species like Ashwagandha and Turmeric not only
serve medicinal purposes but also enrich landscape design with functionality.
Lawn , turf
Lawns and turf serve as foundational
elements in landscape design, providing
aesthetic appeal and functional spaces for
recreation. They contribute to biodiversity,
improve air quality, and manage soil erosion.
Key aspects include:

- Selection of appropriate grass species

- Maintenance practices for optimal growth

- Integration with surrounding landscape

features.
Ferrocement
Definition and Uses
Ferrocement is a composite material made from cement and wire mesh, widely used in landscape
architecture for creating durable, lightweight structures such as planters and walls.

Advantages
Its high tensile strength and flexibility make ferrocement ideal for intricate designs, allowing for
innovative shapes that enhance outdoor aesthetics while ensuring structural integrity.

Applications in Landscaping
Ferrocement can be utilized in various landscape elements, including water features, seating
areas, and decorative sculptures, blending functionality with artistic expression in outdoor spaces.
Paving blocks
Types of Paving Blocks
1
Paving blocks come in various materials, including concrete, brick, and natural stone. Each type offers unique
aesthetic and functional benefits for outdoor spaces.

Design Considerations
2
When designing with paving blocks, factors such as color, texture, and size are crucial. These elements influence
the overall visual appeal and harmony of the landscape.

Installation Benefits
3
Proper installation of paving blocks ensures durability and stability. They provide a solid foundation for walkways
and patios, enhancing usability and longevity in outdoor areas.
Stone items
Stone items are integral to landscape design,
providing both structural support and
aesthetic appeal. They can include features
like pathways, walls, and decorative
elements. Key benefits include:

- Durability and low maintenance

- Natural beauty that complements plant life

- Versatility in design applications

Artificially moulded elements
Definition and Purpose
1
Artificially moulded elements refer to constructed features in landscapes, such
as sculptures and planters, designed to enhance aesthetics and functionality.

Types of Elements
2
Common artificially moulded elements include retaining walls, fountains, and garden ornaments. These structures
offer both visual appeal and practical benefits in design.

Materials Used
3
Various materials like concrete, stone, and metal are utilized in creating these elements. They provide durability
and can be shaped to fit diverse design styles.

Integration in Design
4
Integrating moulded elements into landscape designs enhances spatial organization and encourages interaction,
making outdoor spaces more inviting and dynamic for users.
Walkways
Design Principles
1
Walkways should be designed considering both aesthetics and functionality, ensuring they seamlessly integrate
with surrounding landscapes while facilitating ease of movement.

Materials Selection
2
The choice of materials for walkways, such as stone, brick, or concrete, impacts durability and visual appeal. Each
material offers unique textures and colors enhancing the landscape.

Environmental Impact
3
Thoughtful walkway design can minimize environmental disruption, incorporating sustainable practices like
permeable surfaces to manage water runoff and support local flora and fauna.
Patios
Patios serve as functional extensions of
living spaces, enhancing outdoor aesthetics
and usability. They can be constructed from
various materials, including stone, brick, or
concrete, and are often adorned with plants.
Key aspects include:

- Integration with surrounding landscapes

- Providing areas for relaxation and social

interaction

- Enhancing property value through

thoughtful design.
Driveways
01 02 03
Design Material Options Environmental
Considerations Impact

Driveways should be Common materials for Permeable paving options

designed for functionality and driveways include concrete, can mitigate runoff and
aesthetics, considering asphalt, pavers, and gravel. promote groundwater
factors like material selection, Each option provides unique recharge, making driveways
slope, width, and integration benefits in durability, more environmentally friendly.
with surrounding landscape maintenance, and visual Incorporating greenery
elements. appeal, catering to various enhances aesthetics and
styles. supports biodiversity.
Walls
Structural Importance
1
- Walls provide essential structural support in landscape design, defining spaces and creating boundaries. They
enhance stability and serve functional roles in outdoor environments.

Materials Used
2
- Common materials for walls include stone, brick, and wood. Each material offers unique aesthetic qualities and
durability, impacting the overall landscape design significantly.

Aesthetic Roles
3
- Walls not only serve practical purposes but also enhance visual appeal. They can incorporate artistic elements,
textures, and colors, enriching the landscape's overall beauty.
Site furniture
Site furniture enhances the usability and
aesthetic appeal of outdoor spaces. This
includes items like benches, tables, and
waste bins that provide comfort and
functionality. Key aspects include:

- Promoting social interaction

- Supporting sustainable practices

- Reflecting local culture and design

aesthetics.
Water

1 Water Features 2 Irrigation Systems 3 Water in Design

Water features, such as ponds Efficient irrigation systems are Incorporating water in
and fountains, enhance vital for maintaining plant health. landscape design adds
landscape aesthetics and Techniques like drip irrigation tranquility and beauty. It can
provide habitats for wildlife, conserve water while ensuring reflect light, create sound, and
creating a balanced ecosystem plants receive adequate serve as a focal point in outdoor
within outdoor spaces. moisture for growth. areas.
Conclusions
Design Integration
1
- Effective landscape design harmonizes various elements, such as plants, artificial structures, and water
features, creating a cohesive and functional outdoor environment.

Ecological Benefits
2
- Incorporating diverse plant species enhances biodiversity, supports local wildlife, and promotes healthier
ecosystems, contributing to environmental sustainability in landscape architecture.

Cultural Significance
3
- Landscape designs reflect cultural values and traditions, such as Uzbekistan's gardening practices, illustrating
the relationship between people and their natural surroundings.
Thankyou