EE/EP/EU_22626_UEE_CO2_LO1

Utilization of Electrical Energy

MSBTE lead: Learning at your door step

CO2
Electric Heating and
welding systems
CO2_LO1

Explain with sketches and broad

specifications working principle of
the specified Electrical heating
system
contents
• Direct and Indirect resistance heating
• Classification of Electric heating.
• Working principle of resistance heating
• Working principle of Arc heating
• Working principle of induction heating
• Working principle of Dielectric heating
• Working principle of eddy current heating
Concept Map of Electric heating system

Induction
heating

Dielectric Resistance
heating heating
Electric
heating

Eddy
Arc
current
heating
heating
Learning objective/ key learning
• Know the concept of Electric heating.

• Know working principle of specified Electric heating systems.

• Know about Direct and Indirect resistance heating.

What is Electric Heating?
• Electrical heating is a process in which Electrical energy is converted
to Heat energy.
• Different effects of Electric current like heating effect ,Induction
effect, Eddy current generation, arc production are utilized to produce
Electric heating.
• The Electrical Heating methods are advanced and as compared to
conventional heating due to advancements in power electronics and
control systems ,control of electric heating is easy, accurate and
precise.
.Resistance heating
• Direct resistance heating is based on the flow of an electrical current
through the body to be heated. As per joule’s law heat developed is
I2Rt.
• It consist of two types
• Direct Resistance heating
• Indirect Resistance heating
Direct Resistance heating
• In the direct resistance heating, the electric current passes through
the charge itself. This current produces I2R losses in the form of heat
within the body itself. This principle is used in heating water by means
of an electrode boiler.
Indirect Resistance heating
• In the indirect resistance heating, the current does not flow
through the body to be heated, but it flows through the resistance
elements which get heated up. The heat is then transferred from the
heating element to the charge mainly by radiation
 Induction heating
Induction heating is defined as the process of heating an electrically
conducting object (usually a metal) by electromagnetic induction,
through heat generated in the object by eddy currents.

In induction heating when an alternating voltage applied to an induction

coil (e.g., solenoid coil) will result in an alternating current in the coil
circuit. An alternating coil current will produce in its surroundings a
time-variable magnetic field that has the same frequency as the coil
current. That magnetic field strength depends on the current flowing in
the induction coil, the coil geometry, and the distance from the coil. The
changing magnetic field induces eddy currents in the workpiece located
inside the coil. These induced currents have the same frequency as the
coil current; however, their direction is opposite to the coil current.
Arc Heating
• The principle of arc heating is that arc is generated by applying
breakdown voltage between two electrodes is used for heating. The
arc is struck and current flows from one electrode to other in form of
arc.
• It has two types can be up to 1800 degree celcius.
1. Direct arc heating
2. Indirect arc heating
Direct Arc Heating
• An arc is struck between the electrode and job that is to be heated.
• Arc drawn between two electrodes produces heat and has a
temperature between 1,000 °C and 3,500 °C depending on the
material of the electrodes used. The use of this principle is made in
electric arc furnaces.
Indirect Arc heating
The arc is made to struck between two electrodes and heat is
passed on to the job that is to be [Link] temperature is
lower than the direct arc furnace. So indirect arc furnaces are
suitable for melting metals having lower melting points.
Induction heating
• Alternating eddy currents induced in the workpiece produce
their own magnetic fields, which have opposite directions in
the direction of the main magnetic field of the coil. A
conventional induction heating system is shown in Figure.

Figure.
Dielectric heating
A dielectric material has positively and negatively charged ions. If
we place such material between two electrodes and charge them
positive and negative, respectively, the molecules will tend to line up all
in one direction Fig 1.

In fig 2
When we apply a high-frequency voltage
across a material during the dielectric
heating, its molecules line up again and
again. In doing so, they rub against one
another and produces frictional heating.
As the frequency of reversal of the field
(i.e., supply frequency) is very high, a
large amount of heat is produced.
Eddy current heating
• The eddy current loss is primarily responsible for the production of
heat, but hysteresis loss also contributes to it, though to a little
extent, in the case of magnetic materials.
• Since the eddy current loss is proportional to the square of the
product of supply frequency and flux density, therefore, by controlling
the frequency and the flux density the amount of heat can be
controlled.
Quiz
1. Hysteresis loss and eddy current loss are used in
a. Resistance heating b. Induction heating c. Dielectric heating d. Arc heating
Ans: b
2. In direct arc furnace which of the following has highest value?
a. Current b. Voltage c. Power factor d. All of the above
Ans: a
3. ......... Is used for heating non-conducting materials

a. Resistance heating b. Induction heating c. Dielectric heating d. Arc heating

Ans: c
Conclusion
• We have learnt various types of Electric heating and principle of
various types of Electric heating with sketches..
References
• A book “Arts and science of Utilization of Electrical Energy” byH
Partab from Dhanpat Rai and son’s publications.
EE/EP/EU_22626_UEE_CO2_LO2
Utilization of Electrical Energy

