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PD2 Chap3 4 Rodd

The document discusses the design and calculation of flywheels made from various materials including cast iron and aluminum. It details the mass and energy storage calculations for flywheels of different radii, emphasizing the relationship between rotational speed and stored energy. The calculations include formulas for mass, energy stored, and the impact of design choices on performance.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

44 views167 pages

PD2 Chap3 4 Rodd

Uploaded by

Harold Arellano

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Cast Iron Aluminum Alloy Maraging Steel

Design Design Design

9in Cast Iron 11in Cast Iron 10in Aluminum 9in Steel 11in Steel

10in Cast Iron 9in Aluminum 11in Aluminum 10in Steel

10in Composite 10in Steel

9in Composite 11in Composite 9in Steel 11in Steel

Bronze White Metal

Design Design

Direct Current Motor

Generator

Voltage Controller

12V Battery

Inverter

Figure 3. 1. Design Hierarchy

Calculation for Stored Energy of the Flywheel
A flywheel is a rotating mechanical device that is used to store rotational energy. Flywheel energy storage
works by accelerating a rotor to a very high speed and maintaining the energy in the system as rotational
energy. When energy is extracted from the system, the flywheel’s rotational speed is reduced as a
consequence of the principle of conservation of energy; adding energy to the system correspondingly
results in an increase in the speed of the flywheel. A typical system consists of a rotor suspended by
bearings inside a vacuum chamber to reduce friction, connected to a combination electric motor and
electric generator. The maximum energy density of a flywheel single-material, isotropic rotor is mainly
dependent on the rotor’s geometry and the properties of the material being used.

Design 1: Cast Iron Design

Option 1. 9 – inches Radius Iron

Mass of the Flywheel

For this expression, we may find the value of the cross-sectional area of the rim. Assuming the cross-
sectional of the rim to be rectangular, then:
A=b ( t )
Where
b = Width of the rim, and
t = Thickness of the rim
m=2 ( π )( R ) ( b )( t ) ( ρ )

( 1in )
( 0.0254
m=2 ( π ) 9in ) ( 0.025m )( 0.0125m )
(m )
7300kg
3

m=3.27kg
Note: When the flywheel is to be used as a pulley, then the width of the rim should be taken 20 to 40mm
greater than the width of belt.
Energy Stored in the Flywheel
The amount of energy stored in a flywheel is proportional to the square of its rotational speed. Energy is
transferred to a flywheel by applying torque to it, thereby increasing its rotational speed, increases its
stored energy. Conversely, a flywheel releases stored energy by applying torque to a mechanical load,
thereby, decreasing its rotational speed.

Let
E = Stored energy in the flywheel
m = Mass of the flywheel in kg
k = Radius of gyration of the flywheel in meters
I = Mass moment of inertia of the flywheel
ω1 and ω2 = Minimum and maximum angular speed during the cycle in rad/s

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

1
E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
2
As the speed of the flywheel changes, the maximum fluctuation of energy is,
∆E=Maximum K.E.-Minimum K.E .
1 2 1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω1 ) - ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 2 )
2 2 2
2 2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) [ ( ω 1 ) - ( ω 2 ) ]
2 2 2
2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω1 + ω2 )( ω1 - ω2 )
2
2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) (ωω - ω )
1 2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)

Note: the radius of gyration (k) may be taken equal to the mean radius of the rim (R), because the
thickness of the rim is very small as compared to the diameter of the rim. Therefore, substituting k = R:

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

v=7.3 9in
( ( 0.0254
1in ))
m
v=1.67
s

( ) (70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 3.27kg ) 1.67
s 40rpm
∆E=13.68J
Option 2 10 – inches Radius Iron

Mass of the Flywheel

The mass of inertia of the rim is considered and the mass moment of inertia of the hub and arms is
neglected. This is due to the fact that the major portion weight of the flywheel is in the rim and a small
portion is in the hub and arms. Also, the hub and arms are nearer the axis if rotation, therefore the moment
of inertia of the hub and arms is very small.
For a 10 inches cast iron, the mass of the flywheel rim is given by:
m=Volume x Density=2 ( π ) ( R )( A ) ( ρ )
The density of cast iron is taken as 7300kg/ m 3.
For this expression, we may find the value of the cross-sectional area of the rim. Assuming the cross-
sectional of the rim to be rectangular, then:
A=b ( t )
Where
b = Width of the rim, and
t = Thickness of the rim
m=2 ( π )( R ) ( b )( t ) ( ρ )

( (
m=2 ( π ) 10in
0.0254m
1in )) ( 0.025m )( 0.0125m )( 7300kg
3
m )
m=3.64kg

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω
We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,
1
E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
2
As the speed of the flywheel changes, the maximum fluctuation of energy is,
∆E=Maximum K.E.-Minimum K.E .
1 2 1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω1 ) - ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 2 )
2 2 2
2 2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) [ ( ω 1 ) - ( ω 2 ) ]
2 2 2
2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω1 + ω2 )( ω1 - ω2 )
2
2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
( ω1 - ω2
ω )
∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

( (
v=7.3 10in
0.0254
1in ))
m
v=1.85
s
( ) ( 70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 3.64kg ) 1.85
s 40rpm
∆E=18.69J

Option 3 11 – inches Radius Iron

Mass of the Flywheel

( 1in )
( 0.0254m
m=2 ( π ) 11in ) ( 0.025m ) ( 0.0125m )
(m )
7300kg
3

m=4.00kg

Note: When the flywheel is to be used as a pulley, then the width of the rim should be taken 20 to 40mm
greater than the width of belt.
Energy Stored in the Flywheel
The amount of energy stored in a flywheel is proportional to the square of its rotational speed. Energy is
transferred to a flywheel by applying torque to it, thereby increasing its rotational speed, increases its
stored energy. Conversely, a flywheel releases stored energy by applying torque to a mechanical load,
thereby, decreasing its rotational speed.
Let
E = Stored energy in the flywheel
m = Mass of the flywheel in kg
k = Radius of gyration of the flywheel in meters
I = Mass moment of inertia of the flywheel
ω1 and ω2 = Minimum and maximum angular speed during the cycle in rad/s

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

1
E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
2
As the speed of the flywheel changes, the maximum fluctuation of energy is,
∆E=Maximum K.E.-Minimum K.E .
1 2 1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 ) - ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 2 )
2 2 2
2 2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) [ ( ω1 ) - ( ω2 ) ]
2 2 2
2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 + ω 2 )( ω1 - ω 2 )
2
2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) (ωω - ω )
1 2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)
Note: the radius of gyration (k) may be taken equal to the mean radius of the rim (R), because the
thickness of the rim is very small as compared to the diameter of the rim. Therefore, substituting k = R:

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

v=7.3 11in
( 1in ))
( 0.0254

m
v=2.04
s

( ) (70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 4 . 00kg ) 2.04
s 40rpm
∆E=24.97J
Design 2: Aluminum Design

Option 1 9 – inches Radius Aluminium

Mass of the Flywheel

( 1in )
( 0.0254m
m=2 ( π ) 9in ) ( 0.025m ) ( 0.0125m )
(m )
2800kg
3

m=1.26kg

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
( ω1 - ω2
ω )
∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

v=7.3 9in
( ( 0.0254
1in ))
m
v=1.67
s

( ) ( 70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 1.26kg ) 1.67
s 40rpm
∆E=5.27J

Option 2 10 – inches Radius Aluminum

Mass of the Flywheel

( 1in )
( 0.0254m
m=2 ( π ) 10in ) ( 0.025m )( 0.0125m )
(m )
2800kg
3

m=1.40kg

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
(ωω - ω )
1 2

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

v=7.3 10in
( ( 0.0254
1in ))
m
v=1.85
s

( ) ( 70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 1.40kg ) 1.85
s 40rpm
∆E=7.19J

Option 3 11 – inches Radius Aluminum

Mass of the Flywheel

( (
m=2 ( π ) 11in
0.0254m
1in )) ( 0.025m ) ( 0.0125m ) (2800kg
3
m )
m=1.54kg

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

1
E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
2
As the speed of the flywheel changes, the maximum fluctuation of energy is,
∆E=Maximum K.E.-Minimum K.E .
1 2 1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 ) - ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 2 )
2 2 2
2 2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) [ ( ω1 ) - ( ω2 ) ]
2 2 2
2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 + ω 2 )( ω1 - ω 2 )
2
2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) (ωω - ω )
1 2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

( 1in ))
v=7.3 11in ( 0.0254

m
v=2.04
s

( ) (70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 1.54kg ) 2.04
s 40rpm
∆E=9.61J
Design 3: Steel Design

Option 1 9 – inches Radius Steel

Mass of the Flywheel

The density of cast iron is taken as 7850kg/ m 3.

( (
m=2 ( π ) 9in
0.0254m
1in )) ( 0.025m ) ( 0.0125m ) (7850kg
m
3 )
m=3.52kg

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
(ωω - ω )
1 2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

v=7.3 9in
( ( 0.0254
1in ))
m
v=1.67
s

( ) (70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 3.52kg ) 1.67
s 40rpm
∆E=14.73J

Option 2 10 – inches Radius Steel

Mass of the Flywheel

( 1in )
( 0.0254m
m=2 ( π ) 10in ) ( 0.025m )( 0.0125m )
(m )
7850kg
3

m=3.92kg

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

1
E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
2
As the speed of the flywheel changes, the maximum fluctuation of energy is,
∆E=Maximum K.E.-Minimum K.E .
1 2 1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 ) - ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 2 )
2 2 2
2 2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) [ ( ω1 ) - ( ω2 ) ]
2 2 2
2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 + ω 2 )( ω1 - ω 2 )
2
2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( ω1 - ω2
ω )
∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

( (
v=7.3 10in
0.0254
1in ))
m
v=1.85
s

( ) ( 70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 3.92kg ) 1.85
s 40rpm
∆E=20.12J
Option 3 11 – inches Radius Steel

Mass of the Flywheel

The density of cast iron is taken as 7850kg/ m 3.

( 1in )
( 0.0254m
m=2 ( π ) 11in ) ( 0.025m ) ( 0.0125m )
(m )
7850kg
3

m=4.31kg

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
(ωω - ω )
1 2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

v=7.3 11in
( ( 0.0254
1in ))
m
v=2.04
s

( ) (70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 4.31kg ) 2.04
s 40rpm
∆E=26.90J

Design 4: Bronze Design

Option 1 9 – inches Radius Bronze

Mass of the Flywheel

The density of cast iron is taken as 7700kg/ m 3.

( 1in )
( 0.0254m
m=2 ( π ) 9in ) ( 0.025m ) ( 0.0125m )
(m )
7700kg
3

m=3.46kg

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

1
E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
2
As the speed of the flywheel changes, the maximum fluctuation of energy is,
∆E=Maximum K.E.-Minimum K.E .
1 2 1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 ) - ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 2 )
2 2 2
2 2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) [ ( ω1 ) - ( ω2 ) ]
2 2 2
2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 + ω 2 )( ω1 - ω 2 )
2
2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( ω1 - ω2
ω )
∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

v=7.3 9in
( ( 0.0254
1in ))
m
v=1.67
s

( ) (70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 3.46kg ) 1.67
s 40rpm
∆E=14.47J
Option 2 10 – inches Radius Bronze

Mass of the Flywheel

The density of cast iron is taken as 7700kg/ m 3.

( 1in )
( 0.0254m
m=2 ( π ) 10in ) ( 0.025m )( 0.0125m )
(m )
7700kg
3

m=3.84kg

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
(ωω - ω )
1 2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

v=7.3 10in
( ( 0.0254
1in ))
m
v=1.85
s

( ) ( 70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 3.84kg ) 1.85
s 40rpm
∆E=19.71J

Option 3 11 – inches Radius Bronze

Mass of the Flywheel

( 1in )
( 0.0254m
m=2 ( π ) 11in ) ( 0.025m ) ( 0.0125m )
(m )
7700kg
3

m=4.22kg

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

1
E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
2
As the speed of the flywheel changes, the maximum fluctuation of energy is,
∆E=Maximum K.E.-Minimum K.E .
1 2 1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 ) - ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 2 )
2 2 2
2 2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) [ ( ω1 ) - ( ω2 ) ]
2 2 2
2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 + ω 2 )( ω1 - ω 2 )
2
2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( ω1 - ω2
ω )
∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

( (
v=7.3 11in
0.0254
1in ))
m
v=2.04
s

( ) (70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 4.22kg ) 2.04
s 40rpm
∆E=26.34J
Design 5: White Metal Design

Option 1 9 – inches Radius White Metal

Mass of the Flywheel

The density of cast iron is taken as 7100kg/ m 3.

( (
m=2 ( π ) 9in
0.0254m
1in )) ( 0.025m ) ( 0.0125m ) (7100kg
m
3 )
m=3.19kg

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

1
E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
2
As the speed of the flywheel changes, the maximum fluctuation of energy is,
∆E=Maximum K.E.-Minimum K.E .
1 2 1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 ) - ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 2 )
2 2 2
2 2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) [ ( ω1 ) - ( ω2 ) ]
2 2 2
2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 + ω 2 )( ω1 - ω 2 )
2
2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( ω1 - ω2
ω )
∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )
V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

v=7.3 9in
( ( 0.0254
1in ))
m
v=1.67
s

( ) (70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 3.19kg ) 1.67
s 40rpm
∆E=13.34J

Option 2 10 – inches Radius White Metal

Mass of the Flywheel

The density of cast iron is taken as 7100kg/ m 3.

