Measure of dispersion or variation:
Introduction:
The degree to which numerical data tend to spread about on
average value is called dispersion or variation.
Measure of dispersion or variation:
- Range. ( بةكارديَتungrouped data (تةنها بؤ
- The mean deviation.
- The variance & standard deviation.
- Coefficient of variation.
1) Range:
Range = maximum value – minimum value
Range = X max – X min
• Ex. A: Xi = 2, 20, 1, 18
Range = 20 – 1 → Range = 19
• Ex. B: Xi = 12, 7, 6, 1, 3, 15, 10, 18, 15, 2, 20
Range = 20 – 1 → Range = 19
➔ Now we can say the R (range) is equal in two groups (A,
B) but the deviate is deference in two groups, because the
deviate in group A more than group B.
2) The mean deviation:
A)Ungrouped data:
Let Xi = X1 , X2 ………Xn be a set of data then the mean
deviation is:
∑/𝐱𝐢−𝐗 ′ /
M.D = 𝐧
Ex: let Xi = 9, 8, 6, 5, 7 find the mean deviation (M.D)
∑/𝐱𝐢−𝐗 ′ / ∑ 𝐗𝐢
Sol: M.D = 𝐧
, 𝐗′ = 𝐧
𝟗+𝟖+𝟔+𝟓+𝟕
X' = → X' = 7
𝟓
∑/𝟗−𝟕/ + /𝟖−𝟕/ + /𝟔−𝟕/ + /𝟓−𝟕/ + /𝟕−𝟕/
M.D = 𝟓
𝟔
M.D = 𝟓 → M.D = 1.2
B) Grouped data:
If X1, X2, X3…………Xn are mid-point with frequency f1,
f2, f3……fn then mean deviation is:-
∑ 𝐅𝐢/𝐗 𝐢 −𝐗 ′ / ∑ 𝐅𝐢.𝐗𝐢
M.D = ∑ 𝐅𝐢
, 𝐗′ = ∑ 𝐅𝐢
Ex:
Class Fi Xi Fi.Xi (Xi – X') Fi /Xi – X'/
60 – 62 5 61 305 -6.45 32.25
63 – 65 18 64 1150 -3.45 62.1
66 – 68 42 67 2814 -0.45 18.9
69 – 71 27 70 1890 2.55 68.85
72 - 74 8 73 584 5.55 44
∑ 𝐅𝐢 =100 ∑ 𝐅𝐢. 𝐗𝐢 = 𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟓 ∑ 𝐅𝐢/𝐗𝐢 − 𝐗′ /= 𝟐𝟐𝟓. 𝟗
∑ 𝐅𝐢/𝐗 𝐢 −𝐗 ′ / ∑ 𝐅𝐢.𝐗𝐢
Sol: M.D = ∑ 𝐅𝐢
, 𝐗′ = ∑ 𝐅𝐢
𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟓
𝐗′ = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
→ X' = 67.45
∑ 𝐅𝐢/𝐗 𝐢 −𝐗 ′ / 𝟐𝟐𝟓.𝟗
M.D = ∑ 𝐅𝐢
→ M.D = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
→ M.D = 2.259
3) The variation & Standard deviation:
The variance of a set of value is a measure of variation
equal to the square of the standard deviation and
denoted by (S2).
A)Ungrouped data:
Ex: Xi = 2, 3, 4, 5 find the variance for this data.