MSBTE lead: Learning at your door step

CO2
Electric Heating and
welding systems
CO2_LO2

Describe with sketches construction

of the specified electric furnace.
contents
• Construction of Arc Furnaces
• Construction of Direct Arc furnace
• Construction of Indirect arc furnace
• Construction of Direct core type Induction Furnaces
• Construction of vertical core type or ajax wyatt Furnaces
• Construction of coreless type Induction Furnaces
Learning objective/ key learning
• Know the concept of Electric Arc furnaces.

• Know about core type, vertical core and coreless type furnace.
Concept map

Ajax wyatt
furnace
Core less type
of induction Direct arc
furnace furnace

Electric
furnace
Direct core Indirect arc
type furnace furnace
Electric furnaces
• Furnace is a device used for high temperature heating. The heat
energy to the furnace may be supplied Electrically by resistance
heating, Induction heating, arc heating, Dielectric heating etc.
• Furnace is a equipment used to melt the metals for
1. Casting
2. Changing shape of metals
3. For heat treatment
4. Extraction of metal from ore
5. Metal refinaries
Resistance Furnace
.
Construction of direct Arc heating
In a direct arc furnace, shown in Fig. 5.4, the arc is
formed between the electrodes and the charge and
heat is transmitted to the charge solely by radiation.
Direct Arc furnace
• In case of a single phase arc furnace two electrodes are taken
vertically downward through the roof of the furnace to the surface of
the charge and in a 3- phase furnace three electrodes put at the
corners of an equilateral triangle, project on the charge through the
roof and three arcs are formed. The current passing through the
charge develops electromagnetic field and necessary stirring action is
automatically obtained by it. Thus uniform heating is obtained.
• It is commonly used for production of steel. The usually size of such a
furnace is between 5 and 10 tonnes, though 50 and 100 tonne arc
furnaces have also been developed.
Indirect Arc Furnace
• In this case arc is formed between two electrodes above the charge,
as shown in Fig. 5.5 and heat is transmitted to the charge solely by
radiation.
Indirect Arc furnace
• Since in this furnace current does not flow through the charge,
there is no stirring action and the furnace is required to be rocked
mechanically. That is why the furnace is made of cylindrical shape, with
the electrodes projecting through the chamber from each end and
along the horizontal axis.
• By rocking action there is thorough mixing of the charge. The life of
the refractory lining also increases since the molten metal comes in
contact with the lining and takes away some of its heat thus
preventing it from attaining excessive temperature. The efficiency is
increased because the charge is heated not only by radiation from the
arc but by conduction from the heated refractory during rocking
action.
 Induction Furnace
An induction furnace is an electrical Furnace in which the heat is
applied by induction heating of metal. Induction furnace capacities
range from less than one kilogram to one hundred tonnes, and are used
to melt iron and steel, copper, aluminium and precious metals.
An induction furnace consists of a nonconductive crucible holding the
charge of metal to be melted, surrounded by a coil of copper wire. A
powerful alternating current flows through the wire. The coil creates a
rapidly reversing magnetic field that penetrates the metal. The magnetic
field induces eddy currents, circular electric currents, inside the metal,
by electromagnetic induction. The eddy currents, flowing through
the electrical resistance of the bulk metal, heat it by Joule heating.
construction of Core Induction Furnace
3.12 shows a core type furnace. Core type furnace is essentially a
transformer with the charge of metal to be heated as single turn short
circuited secondary and magnetically coupled to the primary winding
by iron core.
• he current flowing through the charge is very high may be of the
order of several thousand amperes.
From the figure it is clear that the
coupling is loose and leakage reactance
is high hence the power factor is low.
To overcome this difficulty, this furnace
is operated at a very low frequency say
10 Hz
Ajax Wyatt Furnace or Vertical Core Furnace
This furnace is very suitable for
continuous operation and it can
be operated on normal supply
frequency i.e. 50 Hz. The core is
made of laminated steel and the
secondary circuit is formed by
single turn of molten metal.
The charge is given from above
and the molten metal is taken out
through the spout
Quiz
1. Which of the following device is necessarily required for automatic
temperature control in a furnace?
a. Thermocouple b. Thermostat c. Autotransformer d. Heating elements of
variable resistance material
Ans: b
2. Furnaces used for cremation use
a. Resistance heating b. Induction heating c. Dielectric heating d. Arc heating
Ans: a
3. Which of the following is the ideal method of heating plastics?
a. Oil fired furnace b. Resistance furnace heating [Link] heating
d. Coal-fired furnace
Ans: c
Conclusion
• We have learnt various types of Electric heating and principle of
various types of Electric heating with sketches..
EE/EP/EU_22626_UEE_CO2_LO3
Utilization of Electrical Energy