( (
m=2 ( π ) 10in
0.0254m
1in )) ( 0.025m )( 0.0125m )( 7100kg
3
m )
m=3.54kg

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

1
E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
2
As the speed of the flywheel changes, the maximum fluctuation of energy is,
∆E=Maximum K.E.-Minimum K.E .
1 2 1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 ) - ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 2 )
2 2 2
2 2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) [ ( ω1 ) - ( ω2 ) ]
2 2 2
2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 + ω 2 )( ω1 - ω 2 )
2
2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( ω1 - ω2
ω )
∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

( (
v=7.3 10in
0.0254
1in ))
m
v=1.85
s

( ) ( 70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 3.54kg ) 1.85
s 40rpm
∆E=18.17J
Option 3 11 – inches Radius White Metal

Mass of the Flywheel

The density of cast iron is taken as 7100kg/ m 3.

( 1in )
( 0.0254m
m=2 ( π ) 11in ) ( 0.025m ) ( 0.0125m )
(m )
7100kg
3

m=3.90kg

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
(ωω - ω )
1 2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

v=7.3 11in
( ( 0.0254
1in ))
m
v=2.04
s

( ) (70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 3.90kg ) 2.04
s 40rpm
∆E=24.35J

Calculation for the Hoop Stress of the Flywheel

A flywheel is a rotating mechanical device that is used to store rotational energy. Flywheels have a
significant moment of inertia and thus resist changes in rotational speed. The amount of energy stored in a
flywheel is proportional to the square of its rotational speed. Energy is transferred to a flywheel by applying
torque to it, thereby increasing its rotational speed, and hence its stored energy. Conversely, a flywheel
releases stored energy by applying torque to a mechanical load, thereby decreasing its rotational speed.
Flywheels are often used to provide continuous energy in systems where the energy source is not
continuous. In such cases, the flywheel stores energy when torque is applied by the energy source, and it
releases stored energy when the energy source is not applying torque to it. The amount of energy that can
safely be stored in the rotor depends on the point at which the rotor will warp or shatter. The hoop stress on
the cylinder rotor is a major consideration in the design of a flywheel energy storage system.

Design 1: Cast Iron Design

Option 1 9 – inches Radius Iron

Mass of the Flywheel

The mass of inertia of the rim is considered and the mass moment of inertia of the hub and arms is
neglected. This is due to the fact that the major portion weight of the flywheel is in the rim and a small
portion is in the hub and arms. Also, the hub and arms are nearer the axis if rotation, therefore the moment
of inertia of the hub and arms is very small.
For a 9 inches cast iron, the mass of the flywheel rim is given by:
m = 3.27kg
To solve for the actual density of cast iron with radius 0.5m.
m
ρ= 2
(π)(r) (h)
Where
Ρ = actual density of the flywheel
m = mass of the flywheel
r = radius of the flywheel
h = height of the flywheel

For this expression, we may find the value of the hoop stress of the rim:
2
S= ( ρ )(v)
Where
S = Hoop stress of the flywheel
Ρ = actual density of the flywheel
v = velocity of the flywheel in m/s
Note: Assuming that the velocity of the flywheel is constant with the value of 70 rpm or 7.3rad/s and a fix
value of height equal to 7.62cm:
m
ρ= 2
(π)(r) (h)
3.27kg
ρ=
( )
2
0.0254
(π)(9in ) (0.0762m)
1in

kg
ρ = 261.39 3
m
Note: To convert the velocity of the flywheel in meter per second multiply the angular velocity to its radius
Tensile Stress of the Flywheel
2
S= ( ρ )(v)

( )
2
rad 0.0254
S= (261.39 ) (7.3 x 9in )
s 1in
S = 727.93 Pa

Option 2 10 – inches Radius Iron

Mass of the Flywheel

The mass of inertia of the rim is considered and the mass moment of inertia of the hub and arms is
neglected. This is due to the fact that the major portion weight of the flywheel is in the rim and a small
portion is in the hub and arms. Also, the hub and arms are nearer the axis if rotation, therefore the moment
of inertia of the hub and arms is very small.
For a 10 inches cast iron, the mass of the flywheel rim is given by:
m = 3.64kg
To solve for the actual density of cast iron with radius 0.5m.
m
ρ= 2
(π)(r) (h)
Where
Ρ = actual density of the flywheel
m = mass of the flywheel
r = radius of the flywheel
h = height of the flywheel

m
ρ= 2
(π)(r) (h)
3.64kg
ρ=
( )
2
0.0254
(π)(10in ) (0.0762m)
1in

kg
ρ = 235.68 3
m
Note: To convert the velocity of the flywheel in meter per second multiply the angular velocity to its radius
Tensile Stress of the Flywheel
2
S= ( ρ )(v)

( )
2
rad 0.0254
S= (235.68 ) (7.3 x 10in )
s 1in
S = 807.94 Pa
Option 3 11 – inches Radius Iron

Mass of the Flywheel

The mass of inertia of the rim is considered and the mass moment of inertia of the hub and arms is
neglected. This is due to the fact that the major portion weight of the flywheel is in the rim and a small
portion is in the hub and arms. Also, the hub and arms are nearer the axis if rotation, therefore the moment
of inertia of the hub and arms is very small.
For a 11 inches cast iron, the mass of the flywheel rim is given by:
m = 4.00kg
To solve for the actual density of cast iron with radius 11in.
m
ρ= 2
(π)(r) (h)
Where
Ρ = actual density of the flywheel
m = mass of the flywheel
r = radius of the flywheel
h = height of the flywheel

m
ρ= 2
(π)(r) (h)
4.00kg
ρ=
( )
2
0.0254
(π)(11in ) (0.0762m)
1in
kg
ρ = 214.04 3
m
Note: To convert the velocity of the flywheel in meter per second multiply the angular velocity to its radius
Tensile Stress of the Flywheel
2
S= ( ρ )(v)

( )
2
rad 0.0254
S= (214.04 ) (7.3 x 11in )
s 1in
S = 890.42 Pa
Design 2: Aluminum Design
Option 1 9 – inches Radius Aluminum

Mass of the Flywheel

The mass of inertia of the rim is considered and the mass moment of inertia of the hub and arms is
neglected. This is due to the fact that the major portion weight of the flywheel is in the rim and a small
portion is in the hub and arms. Also, the hub and arms are nearer the axis if rotation, therefore the moment
of inertia of the hub and arms is very small.
For a 9 inches cast iron, the mass of the flywheel rim is given by:
m = 1.26kg
To solve for the actual density of cast iron with radius 0.5m.
m
ρ= 2
(π)(r) (h)
Where
Ρ = actual density of the flywheel
m = mass of the flywheel
r = radius of the flywheel
h = height of the flywheel

m
ρ= 2
(π)(r) (h)
1.26kg
ρ=
( )
2
0.0254
(π)(9in ) (0.0762m)
1in

kg
ρ = 100.72 3
m
Note: To convert the velocity of the flywheel in meter per second multiply the angular velocity to its radius
Tensile Stress of the Flywheel
2
S= ( ρ )(v)

( )
2
rad 0.0254
S= (100.72 ) (7.3 x 9in )
s 1in
S = 168.08 Pa

Option 2 10 – inches Radius Aluminum

Mass of the Flywheel

( )
2
rad 0.0254
S= (253.81 ) (7.3 x 10in )
s 1in
S = 872.61 Pa

Option 3 11 – inches Radius Steel

Mass of the Flywheel

The mass of inertia of the rim is considered and the mass moment of inertia of the hub and arms is
neglected. This is due to the fact that the major portion weight of the flywheel is in the rim and a small
portion is in the hub and arms. Also, the hub and arms are nearer the axis if rotation, therefore the moment
of inertia of the hub and arms is very small.
For a 11 inches cast iron, the mass of the flywheel rim is given by:
m = 4.31kg
To solve for the actual density of cast iron with radius 11in.
m
ρ= 2
(π)(r) (h)
Where
Ρ = actual density of the flywheel
m = mass of the flywheel
r = radius of the flywheel
h = height of the flywheel

m
ρ= 2
(π)(r) (h)
4.31kg
ρ=
( )
2
0.0254
(π)(11in ) (0.0762m)
1in

kg
ρ = 230.63 3
m
Note: To convert the velocity of the flywheel in meter per second multiply the angular velocity to its radius
Tensile Stress of the Flywheel
2
S= ( ρ )(v)

( )
2
rad 0.0254
S= (230.63 ) (7.3 x 11in )
s 1in
S = 959.43 Pa

Design 4: Bronze Design

Option 1 9 – inches Radius Bronze

Mass of the Flywheel

The mass of inertia of the rim is considered and the mass moment of inertia of the hub and arms is
neglected. This is due to the fact that the major portion weight of the flywheel is in the rim and a small
portion is in the hub and arms. Also, the hub and arms are nearer the axis if rotation, therefore the moment
of inertia of the hub and arms is very small.
For a 9 inches cast iron, the mass of the flywheel rim is given by:
m = 3.46kg
To solve for the actual density of cast iron with radius 0.5m.
m
ρ= 2
(π)(r) (h)
Where
Ρ = actual density of the flywheel
m = mass of the flywheel
r = radius of the flywheel
h = height of the flywheel

m
ρ= 2
(π)(r) (h)
3. 46kg
ρ=
( )
2
0.0254
(π)(9in ) (0.0762m)
1in

kg
ρ = 276.58 3
m
Note: To convert the velocity of the flywheel in meter per second multiply the angular velocity to its radius
Tensile Stress of the Flywheel
2
S= ( ρ )(v)

( )
2
rad 0.0254
S= (276.58 ) (7.3 x 9in )
s 1in
S = 770.23 Pa
Option 2 10 – inches Radius Bronze

Mass of the Flywheel

The mass of inertia of the rim is considered and the mass moment of inertia of the hub and arms is
neglected. This is due to the fact that the major portion weight of the flywheel is in the rim and a small
portion is in the hub and arms. Also, the hub and arms are nearer the axis if rotation, therefore the moment
of inertia of the hub and arms is very small.
For a 10 inches cast iron, the mass of the flywheel rim is given by:
m = 3.84kg
To solve for the actual density of cast iron with radius 0.5m.
m
ρ= 2
(π)(r) (h)
Where
Ρ = actual density of the flywheel
m = mass of the flywheel
r = radius of the flywheel
h = height of the flywheel

m
ρ= 2
(π)(r) (h)
3.84kg
ρ=
( )
2
0.0254
(π)(10in ) (0.0762m)
1in

kg
ρ = 248.63 3
m
Note: To convert the velocity of the flywheel in meter per second multiply the angular velocity to its radius
Tensile Stress of the Flywheel
2
S= ( ρ )(v)

( )
2
rad 0.0254
S= (248.63 ) (7.3 x 10in )
s 1in
S = 854.80 Pa

Option 3 11 – inches Radius Bronze

Mass of the Flywheel

The mass of inertia of the rim is considered and the mass moment of inertia of the hub and arms is
neglected. This is due to the fact that the major portion weight of the flywheel is in the rim and a small
portion is in the hub and arms. Also, the hub and arms are nearer the axis if rotation, therefore the moment
of inertia of the hub and arms is very small.
For a 11 inches cast iron, the mass of the flywheel rim is given by:
m = 4.22kg
To solve for the actual density of cast iron with radius 11in.
m
ρ= 2
(π)(r) (h)
Where
Ρ = actual density of the flywheel
m = mass of the flywheel
r = radius of the flywheel
h = height of the flywheel

m
ρ= 2
(π)(r) (h)
4.22kg
ρ=
( )
2
0.0254
(π)(11in ) (0.0762m)
1in

kg
ρ = 225.82 3
m
Note: To convert the velocity of the flywheel in meter per second multiply the angular velocity to its radius
Tensile Stress of the Flywheel
2
S= ( ρ )(v)

( )
2
rad 0.0254
S= (225.82 ) (7.3 x 11in )
s 1in
S = 939.42 Pa
Design 5: White Metal Design

Option 1 9 – inches Radius White Metal

Mass of the Flywheel

The mass of inertia of the rim is considered and the mass moment of inertia of the hub and arms is
neglected. This is due to the fact that the major portion weight of the flywheel is in the rim and a small
portion is in the hub and arms. Also, the hub and arms are nearer the axis if rotation, therefore the moment
of inertia of the hub and arms is very small.
For a 9 inches cast iron, the mass of the flywheel rim is given by:
m = 3.19kg
To solve for the actual density of cast iron with radius 0.5m.
m
ρ= 2
(π)(r) (h)
Where
Ρ = actual density of the flywheel
m = mass of the flywheel
r = radius of the flywheel
h = height of the flywheel

m
ρ= 2
(π)(r) (h)
3.19kg
ρ=
( )
2
0.0254
(π)(9in ) (0.0762m)
1in

kg
ρ = 255.00 3
m
Note: To convert the velocity of the flywheel in meter per second multiply the angular velocity to its radius
Tensile Stress of the Flywheel
2
S= ( ρ )(v)

( )
2
rad 0.0254
S= (255.00 ) (7.3 x 9in )
s 1in
S = 710.13 Pa

Option 2 10 – inches Radius White Metal

Mass of the Flywheel

The mass of inertia of the rim is considered and the mass moment of inertia of the hub and arms is
neglected. This is due to the fact that the major portion weight of the flywheel is in the rim and a small
portion is in the hub and arms. Also, the hub and arms are nearer the axis if rotation, therefore the moment
of inertia of the hub and arms is very small.
For a 10 inches cast iron, the mass of the flywheel rim is given by:
m = 3.54kg
To solve for the actual density of cast iron with radius 0.5m.
m
ρ= 2
(π)(r) (h)
Where
Ρ = actual density of the flywheel
m = mass of the flywheel
r = radius of the flywheel
h = height of the flywheel

m
ρ= 2
(π)(r) (h)
3.54kg
ρ=
( )
2
0.0254
(π)(10in ) (0.0762m)
1in

kg
ρ = 229.21 3
m
Note: To convert the velocity of the flywheel in meter per second multiply the angular velocity to its radius
Tensile Stress of the Flywheel
2
S= ( ρ )(v)