2 ∑(𝐗𝐢−𝐗 ′ )𝟐 ∑ 𝐗𝐢
S = 𝐧−𝟏
, 𝐗′ = 𝐧
Sol:
∑ 𝐗𝐢 𝟏𝟒
𝐗′ = → X' = = 3.5
𝐧 𝟒
2 (𝟐−𝟑.𝟓)𝟐 +(𝟑−𝟑.𝟓)𝟐 +(𝟒−𝟑.𝟓)𝟐 +(𝟓−𝟑.𝟓)𝟐
S =
𝟒−𝟏
𝟓
S2 = 𝟑
→ S2 = 1.66 .: variance = 1.66
The standard deviation of a set of sample value is a measure of
variation of value about the mean. It is a type of average
deviation of value from the mean that’s calculated by using:
∑(𝐗𝐢−𝐗 ) ′ 𝟐
√𝐒𝟐 = S.d = √ 𝐧−𝟏
Short method:
∑(𝐗𝐢)𝟐
∑ 𝐗𝐢𝟐 −
S2 = 𝐧−𝟏
𝐧
Xi 9 6 8 5 7 ∑ 𝑿𝒊 = 𝟑𝟓
Xi2 81 36 64 25 49 ∑ 𝐗𝐢𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟓
∑(𝐗𝐢)𝟐 (𝟑𝟓)𝟐
∑ 𝐗𝐢𝟐 − 𝟐𝟓𝟓 −
S2 = 𝐧−𝟏
𝐧
→ S2 = 𝟓−𝟏
𝟓
𝟐𝟓𝟓−𝟐𝟒𝟓
S2 = 𝟒
→ S2 = 2.5 → variance = 2.5
S.d = √𝟐. 𝟓 → S.d = 1.58
→ Standard deviation = 1.58
B) Grouped data:
∑(𝐅𝐢.𝐗𝐢)𝟐
∑ 𝐅𝐢.𝐗𝐢𝟐 −
∑ 𝐅𝐢
S2 = ∑ 𝐅𝐢−𝟏
∑(𝐅𝐢.𝐗𝐢)𝟐
∑ 𝐅𝐢.𝐗𝐢𝟐 −
S.d = √ ∑ 𝐅𝐢−𝟏
∑ 𝐅𝐢
Ex: complete the variance and standard deviation for the
following frequency distribution table:
Class Fi Xi (Xi)2 Fi (Xi)2 Fi.Xi
60 – 62 5 61 3721 18605 305
63 – 65 18 64 4096 73728 1150
66 – 68 42 67 4489 188538 2814
69 – 71 27 70 4900 132300 1890
72 - 74 8 73 5329 42632 584
∑ 𝐅𝐢 =100 ∑ 𝐅𝐢(Xi)2 ∑ 𝐅𝐢. 𝐗𝐢
= 𝟒𝟓𝟓𝟖𝟎𝟑 = 𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟓
(𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟓)𝟐
𝟒𝟓𝟓𝟖𝟎𝟑−
𝟏𝟎𝟎
S2 = S2 = 8.61
𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟏
S.d = √𝟖. 𝟔𝟏 → S.d = 2.93
∑ 𝐅𝐢.(𝐗𝐢−𝐗 ′ )𝟐
Another way: - → S2 = ∑ 𝐅𝐢−𝟏
Class Fi Xi (Xi – X') (Xi - X')2 Fi.Xi Fi(Xi - X')2
60 – 62 5 61 -6.45 41.6 305 208
63 – 65 18 64 -3.45 11.9 1150 214.2
66 – 68 42 67 -0.45 0.2 2814 8.4
69 – 71 27 70 2.55 6.5 1890 175.5
72 – 74 8 73 5.55 30.8 584 246.4
∑ 𝐅𝐢 =100 ∑ 𝐅𝐢. 𝐗𝐢 ∑. = 𝟖𝟓𝟐. 𝟓
= 𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟓
∑ 𝐅𝐢.𝐗𝐢 𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟓
𝐗′ = ∑ 𝐅𝐢
→ 𝐗′ = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
→ X' = 67.45
∑ 𝐅𝐢.(𝐗𝐢−𝐗 ′ )𝟐 𝟖𝟓𝟐.𝟓
S2 = ∑ 𝐅𝐢−𝟏
→ S2 = → S2 = 8.61
𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟏
S .d = √𝟖. 𝟔𝟏 = 2.93
4) Coefficient of variation:
𝐒
C.V = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐗′
𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐝𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Coefficient of variation =
𝐀𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧
Ex: the result of final examination in statistics & programming were as
follow:
Statistics Programming
X' 78 73
S 8.0 7.6
Which subject has higher dispersion
𝐒
Sol: C.V = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐗′
𝟖.𝟎
Statistics =
𝟕𝟖
∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 10.25%
𝟕.𝟔
Programming = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 10.41%
𝟕𝟑
Programming has higher than statistics
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Standardized Scores:
𝐗𝐢−𝐗 ′
Z=
𝐒
Ex: The result of the student in final examination in two subjects was as
follow:
Student mark X' (for class) S (for class)
Math 90 82 16
Statistics 84 76 10
In which subject the ability of the student it was better?
𝐗𝐢−𝐗 ′ 𝟗𝟎−𝟖𝟐
Math: Z=
𝐒
→ Z= 𝟏𝟔
→ Z = 0.5
𝐗𝐢−𝐗 ′ 𝟖𝟒−𝟕𝟔
Statistics: Z=
𝐒
→ Z= 𝟏𝟎
→ Z = 0.8
In statistics the ability of student is better.