MSBTE lead: Learning at your door step

CO2
Electric Heating and
welding systems
CO2_LO3

Recommend the relevant heating

system for given application with
justification.
contents
• Applications like
• Cooking, drying, ironing, cremation, etc
• Melting of Metals like copper, brass, good etc.
• Vacuum heating of precious metals.
• Food processing, drying of foods, wood processing industries, cotton
industries, rubber vulcanizing etc
• Surface hardening, Annealing, soldering etc.
Concept Map of applications of Electric
heating system
Heating
elements

Industrial Heat treatment

processes of metals

Heating
system

Resistance ovens Drying wet

cooking heaters paints on an
object
Learning objective/ key learning
• Know the Applications of Electric heating.

• Know relevant Electric heating systems for particular applications.

Cooking, drying, ironing, cremation, etc

• Electric resistance heating is suitable for all above applications.

• Electric resistance heaters all operate on the same principle as
resistance heating method. Current passes through a wire with high
electrical resistance, generating heat in the process. The amount of
heat generated depends on the wire resistance and the voltage.
• In an oven where wire resistances are employed for heating,
temperature up to about 1,000°C can be obtained.
. Melting of Metals like copper, brass, gold etc.

• Induction type of heating is applicable .

• Induction heating works better on specific metals due to additional
heating mechanisms. For instance, induction can heat ferrous metals
better than other materials. That is because the iron crystals in
ferrous metals can be repeatedly magnetized and demagnetized by
the alternating magnetic field. This will lead to hysteresis losses in
addition to the normal induction heating
• The currents that heat the material are induced via electromagnetic
induction. Therefore, it could be a non-contact heating process.
Accordingly, only those with high electric conductivity, such as copper,
gold, and aluminum, can be directly heated via induction. Food items
are then heated by the metals.
Vacuum heating of precious metals

• The high-frequency noble metal melting furnace is [Link]

high-frequency precious metal melting furnace comprises a
furnace body, a hearth in the furnace body and an electric
heating induction ring arranged on the outside of the
furnace body, The utility model has the innovation point that
the inner side of the furnace
Salt Bath furnace
• Salt Bath Furnace is a device for the heating or cooling of work by
immersing it in a liquid consisting of fused salts of the proper
composition for the purpose intended. The salts may be heated by
electrical or gas-fired means.
• The operating principle of the electrode type salt bath furnace is to
generate heat directly in the salt by utilizing its resistance to the
passage of current.
• It consist of cylindrical Insulated chamber for heating, Electrodes are
provided inside the chamber which are immersed in the salt bath
portion,supply to electrode is given through the transformer.
Salt bath furnace
Salt bath furnace
Applications of salt bath furnace
• Neutral Hardening – Hardening of the work without oxidation or scaling
and without addition or subtraction of carbon from the steel.
• High Speed Steel Tool Hardening – An exacting operation that requires up
to 4 furnaces and temperatures of 2200-2400°F.
• Annealing – A process to increase the ductility and reduce the hardness of
a metal. Due to their high heat retention, salt baths are better at anneals
of low, medium, and high carbon wire and rod, also stainless steel and
nickel chrome alloys.
• Cleaning – Thermal salt baths may be used to remove a variety of materials
and contaminants from metal parts, including adhesives, paint, plastic, oil
and grease, and much more.
• Solution Treating of Aluminum – Solution heat treatments significantly
extend the age hardening time of aluminum components, ensuring
workpieces can be manipulated for a much longer period of time.
Quiz
1. Hysteresis loss and eddy current loss are used in
a. Resistance heating b. Induction heating c. Dielectric heating d. Arc heating
Ans: b
2. Hysteresis loss and eddy current loss is used in
. Resistance heating b. Induction heating c. Dielectric heating d. Arc heating
Ans: c
3. ......... Is used for heating non-conducting materials

a. Resistance heating b. Induction heating c. Dielectric heating d. Arc heating

Ans: c
Conclusion
• We have learnt applications that employ various types of Electric
heating.
EE/EP/EU_22626_UEE_CO2_LO4
Utilization of Electrical Energy

MSBTE lead: Learning at your door step

CO2
Electric Heating and
welding systems
CO2_LO4

Explain with sketches and broad

specifications working principle of
the specified Electrical heating
system
contents
• Requirements of resistance heating element material.
• Methods of temperature control.
• Design of heating element.
• Materials used as heating element.
Concept Map of Electric heating system

Stephan’s law

Temperature
High melting
control
point
Heating
element
Corrosion of
electric heating High specific
elements resistance
Learning objective/ key learning
• Know the concept of heating elements.