( )
2
rad 0.0254
S= (229.21 ) (7.3 x 10in )
s 1in
S = 788.04 Pa

Option 3 11 – inches Radius White Metal

Mass of the Flywheel

The mass of inertia of the rim is considered and the mass moment of inertia of the hub and arms is
neglected. This is due to the fact that the major portion weight of the flywheel is in the rim and a small
portion is in the hub and arms. Also, the hub and arms are nearer the axis if rotation, therefore the moment
of inertia of the hub and arms is very small.
For a 11 inches cast iron, the mass of the flywheel rim is given by:
m = 3.90kg
To solve for the actual density of cast iron with radius 11in.
m
ρ= 2
(π)(r) (h)
Where
Ρ = actual density of the flywheel
m = mass of the flywheel
r = radius of the flywheel
h = height of the flywheel

m
ρ= 2
(π)(r) (h)
3.90kg
ρ=
( )
2
0.0254
(π)(11in ) (0.0762m)
1in

kg
ρ = 208.69 3
m
Note: To convert the velocity of the flywheel in meter per second multiply the angular velocity to its radius
Tensile Stress of the Flywheel
2
S= ( ρ )(v)

( )
2
rad 0.0254
S= (208.69 ) (7.3 x 11in )
s 1in
S = 868.16 Pa
Calculation for the Power Input

Design 1: Cast Iron Design

Option 1 9 – inches Radius Cast Iron

Assuming the average weight of a car passing through the hump = 1000kg
Assuming the car’s final velocity and initial velocity of 2m/s and 1m/s with final and initial time of 15s and
0s.
F=m ( a )
Where:
F = Force
m = mass
a = acceleration
vf - vi
a=
tf - t i
2-1
a=
15-0
m
a=0.07 2
s

F=1000kg 0.07
( m
s
2 )
F=70N

P in = τ in ωm

τ in = rFsinθ

2πf
ωm =
60
Where:
P in =input power
τ in =input torque
ωm =angular velocity
r = radius
f = frequency

P in = rFsinθ (2πf
60 )

P in =0.2286m ( 70N ) ( sin ( 45 ) ) ( 2π60

60 )
P in =70.10W

Option 2 10 – inches Radius Cast Iron

F=1000kg 0.07
( m
s
2 )
F=70N

P in = τ in ωm

τ in = rFsinθ

2πf
ωm =
60
Where:
P in =input power
τ in =input torque
ωm =angular velocity
r = radius
f = frequency

P in = rFsinθ (2πf
60 )

P in =0.254m ( 70N ) ( sin ( 45 ) ) ( 2π60

60 )
P in =78.99W

Option 1 9 – inches Radius Steel
Assuming the average weight of a car passing through the hump = 1000kg
Assuming the car’s final velocity and initial velocity of 2m/s and 1m/s with final and initial time of 15s and
0s.
F=m ( a )
Where:
F = Force
m = mass
a = acceleration
vf - vi
a=
tf - t i
2-1
a=
15-0
m
a=0.07 2
s

F=1000kg 0.07
( m
s
2 )
F=70N

P in = τ in ωm

τ in = rFsinθ

2πf
ωm =
60
Where:
P in =input power
τ in =input torque
ωm =angular velocity
r = radius
f = frequency

P in = rFsinθ (2πf
60 )

P in =0.2286m ( 70N ) ( sin ( 45 ) ) ( 2π60

60 )
P in =70.10W

60 )
P in =70.10W

Option 1 10 – inches Radius White Metal

F=1000kg 0.07
( m
s
2 )
F=70N

P in = τ in ωm

τ in = rFsinθ

2πf
ωm =
60
Where:
P in =input power
τ in =input torque
ωm =angular velocity
r = radius
f = frequency

P in = rFsinθ (2πf
60 )

P in =0.254m ( 70N ) ( sin ( 45 ) ) ( 2π60

60 )
P in =78.99W

Option 1 11 – inches Radius White Metal

F=1000kg 0.07
( m
s
2 )
F=70N

P in = τ in ωm

τ in = rFsinθ

2πf
ωm =
60
Where:
P in =input power
τ in =input torque
ωm =angular velocity
r = radius
f = frequency

P in = rFsinθ (2πf
60 )

P in =0.2794m ( 70N ) ( sin ( 45 ) ) ( 2π60

60 )
P in =86.89W

( 0.07m
s
2 )
(10m )

Work done = 700N - m

Work done
POUT =
Time
700N-m
POUT =
15sec
POUT =46.67W

Chapter 4 Project Design

Design Constraints
The design constraints should be in the process to arrive with the best possible design without
compromising other aspects.
Cost
One of the most important constraints on electrical engineering projects is economic feasibility. The design
of the project considered the cost of construction and the materials used.
Total Cost = ( Average fixed cost + Average Variable cost)×Number of Units
Stored Energy
Energy is transferred to a flywheel by applying torque to it, thereby increasing its rotational speed,
increases its stored energy. Conversely, a flywheel releases stored energy by applying torque to a
mechanical load, thereby, decreasing its rotational speed.

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )

Specific Strength
The specific strength is a material's strength (force per unit area at failure) divided by its density. The
design of the project considered the ratio of the tensile strength of the material divided by its density. Higher
material strength and lower density is preferred.
σ
Specific Strength=
ρ
Ranking Score
The governing rank is the subjective choice of the designer. In assigning the value for the criterion’s
importance and the ability to satisfy the criterion, a desired value was chosen that will respond to the level
of importance of the constraints. The subjective value depends on the value initial computed.
Figure 4. 1. Criterion Rank Representation

Figure 4-1 shows the criterion ranking with respect to the level of importance to the designer’s level from
lowest to highest or not preferred to preferred designs.

Table 4. 1. Design Criteria

Criteria Constraints Category
The design cost ranging at Php
Cost Economical
30 thousand to 60 thousand
The flywheel’s stored energy
Stored Energy ranging from 5 Joules to 30 Performance
Joules
The flywheel’s specific strength
Specific Strength Durability
ranging from 0.0500 to 0.1500

Table 4-1 shows the project design criteria, which indicate the range and constraint. The project has budget
limitation, stored energy in the flywheel, availability, and tensile strength.
Table 4. 2. Cast Iron Design Normalization of Economical Constraints
Cast Iron Designs Options Economical Ranked Score

9 inches ₱41,000 7.84

Turbine 10 inches ₱41,500 7.66

11 inches ₱42,000 7.48

Table 4-2 shows the results of the set-out values of the breakdown and construal of each design options.
This demonstrates the graphical illustration of the disparity between each design options in terms of
economical constraint.
Table 4. 3. Cast Iron Design Normalization of Performance Constraints
Cast Iron Designs Options Economical Ranked Score

9 inches 13.68J 4.12

Turbine 10 inches 18.69J 5.93

11 inches 24.97J 8.19

Table 4-3 shows the results of the set-out values of the breakdown and construal of each design options.
This demonstrates the graphical illustration of the disparity between each design options in terms of
performance constraint.

Table 4. 4. Cast Iron Design Normalization of Durability Constraints

Cast Iron Designs Options Durability Ranked Score

9 inches 0.0997 5.47

Turbine 10 inches 0.1107 6.46

11 inches 0.1220 7.48

Table 4-4 shows the results of the set-out values of the breakdown and construal of each design options.
This demonstrates the graphical illustration of the disparity between each design options in terms of
durability constraint.

Table 4. 5. Cast Iron Design Normalization of Sustainability Constraints

Cast Iron Designs Options Sustainability Ranked Score

9 inches 66.58 8.64

Flywheel 10 inches 59.08 5.09

11 inches 53.71 2.67

Table 4-5 shows the results of the set-out values of the breakdown and construal of each design options.
This demonstrates the graphical illustration of the disparity between each design options in terms of
sustainability constraint.
Table 4. 6. Aluminum Design Normalization of Economical Constraints
Aluminum Designs Options Economical Ranked Score

9 inches ₱44,000 6.76

Turbine 10 inches ₱45,500 6.40

11 inches ₱46,000 6.04

Table 4-6 shows the results of the set-out values of the breakdown and construal of each design options.
This demonstrates the graphical illustration of the disparity between each design options in terms of
economical constraint.

Table 4. 7. Aluminum Design Normalization of Performance Constraints

Cast Iron Designs Options Economical Ranked Score

9 inches 5.27J 1.10

Turbine 10 inches 7.19J 1.79

11 inches 9.61J 2.66

Table 4-7 shows the results of the set-out values of the breakdown and construal of each design options.
This demonstrates the graphical illustration of the disparity between each design options in terms of
performance constraint.

Table 4. 8. Aluminum Design Normalization of Durability Constraints

Aluminum Designs Options Durability Ranked Score

9 inches 0.0600 1.90

Turbine 10 inches 0.1113 6.52

11 inches 0.1224 7.52

Table 4-8 shows the results of the set-out values of the breakdown and construal of each design options.
This demonstrates the graphical illustration of the disparity between each design options in terms of
durability constraint.
Table 4. 9. Aluminum Design Normalization of Sustainability Constraints
Aluminum Designs Options Sustainability Ranked Score

9 inches 66.58 8.64

Flywheel 10 inches 59.08 5.09

11 inches 53.71 2.67

Table 4-9 shows the results of the set-out values of the breakdown and construal of each design options.
This demonstrates the graphical illustration of the disparity between each design options in terms of
sustainability constraint.

Table 4. 10. Steel Design Normalization of Economical Constraints

Steel Designs Options Economical Ranked Score

9 inches ₱39,500 8.38

Turbine 10 inches ₱39,750 8.29

11 inches ₱40,000 8.20

Table 4-10 shows the results of the set-out values of the breakdown and construal of each design options.
This demonstrates the graphical illustration of the disparity between each design options in terms of
economical constraint.

Table 4. 11. Steel Design Normalization of Performance Constraints

Steel Designs Options Economical Ranked Score

9 inches 14.73J 4.50

Turbine 10 inches 20.12J 6.44

11 inches 26.90J 8.88

Table 4-11 shows the results of the set-out values of the breakdown and construal of each design options.
This demonstrates the graphical illustration of the disparity between each design options in terms of
performance constraint.

Table 4. 12. Steel Design Normalization of Durability Constraints

Steel Designs Options Economical Ranked Score
9 inches 0.0998 5.48

Turbine 10 inches 0.1112 6.51

11 inches 0.1222 7.50

Table 4-12 shows the results of the set-out values of the breakdown and construal of each design options.
This demonstrates the graphical illustration of the disparity between each design options in terms of
durability constraint.

Table 4. 13. Steel Design Normalization of Sustainability Constraints

Steel Designs Options Sustainability Ranked Score

9 inches 66.58 8.64

Flywheel 10 inches 59.08 5.09

11 inches 53.71 2.67

Table 4-13 shows the results of the set-out values of the breakdown and construal of each design options.
This demonstrates the graphical illustration of the disparity between each design options in terms of
sustainability constraint.

Table 4. 14. Bronze Design Normalization of Economical Constraints

Bronze Designs Options Economical Ranked Score

9 inches ₱46,000 6.04

Turbine 10 inches ₱47,500 5.50

11 inches ₱48,000 5.32

Table 4-14 shows the results of the set-out values of the breakdown and construal of each design options.
This demonstrates the graphical illustration of the disparity between each design options in terms of
economical constraint.

Table 4. 15. Bronze Design Normalization of Performance Constraints

Bronze Designs Options Economical Ranked Score

Turbine 9 inches 14.47J 4.41

10 inches 19.71J 6.30

11 inches 26.34J 8.68

Table 4-15 shows the results of the set-out values of the breakdown and construal of each design options.
This demonstrates the graphical illustration of the disparity between each design options in terms of
performance constraint.

Table 4. 16. Bronze Design Normalization of Durability Constraints

Bronze Designs Options Economical Ranked Score

9 inches 0.1000 5.50

10 inches 0.1110 6.49

11 inches 0.1220 7.48

Table 4-16 shows the results of the set-out values of the breakdown and construal of each design options.
This demonstrates the graphical illustration of the disparity between each design options in terms of
durability constraint.
Table 4. 17. Bronze Design Normalization of Sustainability Constraints
Bronze Designs Options Sustainability Ranked Score

9 inches 66.58 8.64

Flywheel 10 inches 59.08 5.09

11 inches 53.71 2.67

Table 4-17 shows the results of the set-out values of the breakdown and construal of each design options.
This demonstrates the graphical illustration of the disparity between each design options in terms of
sustainability constraint.

Table 4. 18. White Metal Design Normalization of Economical Constraints

White Metal Designs Options Economical Ranked Score

9 inches ₱42,000 4.48

Turbine
10 inches ₱42,500 7.30
11 inches ₱43,000 7.12

Table 4-18 shows the results of the set-out values of the breakdown and construal of each design options.
This demonstrates the graphical illustration of the disparity between each design options in terms of
economical constraint.

Table 4. 19. White Metal Design Normalization of Performance Constraints

White Metal Designs Options Economical Ranked Score

9 inches 13.34J 4.00

Turbine 10 inches 18.17J 5.74

11 inches 24.35J 7.97

Table 4-19 shows the results of the set-out values of the breakdown and construal of each design options.
This demonstrates the graphical illustration of the disparity between each design options in terms of
performance constraint.

Table 4. 20. White Metal Design Normalization of Durability Constraints

White Metal Designs Options Durability Ranked Score

9 inches 0.1000 5.50

Turbine 10 inches 0.1110 6.49

11 inches 0.1223 7.51

Table 4-20 shows the results of the set-out values of the breakdown and construal of each design options.
This demonstrates the graphical illustration of the disparity between each design options in terms of
durability constraint.

Table 4. 21. White Metal Design Normalization of Sustainability Constraints

White Metal Options Sustainability Ranked Score

9 inches 66.58 8.64

Flywheel
10 inches 59.08 5.09
11 inches 53.71 2.67

Table 4-21 shows the results of the set-out values of the breakdown and construal of each design options.
This demonstrates the graphical illustration of the disparity between each design options in terms of
sustainability constraint.

Appendix A. Trade Offs Computations

For Economical Constraint

Table A- 1. Design 1 Option 1 Economical Constraint

Table A- 2. Design 1 Option 2 Economical Constraint

Table A- 3. Design 1 Option 3 Economical Constraint

Component Unit Cost Pcs. Sub Total Total
DC Motor Generator ₱12,000 1 ₱12,000
Battery ₱6,500 1 ₱6,500
Battery Controller ₱3,500 1 ₱3,500
Battery Indicator ₱2,500 1 ₱2,500
Inverter ₱6,500 1 ₱6,500
Cast Iron Flywheel ₱6,000 1 ₱6,000
Steel Hump ₱2,000 1 ₱2,000
Chains ₱1,500 1 ₱1,500
Spring ₱1,000 1 ₱1,000
Belt ₱500 1 ₱500
₱42,000
Table A- 4. Design 2 Option 1 Economical Constraint
Component Unit Cost Pcs. Sub Total Total
DC Motor Generator ₱12,000 1 ₱12,000
Battery ₱6,500 1 ₱6,500
Battery Controller ₱3,500 1 ₱3,500
Battery Indicator ₱2,500 1 ₱2,500
Inverter ₱6,500 1 ₱6,500
Aluminum Flywheel ₱8,000 1 ₱7,500
Steel Hump ₱2,000 1 ₱2,000
Chains ₱1,500 1 ₱1,500
Spring ₱1,000 1 ₱1,000
Belt ₱500 1 ₱500
₱44,000

Table A- 5. Design 2 Option 2 Economical Constraint

Table A- 6. Design 2 Option 3 Economical Constraint

Table A- 7. Design 3 Option 1 Economical Constraint

Table A- 8. Design 3 Option 2 Economical Constraint

Table A- 9. Design 3 Option 3 Economical Constraint

Component Unit Cost Pcs. Sub Total Labor Cost
DC Motor Generator ₱12,000 1 1
Battery ₱6,500 1 ₱6,500
Battery Controller ₱3,500 1 ₱3,500
Battery Indicator ₱2,500 1 ₱2,500
Inverter ₱6,500 1 ₱6,500
Steel Flywheel ₱3,800 1 ₱3,750
Steel Hump ₱2,000 1 ₱2,000
Chains ₱1,500 1 ₱1,500
Spring ₱1,000 1 ₱1,000
Belt ₱500 1 ₱500
₱40,000

Table A- 10. Design 4 Option 1 Economical Constraint

Component Unit Cost Pcs. Sub Total Labor Cost
DC Motor Generator ₱12,000 1 ₱12,000
Battery ₱6,500 1 ₱6,500
Battery Controller ₱3,500 1 ₱3,500
Battery Indicator ₱2,500 1 ₱2,500
Inverter ₱6,500 1 ₱6,500
Bronze Flywheel ₱10,000 1 ₱10,000
Steel Hump ₱2,000 1 ₱2,000
Chains ₱1,500 1 ₱1,500
Spring ₱1,000 1 ₱1,000
Belt ₱500 1 ₱500
₱46,000
Table A- 11. Design 4 Option 2 Economical Constraint
Component Unit Cost Pcs. Sub Total Labor Cost
DC Motor Generator ₱12,000 1 ₱12,000
Battery ₱6,500 1 ₱6,500
Battery Controller ₱3,500 1 ₱3,500
Battery Indicator ₱2,500 1 ₱2,500
Inverter ₱6,500 1 ₱6,500
Bronze Flywheel ₱11,500 1 ₱11,500
Steel Hump ₱2,000 1 ₱2,000
Chains ₱1,500 1 ₱1,500
Spring ₱1,000 1 ₱1,000
Belt ₱500 1 ₱500
₱47,500

Table A- 12. Design 4 Option 3 Economical Constraint

Table A- 13. Design 5 Option 1 Economical Constraint

Table A- 14. Design 5 Option 2 Economical Constraint

Table A- 15. Design 5 Option 3 Economical Constraint

For Performance Constraint

Design 1 Option 1 Performance Constraint

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

1
E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
2
As the speed of the flywheel changes, the maximum fluctuation of energy is,
∆E=Maximum K.E.-Minimum K.E .
1 2 1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 ) - ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 2 )
2 2 2
2 2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) [ ( ω1 ) - ( ω2 ) ]
2 2 2
2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 + ω 2 )( ω1 - ω 2 )
2
2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) (ωω - ω )
1 2

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

v=7.3 9in
( ( 0.0254
1in ))
m
v=1.67
s

( ) (70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 3.27kg ) 1.67
s 40rpm
∆E=13.68J

Design 1 Option 2 Performance Constraint

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

1
E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
2
As the speed of the flywheel changes, the maximum fluctuation of energy is,
∆E=Maximum K.E.-Minimum K.E .
1 2 1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 ) - ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 2 )
2 2 2
2 2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) [ ( ω1 ) - ( ω2 ) ]
2 2 2
2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 + ω 2 )( ω1 - ω 2 )
2
2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( ω1 - ω2
ω )
∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

( (
v=7.3 10in
0.0254
1in ))
m
v=1.85
s

( ) ( 70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 3.64kg ) 1.85
s 40rpm
∆E=18.69J

Design 1 Option 3 Performance Constraint

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
( ω1 - ω2
ω )
∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

( (
v=7.3 11in
0.0254
1in ))
m
v=2.04
s

( ) (70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 4 . 00kg ) 2.04
s 40rpm
∆E=24.97J

Design 2 Option 1 Performance Constraint

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

1
E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
2
As the speed of the flywheel changes, the maximum fluctuation of energy is,
∆E=Maximum K.E.-Minimum K.E .
1 2 1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 ) - ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 2 )
2 2 2
2 2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) [ ( ω1 ) - ( ω2 ) ]
2 2 2
2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 + ω 2 )( ω1 - ω 2 )
2
2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )
Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) (ωω - ω )
1 2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

v=7.3 9in
( ( 0.0254
1in ))
m
v=1.67
s

( ) ( 70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 1.26kg ) 1.67
s 40rpm
∆E=5.27J

Design 2 Option 2 Performance Constraint

Energy Stored in the Flywheel
The amount of energy stored in a flywheel is proportional to the square of its rotational speed. Energy is
transferred to a flywheel by applying torque to it, thereby increasing its rotational speed, increases its
stored energy. Conversely, a flywheel releases stored energy by applying torque to a mechanical load,
thereby, decreasing its rotational speed.
Let
E = Stored energy in the flywheel
m = Mass of the flywheel in kg
k = Radius of gyration of the flywheel in meters
I = Mass moment of inertia of the flywheel
ω1 and ω2 = Minimum and maximum angular speed during the cycle in rad/s

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

1
E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
2
As the speed of the flywheel changes, the maximum fluctuation of energy is,
∆E=Maximum K.E.-Minimum K.E .
1 2 1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 ) - ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 2 )
2 2 2
2 2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) [ ( ω1 ) - ( ω2 ) ]
2 2 2
2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 + ω 2 )( ω1 - ω 2 )
2
2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) (ωω - ω )
1 2

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

( (
v=7.3 10in
0.0254
1in ))
m
v=1.85
s

( ) ( 70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 1.40kg ) 1.85
s 40rpm
∆E=7.19J

Design 2 Option 3 Performance Constraint

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

1
E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
2
As the speed of the flywheel changes, the maximum fluctuation of energy is,
∆E=Maximum K.E.-Minimum K.E .
1 2 1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 ) - ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 2 )
2 2 2
2 2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) [ ( ω1 ) - ( ω2 ) ]
2 2 2
2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 + ω 2 )( ω1 - ω 2 )
2
2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( ω1 - ω2
ω )
∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )
Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

( (
v=7.3 11in
0.0254
1in ))
m
v=2.04
s

( ) (70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 1.54kg ) 2.04
s 40rpm
∆E=9.61J

Design 3 Option 1 Performance Constraint

Energy Stored in the Flywheel
The amount of energy stored in a flywheel is proportional to the square of its rotational speed.

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

1
E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
2
As the speed of the flywheel changes, the maximum fluctuation of energy is,
∆E=Maximum K.E.-Minimum K.E .
1 2 1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 ) - ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 2 )
2 2 2
2 2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) [ ( ω1 ) - ( ω2 ) ]
2 2 2
2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 + ω 2 )( ω1 - ω 2 )
2
2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( ω1 - ω2
ω )
∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

v=7.3 9in
( ( 0.0254
1in ))
m
v=1.67
s

( ) (70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 3.52kg ) 1.67
s 40rpm
∆E=14.73J
Design 3 Option 2 Performance Constraint
Energy Stored in the Flywheel
The amount of energy stored in a flywheel is proportional to the square of its rotational speed. Energy is
transferred to a flywheel by applying torque to it, thereby increasing its rotational speed, increases its
stored energy. Conversely, a flywheel releases stored energy by applying torque to a mechanical load,
thereby, decreasing its rotational speed.

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

1
E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
2
As the speed of the flywheel changes, the maximum fluctuation of energy is,
∆E=Maximum K.E.-Minimum K.E .
1 2 1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 ) - ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 2 )
2 2 2
2 2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) [ ( ω1 ) - ( ω2 ) ]
2 2 2
2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 + ω 2 )( ω1 - ω 2 )
2
2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
( ω1 - ω2
ω )
∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

v=7.3 10in
( ( 0.0254
1in ))
m
v=1.85
s

( ) ( 70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 3.92kg ) 1.85
s 40rpm
∆E=20.12J

Design 3 Option 3 Performance Constraint

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

1
E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
2
As the speed of the flywheel changes, the maximum fluctuation of energy is,
∆E=Maximum K.E.-Minimum K.E .
1 2 1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 ) - ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 2 )
2 2 2
2 2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) [ ( ω1 ) - ( ω2 ) ]
2 2 2
2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 + ω 2 )( ω1 - ω 2 )
2
2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( ω1 - ω2
ω )
∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )
V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

( (
v=7.3 11in
0.0254
1in ))
m
v=2.04
s

( ) (70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 4.31kg ) 2.04
s 40rpm
∆E=26.90J

Design 4 Option 1 Performance Constraint

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
( ω1 - ω2
ω )
∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

( 1in ))
v=7.3 9in ( 0.0254

m
v=1.67
s
( ) (70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 3.46kg ) 1.67
s 40rpm
∆E=14.47J

Design 4 Option 2 Performance Constraint

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

1
E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
2
As the speed of the flywheel changes, the maximum fluctuation of energy is,
∆E=Maximum K.E.-Minimum K.E .
1 2 1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 ) - ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 2 )
2 2 2
2 2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) [ ( ω 1 ) - ( ω 2 ) ]
2 2 2
2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω1 + ω2 )( ω1 - ω2 )
2
2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
(ωω - ω )
1 2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

( 1in ))
v=7.3 10in ( 0.0254

m
v=1.85
s

( ) ( 70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 3.84kg ) 1.85
s 40rpm
∆E=19.71J
Design 4 Option 3 Performance Constraint
Energy Stored in the Flywheel
The amount of energy stored in a flywheel is proportional to the square of its rotational speed. Energy is
transferred to a flywheel by applying torque to it, thereby increasing its rotational speed, increases its
stored energy. Conversely, a flywheel releases stored energy by applying torque to a mechanical load,
thereby, decreasing its rotational speed.

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

1
E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
2
As the speed of the flywheel changes, the maximum fluctuation of energy is,
∆E=Maximum K.E.-Minimum K.E .
1 2 1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 ) - ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 2 )
2 2 2
2 2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) [ ( ω1 ) - ( ω2 ) ]
2 2 2
2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 + ω 2 )( ω1 - ω 2 )
2
2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
( ω1 - ω2
ω )
∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

( (
v=7.3 11in
0.0254
1in ))
m
v=2.04
s

( ) (70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 4.22kg ) 2.04
s 40rpm
∆E=26.34J

Design 5 Option 1 Performance Constraint

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

1
E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
2
As the speed of the flywheel changes, the maximum fluctuation of energy is,
∆E=Maximum K.E.-Minimum K.E .
1 2 1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 ) - ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 2 )
2 2 2
2 2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) [ ( ω1 ) - ( ω2 ) ]
2 2 2
2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 + ω 2 )( ω1 - ω 2 )
2
2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( ω1 - ω2
ω )
∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )

V = ω (R)
∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

( (
v=7.3 9in
0.0254
1in ))
m
v=1.67
s

( ) (70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 3.19kg ) 1.67
s 40rpm
∆E=13.34J

Design 5 Option 2 Performance Constraint

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
(ωω - ω )
1 2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )
( (
v=7.3 10in
0.0254
1in ))
m
v=1.85
s

( ) ( 70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 3.54kg ) 1.85
s 40rpm
∆E=18.17J

Design 5 Option 3 Performance Constraint

ω1 + ω2
ω = Mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/s =
2
ω1 + ω2
Cs= Coefficient of fluctuation speed =
ω

We know that mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

1
E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω )
2 2
2
As the speed of the flywheel changes, the maximum fluctuation of energy is,
∆E=Maximum K.E.-Minimum K.E .
1 2 1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 ) - ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 2 )
2 2 2
2 2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) [ ( ω1 ) - ( ω2 ) ]
2 2 2
2
1
∆E= ( m ) ( k ) ( ω 1 + ω 2 )( ω1 - ω 2 )
2
2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω ) ( ω1 - ω2 )

Multiplying and dividing the equation to ω

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) (ωω - ω )
1 2

∆E= ( m ) ( k 2 ) ( ω2 ) ( Cs)

∆E= ( m ) ( R 2 )( ω2 ) ( Cs )

V = ω (R)

∆E= ( m ) ( v 2) ( Cs )

Note: The velocity of the flywheel is constant with a value of 7.3 rad/s. Multiply the angular velocity to its
radius to convert the velocity of the flywheel in m/s.
v=7.3 ( R )

( 1in ))
v=7.3 11in ( 0.0254

m
v=2.04
s

( ) (70rpm-10rpm )
2
m
∆E= ( 3.90kg ) 2.04
s 40rpm
∆E=24.35J
For Durability Constraint
Design 1 Option 1 Durability Constraint
σ
Specific Strength=
ρ
727.93Pa
Specific Strength= 3
6650kg/ m
N-m
Specific Strength=0.1095
kg

Design 1 Option 2 Durability Constraint

σ
Specific Strength=
ρ
807.94Pa
Specific Strength= 3
6650kg/ m
N-m
Specific Strength=0.1215
kg

Design 1 Option 3 Durability Constraint

σ
Specific Strength=
ρ
890.42Pa
Specific Strength= 3
6650kg/ m
N-m
Specific Strength=0.1339
kg

Design 2 Option 1 Durability Constraint

σ
Specific Strength=
ρ
168.08Pa
Specific Strength= 3
2800kg/ m
N-m
Specific Strength=0.0600
kg
Design 2 Option 2 Durability Constraint
σ
Specific Strength=
ρ
311.66Pa
Specific Strength= 3
2800kg/ m
N-m
Specific Strength=0.1113
kg

Design 2 Option 3 Durability Constraint

σ
Specific Strength=
ρ
342.83Pa
Specific Strength= 3
2800kg/ m
N-m
Specific Strength=0.1224
kg

Design 3 Option 1 Durability Constraint

σ
Specific Strength=
ρ
783.57Pa
Specific Strength= 3
7850kg/ m
N-m
Specific Strength=0.0998
kg

Design 3 Option 2 Durability Constraint

σ
Specific Strength=
ρ
872.61Pa
Specific Strength= 3
7850kg/ m
N-m
Specific Strength=0.1112
kg

Design 3 Option 3 Durability Constraint

σ
Specific Strength=
ρ
959.43Pa
Specific Strength= 3
7300kg/ m
N-m
Specific Strength=0.1222
kg

Design 4 Option 1 Durability Constraint

σ
Specific Strength=
ρ
770.23Pa
Specific Strength= 3
7700kg/ m
N-m
Specific Strength=0.1000
kg

Design 4 Option 2 Durability Constraint

σ
Specific Strength=
ρ
854.80Pa
Specific Strength= 3
7700kg/ m
N-m
Specific Strength=0.1110
kg

Design 4 Option 3 Durability Constraint

σ
Specific Strength=
ρ
939.42Pa
Specific Strength= 3
7700kg/ m
N-m
Specific Strength=0.1220
kg

Design 5 Option 1 Durability Constraint

σ
Specific Strength=
ρ
710.13Pa
Specific Strength= 3
7100kg/ m
N-m
Specific Strength=0.1000
kg

Design 5 Option 2 Durability Constraint

σ
Specific Strength=
ρ
788.04Pa
Specific Strength= 3
7100kg/ m
N-m
Specific Strength=0.1110
kg

Design 5 Option 3 Durability Constraint

σ
Specific Strength=
ρ
868.16Pa
Specific Strength= 3
7100kg/ m
N-m
Specific Strength=0.1223
kg

For Sustainability Constraint

Design 1 Option 1 Sustainability Constraint
POUT
ɳ= x100%
PIN
46.67W
ɳ=
70.10W
ɳ =66.58%

Design 1 Option 2 Sustainability Constraint

POUT
ɳ= x100%
PIN
46.67W
ɳ=
78.99W
ɳ =59.08%
Design 1 Option 3 Sustainability Constraint
POUT
ɳ= x100%
PIN
46.67W
ɳ=
86.89W
ɳ =53.71%
Design 2 Option 1 Sustainability Constraint
POUT
ɳ= x100%
PIN
46.67W
ɳ=
70.10W
ɳ =66.58%
Design 2 Option 2 Sustainability Constraint
POUT
ɳ= x100%
PIN
46.67W
ɳ=
78.99W
ɳ =59.08%
Design 2 Option 3 Sustainability Constraint
POUT
ɳ= x100%
PIN
46.67W
ɳ=
86.89W
ɳ =53.71%
Design 3 Option 1 Sustainability Constraint
POUT
ɳ= x100%
PIN
46.67W
ɳ=
70.10W
ɳ =66.58%
Design 3 Option 2 Sustainability Constraint
POUT
ɳ= x100%
PIN
46.67W
ɳ=
78.99W
ɳ =59.08%
Design 3 Option 3 Sustainability Constraint
POUT
ɳ= x100%
PIN
46.67W
ɳ=
86.89W
ɳ =53.71%
Design 4 Option 1 Sustainability Constraint
POUT
ɳ= x100%
PIN
46.67W
ɳ=
70.10W
ɳ =66.58%
Design 4 Option 2 Sustainability Constraint
POUT
ɳ= x100%
PIN
46.67W
ɳ=
78.99W
ɳ =59.08%
Design 4 Option 3 Sustainability Constraint
POUT
ɳ= x100%
PIN
46.67W
ɳ=
86.89W
ɳ =53.71%
Design 5 Option 1 Sustainability Constraint
POUT
ɳ= x100%
PIN
46.67W
ɳ=
70.10W
ɳ =66.58%
Design 5 Option 2 Sustainability Constraint
POUT
ɳ= x100%
PIN
46.67W
ɳ=
78.99W
ɳ =59.08%
Design 5 Option 3 Sustainability Constraint
POUT
ɳ= x100%
PIN
46.67W
ɳ=
86.89W
ɳ =53.71%

Appendix B. Normalization of Data

Table B-1. Design 1 Normalization of Data in Terms of Sustainability Constraint

Cast Iron Designs Options Economical Ranked Score

9 inches ₱41,000 7.84

Flywheel 10 inches ₱41,500 6.76

11 inches ₱42,000 5.68

Based on the formula below, high values are preferred.

Table B-1 shows the results of the computed values of the breakdown and construal of each design
options. This demonstrates the graphical illustration of the differences between each design options for
wind generation in terms of sustainability constraint.

PCnorm = 9
( Max raw - PCraw
)
Max raw - Minraw
+1

Design 1 Option 1:
Ranked Score = 9 ( ₱₱ 60,000
60,000 - ₱ 35 , 000 )
- ₱ 41,000
+1 = 7.84
Design 1 Option 2:
Ranked Score = 9 ( ₱₱ 60,000
60,000 - ₱ 35, 0 00 )
- ₱ 44,000
+1 = 7.66
Design 1 Option 3:
Ranked Score = 9 ( ₱₱ 60,000
60,000 - ₱ 35,000 )
- ₱ 47,000
+1 = 7.48

Table B-2. Design 2 Normalization of Data in Terms of Sustainability Constraint

Aluminum Designs Options Economical Ranked Score

9 inches ₱44,000 6.76

Flywheel 10 inches ₱45,500 6.40

11 inches ₱46,000 6.04

Based on the formula below, high values are preferred.

PCnorm = 9
( Max raw - PCraw
)
Max raw - Minraw
+1

Design 2 Option 1:
Ranked Score = 9 ( ₱₱ 60,000
60,000 - ₱ 35,000 )
- ₱ 44,000
+1 = 6.76
Design 2 Option 2:
Ranked Score = 9 ( ₱₱ 60,000
60,000 - ₱ 35,000 )
- ₱ 45,000
+1 = 6.40
Design 2 Option 3:
Ranked Score = 9 ( ₱₱ 60,000
60,000 - ₱ 35,000 )
- ₱ 46,000
+1 = 6.04

Table B-3. Design 3 Normalization of Data in Terms of Sustainability Constraint

Steel Designs Options Economical Ranked Score

9 inches ₱39,000 8.56

Flywheel 10 inches ₱42,000 7.48

11 inches ₱45,000 6.40

Based on the formula below, high values are preferred.

PCnorm = 9
( Max raw - PCraw
)
Max raw - Minraw
+1

Design 3 Option 1:
Ranked Score = 9 ( ₱₱ 60,000
60,000 - ₱ 35,000 )
- ₱ 39,000
+1 = 8.56
Design 3 Option 2:
Ranked Score = 9 ( ₱₱ 60,000
60,000 - ₱ 35,000 )
- ₱ 42,000
+1 = 7.48
Design 3 Option 3:
Ranked Score = 9 ( ₱₱ 60,000
60,000 - ₱ 35,000 )
- ₱ 45,000
+1 = 6.40

Table B-4. Design 4 Normalization of Data in Terms of Sustainability Constraint

Bronze Designs Options Economical Ranked Score

9 inches ₱46,000 6.04

Flywheel 10 inches ₱47,500 5.50

11 inches ₱48,000 5.32

Based on the formula below, high values are preferred.

PCnorm = 9
( Max raw - PCraw
)
Max raw - Minraw
+1

Design 4 Option 1:
Ranked Score = 9 ( ₱₱ 60,000
60,000 - ₱ 35,000 )
- ₱ 46, 0 00
+1 = 6.04
Design 4 Option 2:
Ranked Score = 9 ( ₱₱ 60,000
60,000 - ₱ 35,000 )
- ₱ 47,500
+1 = 5.50
Design 4 Option 3:
Ranked Score = 9 ( ₱₱ 60,000
60,000 - ₱ 35,000 )
- ₱ 48,000
+1 = 5.32

Table B-5. Design 5 Normalization of Data in Terms of Sustainability Constraint

White Metal Designs Options Economical Ranked Score

9 inches ₱42,000 7.48

Flywheel 10 inches ₱42,500 7.30

11 inches ₱43,000 7.12

Based on the formula below, high values are preferred.

PCnorm = 9
( Max raw - PCraw
)
Max raw - Minraw
+1

Design 5 Option 1:
Ranked Score = 9 ( ₱₱ 60,000
60,000 - ₱ 35,000 )
- ₱ 42, 0 00
+1 = 7.48
Design 5 Option 2:
Ranked Score = 9 ( ₱₱ 60,000
60,000 - ₱ 35,000 )
- ₱ 42,500
+1 = 7.30
Design 5 Option 3:
Ranked Score = 9 ( ₱₱ 60,000
60,000 - ₱ 35,000 )
- ₱ 43,000
+1 = 7.12

Table B-6. Design 1 Normalization of Data in Terms of Performance Constraint

Cast Iron Designs Options Economical Ranked Score

9 inches 13.68J 4.12

Flywheel 10 inches 18.69J 5.93

11 inches 24.97J 8.19

Based on the formula below, high values are preferred.

PCnorm = 9
( PCraw - Min raw
)
Max raw - Minraw
+1

Design 1 Option 1:
Ranked Score = 9 (13.68J
30.00J - 5.00J )
- 5.00J
+1 = 4.12
Design 1 Option 2:
Ranked Score = 9 (18.69J
30.00J - 5.00J )
- 5 .00J
+1 = 5.93
Design 1 Option 3:
Ranked Score = 9 (24.97J
30.00J - 5.00J )
- 5 .00J
+1 = 8.19

Table B-7. Design 2 Normalization of Data in Terms of Performance Constraint

Aluminum Designs Options Economical Ranked Score

9 inches 5.27J 1.10

Flywheel 10 inches 7.19J 1.79

11 inches 9.61J 2.66

Based on the formula below, high values are preferred.

PCnorm = 9
( PCraw - Min raw
Max raw - Minraw )
+1

Design 1 Option 1:
Ranked Score = 9 (5.27J
30.00J - 5.00J )
- 5.00J
+1 = 1.10
Design 1 Option 2:
Ranked Score = 9 (7.19J
30.00J - 5.00J )
- 5 .00J
+1 = 1.79
Design 1 Option 3:
Ranked Score = 9 (9.61J
30.00J - 5.00J )
- 5 .00J
+1 = 2.66

Table B-8. Design 3 Normalization of Data in Terms of Performance Constraint

Steel Designs Options Economical Ranked Score

9 inches 14.73J 4.50

Flywheel 10 inches 20.12J 6.44

11 inches 26.90J 8.88

Based on the formula below, high values are preferred.

PCnorm = 9
( PCraw - Min raw
Max raw - Minraw )
+1

Design 1 Option 1:
Ranked Score = 9 (14.73J
30.00J - 5.00J )
- 5.00J
+1 = 4.50
Design 1 Option 2:
Ranked Score = 9 (20.12J
30.00J - 5.00J )
- 5 .00J
+1 = 6.44
Design 1 Option 3:
Ranked Score = 9 ( 26.90J - 5 .00J
30.00J - 5.00J )+1 = 8.88
Table B-9. Design 4 Normalization of Data in Terms of Performance Constraint
Bronze Designs Options Economical Ranked Score

9 inches 14.47J 4.41

Flywheel 10 inches 19.71J 6.30

11 inches 26.34J 8.68

Based on the formula below, high values are preferred.

PCnorm = 9
( PCraw - Min raw
)
Max raw - Minraw
+1

Design 1 Option 1:
Ranked Score = 9 (14.47J
30.00J - 5.00J )
- 5.00J
+1 = 4.41
Design 1 Option 2:
Ranked Score = 9 (19.71J
30.00J - 5.00J )
- 5 .00J
+1 = 6.30
Design 1 Option 3:
Ranked Score = 9 (26.34J
30.00J - 5.00J )
- 5 .00J
+1 = 8.68

Table B-10. Design 5 Normalization of Data in Terms of Performance Constraint

White Metal Designs Options Economical Ranked Score

9 inches 13.34J 4.00

Flywheel 10 inches 18.17J 5.74

11 inches 24.35J 7.97

Based on the formula below, high values are preferred.

PCnorm = 9
( PCraw - Min raw
)
Max raw - Minraw
+1

Design 1 Option 1:
Ranked Score = 9 (13.34J
30.00J - 5.00J )
- 5.00J
+1 = 4.12
Design 1 Option 2:
Ranked Score = 9 (18.17J
30.00J - 5.00J )
- 5 .00J
+1 = 5.93
Design 1 Option 3:
Ranked Score = 9 (24.35J
30.00J - 5.00J )
- 5 .00J
+1 = 8.19

Table B-11. Design 1 Normalization of Data in Terms of Durability Constraint

Cast Iron Designs Options Economical Ranked Score

9 inches 0.0997 6.36

Flywheel 10 inches 0.1107 7.44

11 inches 0.1220 8.55

Based on the formula below, high values are preferred.

PCnorm = 9
( PCraw - Min raw
)
Max raw - Minraw
+1

Design 1 Option 1:
Ranked Score = 9 (0.1095
0.1500 - 0.0500 )
- 0.0500
+1 = 6.36
Design 1 Option 2:
Ranked Score = 9 (0.1215
0.1500 - 0.0500 )
- 0.0500
+1 = 7.44
Design 1 Option 3:
Ranked Score = 9 (0.1339
0.1500 - 0.0500 )
- 0.0500
+1 = 8.55

Table B-12. Design 2 Normalization of Data in Terms of Durability Constraint

Aluminum Designs Options Economical Ranked Score

9 inches 0.0600 1.90

Flywheel 10 inches 0.1113 6.52

11 inches 0.1224 7.52

Based on the formula below, high values are preferred.

PCnorm = 9
( PCraw - Min raw
)
Max raw - Minraw
+1

Design 2 Option 1:
Ranked Score = 9 (0.0600
0.1500 - 0.0500 )
- 0.0500
+1 = 1.90
Design 2 Option 2:
Ranked Score = 9 (0.1113
0.1500 - 0.0500 )
- 0.0500
+1 = 6.52
Design 2 Option 3:
Ranked Score = 9 (0.1224
0.1500 - 0.0500 )
- 0.0500
+1 = 7.52

Table B-13. Design 3 Normalization of Data in Terms of Durability Constraint

Steel Designs Options Economical Ranked Score

9 inches 0.0998 5.48

Flywheel 10 inches 0.1112 6.51

11 inches 0.1222 7.50

Based on the formula below, high values are preferred.

PCnorm = 9
( PCraw - Min raw
Max raw - Minraw )
+1

Design 3 Option 1:
Ranked Score = 9 (0.0998
0.1500 - 0.0500 )
- 0.0500
+1 = 5.48
Design 3 Option 2:
Ranked Score = 9 (0.1112
0.1500 - 0.0500 )
- 0.0500
+1 = 6.51
Design 3 Option 3:
Ranked Score = 9 (0.1222
0.1500 - 0.0500 )
- 0.0500
+1 = 7.50

Table B-14. Design 4 Normalization of Data in Terms of Durability Constraint

Bronze Designs Options Economical Ranked Score

9 inches 0.1000 5.5

Flywheel 10 inches 0.1110 6.49

11 inches 0.1220 7.48

Based on the formula below, high values are preferred.

PCnorm = 9
( PCraw - Min raw
Max raw - Minraw )
+1

Design 4 Option 1:
Ranked Score = 9 (0.1000
0.1500 - 0.0500 )
- 0.0500
+1 = 5.50
Design 4 Option 2:
Ranked Score = 9 (0.1110
0.1500 - 0.0500 )
- 0.0500
+1 = 6.49
Design 4 Option 3:
Ranked Score = 9 ( 0.1220 - 0.0500
0.1500 - 0.0500 )
+1 = 7.48
Table B-15. Design 5 Normalization of Data in Terms of Durability Constraint
White Metal Designs Options Economical Ranked Score

9 inches 0.1000 5.50

Flywheel 10 inches 0.1110 6.49

11 inches 0.1223 7.51

Based on the formula below, high values are preferred.

PCnorm = 9
( PCraw - Min raw
)
Max raw - Minraw
+1

Design 5 Option 1:
Ranked Score = 9 (0.1000
0.1500 - 0.0500 )
- 0.0500
+1 = 5.50
Design 5 Option 2:
Ranked Score = 9 (0.1110
0.1500 - 0.0500 )
- 0.0500
+1 = 6.49
Design 5 Option 3:
Ranked Score = 9 (0.1223
0.1500 - 0.0500 )
- 0.0500
+1 = 7.51

Table B-16. Design 1 Normalization of Data in Terms of Sustainability Constraint

Cast Iron Designs Options Sustainability Ranked Score

9 inches 66.58 8.64

Flywheel 10 inches 59.08 5.09

11 inches 53.71 2.67

Based on the formula below, high values are preferred.

Design 1 Option 1:
Ranked Score = 9 (70W - 50W )
66.58W- 50W
+1 = 8.46
Design 1 Option 2:
Ranked Score = 9 (70W - 50W )
59.08W- 50W
+1 = 5.09
Design 1 Option 3:
Ranked Score = 9 (70W - 50W )
53.71W- 50W
+1 = 2.67

Table B-17. Design 2 Normalization of Data in Terms of Sustainability Constraint

Aluminum Designs Options Sustainability Ranked Score

9 inches 66.58 8.64

Flywheel 10 inches 59.08 5.09

11 inches 53.71 2.67

Based on the formula below, high values are preferred.

PCnorm = 9
( PCraw - Min raw
)
Max raw - Minraw
+1

Level of Cast Iron
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 7.84 7.84 6.76 6.76 5.68 5.68
Performance 2 4.12 8.24 5.93 11.86 8.19 16.38
Durability 3 6.36 19.08 7.44 22.32 8.55 25.65
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 6.972 6.13 5.839
Level of Aluminum
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 6.76 6.76 6.4 6.4 6.04 6.04
Performance 2 1.1 2.2 1.79 3.58 2.66 5.32
Durability 3 1.9 5.7 6.52 19.56 7.52 22.56
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 4.922 4.99 4.46
Level of Steel
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 8.56 8.56 7.48 7.48 6.4 6.4
Performance 2 4.5 9 6.44 12.88 8.88 17.76
Durability 3 5.48 16.44 6.51 19.53 7.5 22.5
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 6.856 6.025 5.734
Level of Bronze
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 6.04 6.04 5.5 5.5 5.32 5.32
Performance 2 4.41 8.82 6.3 12.6 8.68 17.36
Durability 3 5.5 16.5 6.49 19.47 7.48 22.44
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 6.592 5.793 5.58
Level of White Metal
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 7.48 7.48 7.3 7.3 7.12 7.12
Performance 2 4 8 5.74 11.48 7.97 15.94
Durability 3 5.5 16.5 6.49 19.47 7.51 22.53
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 6.654 5.861 5.627

Table C- 2. Sensitivity Analysis Trial 2

Level of Cast Iron
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 7.84 7.84 6.76 6.76 5.68 5.68
Performance 2 4.12 8.24 5.93 11.86 8.19 16.38
Durability 4 6.36 25.44 7.44 29.76 8.55 34.2
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 6.744 6.365 6.427
Level of Aluminum
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 6.76 6.76 6.4 6.4 6.04 6.04
Performance 2 1.1 2.2 1.79 3.58 2.66 5.32
Durability 4 1.9 7.6 6.52 26.08 7.52 30.08
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 4.248 5.133 4.945
Level of Steel
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 8.56 8.56 7.48 7.48 6.4 6.4
Performance 2 4.5 9 6.44 12.88 8.88 17.76
Durability 4 5.48 21.92 6.51 26.04 7.5 30
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 6.54 6.167 6.217
Level of Bronze
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 6.04 6.04 5.5 5.5 5.32 5.32
Performance 2 4.41 8.82 6.3 12.6 8.68 17.36
Durability 4 5.5 22 6.49 25.96 7.48 29.92
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 6.278 5.933 6.061
Level of White Metal
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 7.48 7.48 7.3 7.3 7.12 7.12
Performance 2 4 8 5.74 11.48 7.97 15.94
Durability 4 5.5 22 6.49 25.96 7.51 30.04
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 6.34 6.001 6.111

Table C- 3. Sensitivity Analysis Trial 3

Level of Cast Iron
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 7.84 7.84 6.76 6.76 5.68 5.68
Performance 3 4.12 12.36 5.93 17.79 8.19 24.57
Durability 2 6.36 12.72 7.44 14.88 8.55 17.1
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 6.748 5.979 5.803
Level of Aluminum
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 6.76 6.76 6.4 6.4 6.04 6.04
Performance 3 1.1 3.3 1.79 5.37 2.66 7.98
Durability 2 1.9 3.8 6.52 13.04 7.52 15.04
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 4.842 4.517 3.974
Level of Steel
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 8.56 8.56 7.48 7.48 6.4 6.4
Performance 3 4.5 13.5 6.44 19.32 8.88 26.64
Durability 2 5.48 10.96 6.51 13.02 7.5 15
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 6.758 6.018 5.872
Level of Bronze
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 6.04 6.04 5.5 5.5 5.32 5.32
Performance 3 4.41 13.23 6.3 18.9 8.68 26.04
Durability 2 5.5 11 6.49 12.98 7.48 14.96
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 6.483 5.774 5.7
Level of White Metal
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 7.48 7.48 7.3 7.3 7.12 7.12
Performance 3 4 12 5.74 17.22 7.97 23.91
Durability 2 5.5 11 6.49 12.98 7.51 15.02
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 6.504 5.786 5.673

Table C- 4. Sensitivity Analysis Trial 4

Level of Cast Iron
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 7.84 7.84 6.76 6.76 5.68 5.68
Performance 3 4.12 12.36 5.93 17.79 8.19 24.57
Durability 4 6.36 25.44 7.44 29.76 8.55 34.2
Sustainability 2 8.64 17.28 5.09 10.18 2.67 5.34
Total: 6.292 6.449 6.979
Level of Aluminum
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 6.76 6.76 6.4 6.4 6.04 6.04
Performance 3 1.1 3.3 1.79 5.37 2.66 7.98
Durability 4 1.9 7.6 6.52 26.08 7.52 30.08
Sustainability 2 8.64 17.28 5.09 10.18 2.67 5.34
Total: 3.494 4.803 4.944
Level of Steel
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 8.56 8.56 7.48 7.48 6.4 6.4
Performance 3 4.5 13.5 6.44 19.32 8.88 26.64
Durability 4 5.48 21.92 6.51 26.04 7.5 30
Sustainability 2 8.64 17.28 5.09 10.18 2.67 5.34
Total: 6.126 6.302 6.838
Level of Bronze
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 6.04 6.04 5.5 5.5 5.32 5.32
Performance 3 4.41 13.23 6.3 18.9 8.68 26.04
Durability 4 5.5 22 6.49 25.96 7.48 29.92
Sustainability 2 8.64 17.28 5.09 10.18 2.67 5.34
Total: 5.855 6.054 6.662
Level of White Metal
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 7.48 7.48 7.3 7.3 7.12 7.12
Performance 3 4 12 5.74 17.22 7.97 23.91
Durability 4 5.5 22 6.49 25.96 7.51 30.04
Sustainability 2 8.64 17.28 5.09 10.18 2.67 5.34
Total: 5.876 6.066 6.641

Table C- 5. Sensitivity Analysis Trial 5

Level of Cast Iron
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 7.84 7.84 6.76 6.76 5.68 5.68
Performance 4 4.12 16.48 5.93 23.72 8.19 32.76
Durability 2 6.36 12.72 7.44 14.88 8.55 17.1
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 6.296 6.063 6.355
Constraints Level of Aluminum
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 6.76 6.76 6.4 6.4 6.04 6.04
Performance 4 1.1 4.4 1.79 7.16 2.66 10.64
Durability 2 1.9 3.8 6.52 13.04 7.52 15.04
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 4.088 4.187 3.973
Level of Steel
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 8.56 8.56 7.48 7.48 6.4 6.4
Performance 4 4.5 18 6.44 25.76 8.88 35.52
Durability 2 5.48 10.96 6.51 13.02 7.5 15
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 6.344 6.153 6.493
Level of Bronze
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 6.04 6.04 5.5 5.5 5.32 5.32
Performance 4 4.41 17.64 6.3 25.2 8.68 34.72
Durability 2 5.5 11 6.49 12.98 7.48 14.96
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 6.06 5.895 6.301
Level of White Metal
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 7.48 7.48 7.3 7.3 7.12 7.12
Performance 4 4 16 5.74 22.96 7.97 31.88
Durability 2 5.5 11 6.49 12.98 7.51 15.02
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 6.04 5.851 6.203

Table C- 6. Sensitivity Analysis Trial 6

Level of Cast Iron
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 7.84 7.84 6.76 6.76 5.68 5.68
Performance 4 4.12 16.48 5.93 23.72 8.19 32.76
Durability 3 6.36 19.08 7.44 22.32 8.55 25.65
Sustainability 2 8.64 17.28 5.09 10.18 2.67 5.34
Total: 6.068 6.298 6.943
Level of Aluminum
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 6.76 6.76 6.4 6.4 6.04 6.04
Performance 4 1.1 4.4 1.79 7.16 2.66 10.64
Durability 3 1.9 5.7 6.52 19.56 7.52 22.56
Sustainability 2 8.64 17.28 5.09 10.18 2.67 5.34
Total: 3.414 4.33 4.458
Level of Steel
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 8.56 8.56 7.48 7.48 6.4 6.4
Performance 4 4.5 18 6.44 25.76 8.88 35.52
Durability 3 5.48 16.44 6.51 19.53 7.5 22.5
Sustainability 2 8.64 17.28 5.09 10.18 2.67 5.34
Total: 6.028 6.295 6.976
Level of Bronze
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 6.04 6.04 5.5 5.5 5.32 5.32
Performance 4 4.41 17.64 6.3 25.2 8.68 34.72
Durability 3 5.5 16.5 6.49 19.47 7.48 22.44
Sustainability 2 8.64 17.28 5.09 10.18 2.67 5.34
Total: 5.746 6.035 6.782
Level of White Metal
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 1 7.48 7.48 7.3 7.3 7.12 7.12
Performance 4 4 16 5.74 22.96 7.97 31.88
Durability 3 5.5 16.5 6.49 19.47 7.51 22.53
Sustainability 2 8.64 17.28 5.09 10.18 2.67 5.34
Total: 5.726 5.991 6.687

Table C- 7. Sensitivity Analysis Trial 7

Level of Cast Iron
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 7.84 15.68 6.76 13.52 5.68 11.36
Performance 1 4.12 4.12 5.93 5.93 8.19 8.19
Durability 3 6.36 19.08 7.44 22.32 8.55 25.65
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 7.344 6.213 5.588
Level of Aluminum
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 6.76 13.52 6.4 12.8 6.04 12.08
Performance 1 1.1 1.1 1.79 1.79 2.66 2.66
Durability 3 1.9 5.7 6.52 19.56 7.52 22.56
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 5.488 5.451 4.798
Level of Steel
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 8.56 17.12 7.48 14.96 6.4 12.8
Performance 1 4.5 4.5 6.44 6.44 8.88 8.88
Durability 3 5.48 16.44 6.51 19.53 7.5 22.5
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 7.262 6.129 5.486
Level of Bronze
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 6.04 12.08 5.5 11 5.32 10.64
Performance 1 4.41 4.41 6.3 6.3 8.68 8.68
Durability 3 5.5 16.5 6.49 19.47 7.48 22.44
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 6.755 5.713 5.244
Level of White Metal
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 7.48 14.96 7.3 14.6 7.12 14.24
Performance 1 4 4 5.74 5.74 7.97 7.97
Durability 3 5.5 16.5 6.49 19.47 7.51 22.53
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 7.002 6.017 5.542

Table C- 8. Sensitivity Analysis Trial 8

Level of Cast Iron
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 7.84 15.68 6.76 13.52 5.68 11.36
Performance 1 4.12 4.12 5.93 5.93 8.19 8.19
Durability 4 6.36 25.44 7.44 29.76 8.55 34.2
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 7.116 6.448 6.176
Level of Aluminum
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 6.76 13.52 6.4 12.8 6.04 12.08
Performance 1 1.1 1.1 1.79 1.79 2.66 2.66
Durability 4 1.9 7.6 6.52 26.08 7.52 30.08
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 4.814 5.594 5.283
Level of Steel
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 8.56 17.12 7.48 14.96 6.4 12.8
Performance 1 4.5 4.5 6.44 6.44 8.88 8.88
Durability 4 5.48 21.92 6.51 26.04 7.5 30
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 6.946 6.271 5.969
Level of Bronze
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 6.04 12.08 5.5 11 5.32 10.64
Performance 1 4.41 4.41 6.3 6.3 8.68 8.68
Durability 4 5.5 22 6.49 25.96 7.48 29.92
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 6.441 5.853 5.725
Level of White Metal
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 7.48 14.96 7.3 14.6 7.12 14.24
Performance 1 4 4 5.74 5.74 7.97 7.97
Durability 4 5.5 22 6.49 25.96 7.51 30.04
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 6.688 6.157 6.026

Table C- 9. Sensitivity Analysis Trial 9

Level of Cast Iron
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 7.84 15.68 6.76 13.52 5.68 11.36
Performance 3 4.12 12.36 5.93 17.79 8.19 24.57
Durability 1 6.36 6.36 7.44 7.44 8.55 8.55
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 6.896 5.911 5.516
Level of Aluminum
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 6.76 13.52 6.4 12.8 6.04 12.08
Performance 3 1.1 3.3 1.79 5.37 2.66 7.98
Durability 1 1.9 1.9 6.52 6.52 7.52 7.52
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 5.328 4.505 3.826
Level of Steel
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 8.56 17.12 7.48 14.96 6.4 12.8
Performance 3 4.5 13.5 6.44 19.32 8.88 26.64
Durability 1 5.48 5.48 6.51 6.51 7.5 7.5
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 7.066 6.115 5.762
Level of Bronze
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 6.04 12.08 5.5 11 5.32 10.64
Performance 3 4.41 13.23 6.3 18.9 8.68 26.04
Durability 1 5.5 5.5 6.49 6.49 7.48 7.48
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 6.537 5.675 5.484
Level of White Metal
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 7.48 14.96 7.3 14.6 7.12 14.24
Performance 3 4 12 5.74 17.22 7.97 23.91
Durability 1 5.5 5.5 6.49 6.49 7.51 7.51
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 6.702 5.867 5.634

Table C- 10. Sensitivity Analysis Trial 10

Level of Cast Iron
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 7.84 15.68 6.76 13.52 5.68 11.36
Performance 3 4.12 12.36 5.93 17.79 8.19 24.57
Durability 4 6.36 25.44 7.44 29.76 8.55 34.2
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 6.212 6.616 7.28
Level of Aluminum
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 6.76 13.52 6.4 12.8 6.04 12.08
Performance 3 1.1 3.3 1.79 5.37 2.66 7.98
Durability 4 1.9 7.6 6.52 26.08 7.52 30.08
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 3.306 4.934 5.281
Level of Steel
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 8.56 17.12 7.48 14.96 6.4 12.8
Performance 3 4.5 13.5 6.44 19.32 8.88 26.64
Durability 4 5.48 21.92 6.51 26.04 7.5 30
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 6.118 6.541 7.211
Level of Bronze
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 6.04 12.08 5.5 11 5.32 10.64
Performance 3 4.41 13.23 6.3 18.9 8.68 26.04
Durability 4 5.5 22 6.49 25.96 7.48 29.92
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 5.595 6.095 6.927
Level of White Metal
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 7.48 14.96 7.3 14.6 7.12 14.24
Performance 3 4 12 5.74 17.22 7.97 23.91
Durability 4 5.5 22 6.49 25.96 7.51 30.04
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 5.76 6.287 7.086

Table C- 11. Sensitivity Analysis Trial 11

Level of Cast Iron
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 7.84 15.68 6.76 13.52 5.68 11.36
Performance 4 4.12 16.48 5.93 23.72 8.19 32.76
Durability 1 6.36 6.36 7.44 7.44 8.55 8.55
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 6.444 5.995 6.068
Level of Aluminum
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 6.76 13.52 6.4 12.8 6.04 12.08
Performance 4 1.1 4.4 1.79 7.16 2.66 10.64
Durability 1 1.9 1.9 6.52 6.52 7.52 7.52
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 4.574 4.175 3.825
Level of Steel
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 8.56 17.12 7.48 14.96 6.4 12.8
Performance 4 4.5 18 6.44 25.76 8.88 35.52
Durability 1 5.48 5.48 6.51 6.51 7.5 7.5
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 6.652 6.25 6.383
Level of Bronze
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 6.04 12.08 5.5 11 5.32 10.64
Performance 4 4.41 17.64 6.3 25.2 8.68 34.72
Durability 1 5.5 5.5 6.49 6.49 7.48 7.48
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 6.114 5.796 6.085
Level of White Metal
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 7.48 14.96 7.3 14.6 7.12 14.24
Performance 4 4 16 5.74 22.96 7.97 31.88
Durability 1 5.5 5.5 6.49 6.49 7.51 7.51
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 6.238 5.932 6.164

Table C- 12. Sensitivity Analysis Trial 12

Level of Cast Iron
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 7.84 15.68 6.76 13.52 5.68 11.36
Performance 4 4.12 16.48 5.93 23.72 8.19 32.76
Durability 3 6.36 19.08 7.44 22.32 8.55 25.65
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 5.988 6.465 7.244
Level of Aluminum
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 6.76 13.52 6.4 12.8 6.04 12.08
Performance 4 1.1 4.4 1.79 7.16 2.66 10.64
Durability 3 1.9 5.7 6.52 19.56 7.52 22.56
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 3.226 4.461 4.795
Level of Steel
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 8.56 17.12 7.48 14.96 6.4 12.8
Performance 4 4.5 18 6.44 25.76 8.88 35.52
Durability 3 5.48 16.44 6.51 19.53 7.5 22.5
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 6.02 6.534 7.349
Constraints Level of Bronze
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 6.04 12.08 5.5 11 5.32 10.64
Performance 4 4.41 17.64 6.3 25.2 8.68 34.72
Durability 3 5.5 16.5 6.49 19.47 7.48 22.44
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 5.486 6.076 7.047
Level of White Metal
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 2 7.48 14.96 7.3 14.6 7.12 14.24
Performance 4 4 16 5.74 22.96 7.97 31.88
Durability 3 5.5 16.5 6.49 19.47 7.51 22.53
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 5.61 6.212 7.132

Table C- 13. Sensitivity Analysis Trial 13

Level of Cast Iron
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 7.84 23.52 6.76 20.28 5.68 17.04
Performance 1 4.12 4.12 5.93 5.93 8.19 8.19
Durability 2 6.36 12.72 7.44 14.88 8.55 17.1
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 7.492 6.145 5.301
Level of Aluminum
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 6.76 20.28 6.4 19.2 6.04 18.12
Performance 1 1.1 1.1 1.79 1.79 2.66 2.66
Durability 2 1.9 3.8 6.52 13.04 7.52 15.04
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 5.974 5.439 4.65
Level of Steel
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 8.56 25.68 7.48 22.44 6.4 19.2
Performance 1 4.5 4.5 6.44 6.44 8.88 8.88
Durability 2 5.48 10.96 6.51 13.02 7.5 15
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 7.57 6.226 5.376
Level of Bronze
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 6.04 18.12 5.5 16.5 5.32 15.96
Performance 1 4.41 4.41 6.3 6.3 8.68 8.68
Durability 2 5.5 11 6.49 12.98 7.48 14.96
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 6.809 5.614 5.028
Level of White Metal
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 7.48 22.44 7.3 21.9 7.12 21.36
Performance 1 4 4 5.74 5.74 7.97 7.97
Durability 2 5.5 11 6.49 12.98 7.51 15.02
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 7.2 6.098 5.503

Table C- 14. Sensitivity Analysis Trial 14

Level of Cast Iron
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 7.84 23.52 6.76 20.28 5.68 17.04
Performance 1 4.12 4.12 5.93 5.93 8.19 8.19
Durability 4 6.36 25.44 7.44 29.76 8.55 34.2
Sustainability 2 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 7.9 7.124 6.744
Level of Aluminum
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 6.76 20.28 6.4 19.2 6.04 18.12
Performance 1 1.1 1.1 1.79 1.79 2.66 2.66
Durability 4 1.9 7.6 6.52 26.08 7.52 30.08
Sustainability 2 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 5.49 6.234 5.887
Level of Steel
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 8.56 25.68 7.48 22.44 6.4 19.2
Performance 1 4.5 4.5 6.44 6.44 8.88 8.88
Durability 4 5.48 21.92 6.51 26.04 7.5 30
Sustainability 2 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 7.802 7.019 6.609
Level of Bronze
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 6.04 18.12 5.5 16.5 5.32 15.96
Performance 1 4.41 4.41 6.3 6.3 8.68 8.68
Durability 4 5.5 22 6.49 25.96 7.48 29.92
Sustainability 2 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 7.045 6.403 6.257
Level of White Metal
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 7.48 22.44 7.3 21.9 7.12 21.36
Performance 1 4 4 5.74 5.74 7.97 7.97
Durability 4 5.5 22 6.49 25.96 7.51 30.04
Sustainability 2 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 7.436 6.887 6.738

Table C- 15. Sensitivity Analysis Trial 15

Level of Cast Iron
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 7.84 23.52 6.76 20.28 5.68 17.04
Performance 2 4.12 8.24 5.93 11.86 8.19 16.38
Durability 1 6.36 6.36 7.44 7.44 8.55 8.55
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 7.268 5.994 5.265
Level of Aluminum
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 6.76 20.28 6.4 19.2 6.04 18.12
Performance 2 1.1 2.2 1.79 3.58 2.66 5.32
Durability 1 1.9 1.9 6.52 6.52 7.52 7.52
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 5.894 4.966 4.164
Level of Steel
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 8.56 25.68 7.48 22.44 6.4 19.2
Performance 2 4.5 9 6.44 12.88 8.88 17.76
Durability 1 5.48 5.48 6.51 6.51 7.5 7.5
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 7.472 6.219 5.514
Level of Bronze
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 6.04 18.12 5.5 16.5 5.32 15.96
Performance 2 4.41 8.82 6.3 12.6 8.68 17.36
Durability 1 5.5 5.5 6.49 6.49 7.48 7.48
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 6.7 5.595 5.148
Level of White Metal
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 7.48 22.44 7.3 21.9 7.12 21.36
Performance 2 4 8 5.74 11.48 7.97 15.94
Durability 1 5.5 5.5 6.49 6.49 7.51 7.51
Sustainability 4 8.64 34.56 5.09 20.36 2.67 10.68
Total: 7.05 6.023 5.549

Table C- 16. Sensitivity Analysis Trial 16

Level of Cast Iron
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 7.84 23.52 6.76 20.28 5.68 17.04
Performance 2 4.12 8.24 5.93 11.86 8.19 16.38
Durability 4 6.36 25.44 7.44 29.76 8.55 34.2
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 6.584 6.699 7.029
Level of Aluminum
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 6.76 20.28 6.4 19.2 6.04 18.12
Performance 2 1.1 2.2 1.79 3.58 2.66 5.32
Durability 4 1.9 7.6 6.52 26.08 7.52 30.08
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 3.872 5.395 5.619
Level of Steel
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 8.56 25.68 7.48 22.44 6.4 19.2
Performance 2 4.5 9 6.44 12.88 8.88 17.76
Durability 4 5.48 21.92 6.51 26.04 7.5 30
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 6.524 6.645 6.963
Level of Bronze
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 6.04 18.12 5.5 16.5 5.32 15.96
Performance 2 4.41 8.82 6.3 12.6 8.68 17.36
Durability 4 5.5 22 6.49 25.96 7.48 29.92
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 5.758 6.015 6.591
Level of White Metal
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 7.48 22.44 7.3 21.9 7.12 21.36
Performance 2 4 8 5.74 11.48 7.97 15.94
Durability 4 5.5 22 6.49 25.96 7.51 30.04
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 6.108 6.443 7.001

Table C- 17. Sensitivity Analysis Trial 17

Level of Cast Iron
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 7.84 23.52 6.76 20.28 5.68 17.04
Performance 4 4.12 16.48 5.93 23.72 8.19 32.76
Durability 1 6.36 6.36 7.44 7.44 8.55 8.55
Sustainability 2 8.64 17.28 5.09 10.18 2.67 5.34
Total: 6.364 6.162 6.369
Level of Aluminum
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 6.76 20.28 6.4 19.2 6.04 18.12
Performance 4 1.1 4.4 1.79 7.16 2.66 10.64
Durability 1 1.9 1.9 6.52 6.52 7.52 7.52
Sustainability 2 8.64 17.28 5.09 10.18 2.67 5.34
Total: 4.386 4.306 4.162
Level of Steel
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 8.56 25.68 7.48 22.44 6.4 19.2
Performance 4 4.5 18 6.44 25.76 8.88 35.52
Durability 1 5.48 5.48 6.51 6.51 7.5 7.5
Sustainability 2 8.64 17.28 5.09 10.18 2.67 5.34
Total: 6.644 6.489 6.756
Level of Bronze
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 6.04 18.12 5.5 16.5 5.32 15.96
Performance 4 4.41 17.64 6.3 25.2 8.68 34.72
Durability 1 5.5 5.5 6.49 6.49 7.48 7.48
Sustainability 2 8.64 17.28 5.09 10.18 2.67 5.34
Total: 5.854 5.837 6.35
Level of White Metal
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 7.48 22.44 7.3 21.9 7.12 21.36
Performance 4 4 16 5.74 22.96 7.97 31.88
Durability 1 5.5 5.5 6.49 6.49 7.51 7.51
Sustainability 2 8.64 17.28 5.09 10.18 2.67 5.34
Total: 6.122 6.153 6.609

Table C- 18. Sensitivity Analysis Trial 18

Level of Cast Iron
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 7.84 23.52 6.76 20.28 5.68 17.04
Performance 4 4.12 16.48 5.93 23.72 8.19 32.76
Durability 2 6.36 12.72 7.44 14.88 8.55 17.1
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 6.136 6.397 6.957
Level of Aluminum
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 6.76 20.28 6.4 19.2 6.04 18.12
Performance 4 1.1 4.4 1.79 7.16 2.66 10.64
Durability 2 1.9 3.8 6.52 13.04 7.52 15.04
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 3.712 4.449 4.647
Level of Steel
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 8.56 25.68 7.48 22.44 6.4 19.2
Performance 4 4.5 18 6.44 25.76 8.88 35.52
Durability 2 5.48 10.96 6.51 13.02 7.5 15
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 6.328 6.631 7.239
Level of Bronze
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 6.04 18.12 5.5 16.5 5.32 15.96
Performance 4 4.41 17.64 6.3 25.2 8.68 34.72
Durability 2 5.5 11 6.49 12.98 7.48 14.96
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 5.54 5.977 6.831
Level of White Metal
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 3 7.48 22.44 7.3 21.9 7.12 21.36
Performance 4 4 16 5.74 22.96 7.97 31.88
Durability 2 5.5 11 6.49 12.98 7.51 15.02
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 5.808 6.293 7.093

Table C- 19. Sensitivity Analysis Trial 19

Level of Cast Iron
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 7.84 31.36 6.76 27.04 5.68 22.72
Performance 1 4.12 4.12 5.93 5.93 8.19 8.19
Durability 2 6.36 12.72 7.44 14.88 8.55 17.1
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 7.412 6.312 5.602
Level of Aluminum
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 6.76 27.04 6.4 25.6 6.04 24.16
Performance 1 1.1 1.1 1.79 1.79 2.66 2.66
Durability 2 1.9 3.8 6.52 13.04 7.52 15.04
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 5.786 5.57 4.987
Level of Steel
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 8.56 34.24 7.48 29.92 6.4 25.6
Performance 1 4.5 4.5 6.44 6.44 8.88 8.88
Durability 2 5.48 10.96 6.51 13.02 7.5 15
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 7.562 6.465 5.749
Level of Bronze
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 6.04 24.16 5.5 22 5.32 21.28
Performance 1 4.41 4.41 6.3 6.3 8.68 8.68
Durability 2 5.5 11 6.49 12.98 7.48 14.96
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 6.549 5.655 5.293
Level of White Metal
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 7.48 29.92 7.3 29.2 7.12 28.48
Performance 1 4 4 5.74 5.74 7.97 7.97
Durability 2 5.5 11 6.49 12.98 7.51 15.02
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 7.084 6.319 5.948
Table C- 20. Sensitivity Analysis Trial 20
Level of Cast Iron
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 7.84 31.36 6.76 27.04 5.68 22.72
Performance 1 4.12 4.12 5.93 5.93 8.19 8.19
Durability 3 6.36 19.08 7.44 22.32 8.55 25.65
Sustainability 2 8.64 17.28 5.09 10.18 2.67 5.34
Total: 7.184 6.547 6.19
Level of Aluminum
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 6.76 27.04 6.4 25.6 6.04 24.16
Performance 1 1.1 1.1 1.79 1.79 2.66 2.66
Durability 3 1.9 5.7 6.52 19.56 7.52 22.56
Sustainability 2 8.64 17.28 5.09 10.18 2.67 5.34
Total: 5.112 5.713 5.472
Level of Steel
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 8.56 34.24 7.48 29.92 6.4 25.6
Performance 1 4.5 4.5 6.44 6.44 8.88 8.88
Durability 3 5.48 16.44 6.51 19.53 7.5 22.5
Sustainability 2 8.64 17.28 5.09 10.18 2.67 5.34
Total: 7.246 6.607 6.232
Level of Bronze
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 6.04 24.16 5.5 22 5.32 21.28
Performance 1 4.41 4.41 6.3 6.3 8.68 8.68
Durability 3 5.5 16.5 6.49 19.47 7.48 22.44
Sustainability 2 8.64 17.28 5.09 10.18 2.67 5.34
Total: 6.235 5.795 5.774
Level of White Metal
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 7.48 29.92 7.3 29.2 7.12 28.48
Performance 1 4 4 5.74 5.74 7.97 7.97
Durability 3 5.5 16.5 6.49 19.47 7.51 22.53
Sustainability 2 8.64 17.28 5.09 10.18 2.67 5.34
Total: 6.77 6.459 6.432
Table C- 21. Sensitivity Analysis Trial 21
Level of Cast Iron
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 7.84 31.36 6.76 27.04 5.68 22.72
Performance 2 4.12 8.24 5.93 11.86 8.19 16.38
Durability 1 6.36 6.36 7.44 7.44 8.55 8.55
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 7.188 6.161 5.566
Level of Aluminum
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 6.76 27.04 6.4 25.6 6.04 24.16
Performance 2 1.1 2.2 1.79 3.58 2.66 5.32
Durability 1 1.9 1.9 6.52 6.52 7.52 7.52
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 5.706 5.097 4.501
Level of Steel
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 8.56 34.24 7.48 29.92 6.4 25.6
Performance 2 4.5 9 6.44 12.88 8.88 17.76
Durability 1 5.48 5.48 6.51 6.51 7.5 7.5
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 7.464 6.458 5.887
Level of Bronze
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 6.04 24.16 5.5 22 5.32 21.28
Performance 2 4.41 8.82 6.3 12.6 8.68 17.36
Durability 1 5.5 5.5 6.49 6.49 7.48 7.48
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 6.44 5.636 5.413
Level of White Metal
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 7.48 29.92 7.3 29.2 7.12 28.48
Performance 2 4 8 5.74 11.48 7.97 15.94
Durability 1 5.5 5.5 6.49 6.49 7.51 7.51
Sustainability 3 8.64 25.92 5.09 15.27 2.67 8.01
Total: 6.934 6.244 5.994
Table C- 22. Sensitivity Analysis Trial 22
Level of Cast Iron
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 7.84 31.36 6.76 27.04 5.68 22.72
Performance 2 4.12 8.24 5.93 11.86 8.19 16.38
Durability 3 6.36 19.08 7.44 22.32 8.55 25.65
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 6.732 6.631 6.742
Level of Aluminum
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 6.76 27.04 6.4 25.6 6.04 24.16
Performance 2 1.1 2.2 1.79 3.58 2.66 5.32
Durability 3 1.9 5.7 6.52 19.56 7.52 22.56
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 4.358 5.383 5.471
Level of Steel
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 8.56 34.24 7.48 29.92 6.4 25.6
Performance 2 4.5 9 6.44 12.88 8.88 17.76
Durability 3 5.48 16.44 6.51 19.53 7.5 22.5
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 6.832 6.742 6.853
Level of Bronze
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 6.04 24.16 5.5 22 5.32 21.28
Performance 2 4.41 8.82 6.3 12.6 8.68 17.36
Durability 3 5.5 16.5 6.49 19.47 7.48 22.44
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 5.812 5.916 6.375
Level of White Metal
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 7.48 29.92 7.3 29.2 7.12 28.48
Performance 2 4 8 5.74 11.48 7.97 15.94
Durability 3 5.5 16.5 6.49 19.47 7.51 22.53
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 6.306 6.524 6.962
Table C- 23. Sensitivity Analysis Trial 23
Level of Cast Iron
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 7.84 31.36 6.76 27.04 5.68 22.72
Performance 3 4.12 12.36 5.93 17.79 8.19 24.57
Durability 1 6.36 6.36 7.44 7.44 8.55 8.55
Sustainability 2 8.64 17.28 5.09 10.18 2.67 5.34
Total: 6.736 6.245 6.118
Level of Aluminum
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 6.76 27.04 6.4 25.6 6.04 24.16
Performance 3 1.1 3.3 1.79 5.37 2.66 7.98
Durability 1 1.9 1.9 6.52 6.52 7.52 7.52
Sustainability 2 8.64 17.28 5.09 10.18 2.67 5.34
Total: 4.952 4.767 4.5
Level of Steel
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 8.56 34.24 7.48 29.92 6.4 25.6
Performance 3 4.5 13.5 6.44 19.32 8.88 26.64
Durability 1 5.48 5.48 6.51 6.51 7.5 7.5
Sustainability 2 8.64 17.28 5.09 10.18 2.67 5.34
Total: 7.05 6.593 6.508
Level of Bronze
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 6.04 24.16 5.5 22 5.32 21.28
Performance 3 4.41 13.23 6.3 18.9 8.68 26.04
Durability 1 5.5 5.5 6.49 6.49 7.48 7.48
Sustainability 2 8.64 17.28 5.09 10.18 2.67 5.34
Total: 6.017 5.757 6.014
Level of White Metal
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 7.48 29.92 7.3 29.2 7.12 28.48
Performance 3 4 12 5.74 17.22 7.97 23.91
Durability 1 5.5 5.5 6.49 6.49 7.51 7.51
Sustainability 2 8.64 17.28 5.09 10.18 2.67 5.34
Total: 6.47 6.309 6.524

Table C- 24. Sensitivity Analysis Trial 24

Constraints Level of Cast Iron
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 7.84 31.36 6.76 27.04 5.68 22.72
Performance 3 4.12 12.36 5.93 17.79 8.19 24.57
Durability 2 6.36 12.72 7.44 14.88 8.55 17.1
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 6.508 6.48 6.706
Level of Aluminum
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 6.76 27.04 6.4 25.6 6.04 24.16
Performance 3 1.1 3.3 1.79 5.37 2.66 7.98
Durability 2 1.9 3.8 6.52 13.04 7.52 15.04
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 4.278 4.91 4.985
Level of Steel
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 8.56 34.24 7.48 29.92 6.4 25.6
Performance 3 4.5 13.5 6.44 19.32 8.88 26.64
Durability 2 5.48 10.96 6.51 13.02 7.5 15
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 6.734 6.735 6.991
Level of Bronze
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 6.04 24.16 5.5 22 5.32 21.28
Performance 3 4.41 13.23 6.3 18.9 8.68 26.04
Durability 2 5.5 11 6.49 12.98 7.48 14.96
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 5.703 5.897 6.495
Level of White Metal
Constraints
Importance 9in Radius 10in Radius 11in Radius
Economical 4 7.48 29.92 7.3 29.2 7.12 28.48
Performance 3 4 12 5.74 17.22 7.97 23.91
Durability 2 5.5 11 6.49 12.98 7.51 15.02
Sustainability 1 8.64 8.64 5.09 5.09 2.67 2.67
Total: 6.156 6.449 7.008

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