• Requirements and properties of heating element.

• Know about Design of heating element.

Requirements of heating element
• It should have high resistivity so that a small length of wire is required
to produce a given amount of heat.
• It should have high melting point so that high temperature may be
obtained.
• It should not oxidize at high temperature to ensure long life.
.Properties of heating element
• High melting point.
• Free from oxidation in open atmosphere.
• High tensile strength.
• Sufficient ductility to draw the metal or alloy in the form of wire.
• High resistivity.
• Low temperature coefficient of resistance.
 Design of heating element
• The temperature of the heating element at the initial stage will
increase gradually but after sometimes it attain a constant
temperature. At this instant the heat dissipated from the surface of the
element is equal to the input of electrical energy.
• H= heat dissipated
• l= length of the coil
• d= diameter of the coil
Heat dissipated according to Stefan’s Law,

ρ = The specific resistance of wire material

Equating equations (i) and (ii) we get,

Solving equations (iii) and (iv) length and diameter of wire
can be calculated.
Causes of Failure of Heating Elements:
• 1. Formation of Hot Spot:
Hot spots are the points in the heating element which are formed at higher
temperature. One of the reasons of formation of hot spot in heating element is
high rate of local oxidation that may reduce the element cross-section, thereby
increasing the resistance at that spot and produces more heat locally and causing
breakdown the element.
• The other causes are wrong fuse material, may result in sagging and wrapping of
the material.
• 2. Contamination and Corrosion:
Gases of the controlled atmosphere prevailing in annealing furnace or fumes from
flux used in brazing furnaces or oil fumes caused by heat treatment of components
contaminated with lubricant contaminate the elements and produce dry corrosion.
Quiz
1. For heating element high resistivity material is chosen to
a. Reduce the length of heating element b. Increase the life of the heating
element
c. Reduce the effect of oxidation d. Producing large amount of heat

Ans:a
2. In resistance heating highest working temperature is obtained from heating
elements made of
a. Nickel copper b. Nichrome c. Silicon carbide d. Silver
Ans: c
3. Which of the following heating methods has maximum power factor ?
a. Arc heating b. Dielectric heating c. Induction heating d. Resistance heating

Ans: d
Conclusion
• We have learnt design of heating element and details related to
heating element.
EE/EP/EU_22626_UEE_CO2_LO5

Utilization of Electrical Energy

MSBTE lead: Learning at your door step

CO2
Electric Heating and
welding systems
CO2_LO5

Select the relevant welding system for a specified

application with justification
contents
• Classification of welding system.
• Working Principle of resistance welding and its types.
• Working Principle of Arc welding and its types.
• Types of Electrodes.
• Welding Transformer.
• Safety precautions.
Concept Map of Electric heating system
Learning objective/ key learning
• Know the concept of welding system.

• Know the types and properties of good weld.

• Know the applications of Metal and carbon arc welding.

Concept of Electric welding
• Electric welding is the joining of metal using an electrical arc and a
filler metal stick electrode or wire.
• Basically there are two types of welding.
• Resistance welding is the joining of metals by applying pressure and
passing current for a length of time through the metal area which is
to be joined. The key advantage of resistance welding is that no other
materials are needed to create the bond, which makes this process
extremely cost effective.
Arc Welding
• Applications of arc welding:
• Shipbuilding
• Automotive industries
• Construction industries
• Mechanical industries
Arc welding is a method of joining metals accomplished by
applying sufficient electrical pressure to an electrode to
maintain a current path(arc) between the electrode and the work piece.
In this process, electrical energy is changed into heat energy, bringing
the metals to a molten state; whereby they are joined. The electrode
(conductor) is either melted and added to the base metal or remains in its
solid state.
.
Resistance Welding
• This type of welding can be widely used within automotive
industries, making of nut as well as a bolt
• Spot welding (also known as resistance spot welding) is a
resistance welding process. This welding process is used
primarily for welding two or more metal sheets together by
applying pressure and heat from an electric current to the weld
area.
Seam Welding
• Seam welding is used to generate leak prove joint necessary within
little tanks, boilers, etc.
• seam welding a series of overlapping nuggets is produced, usually by
replacing the conventional spot welding electrodes by wheels that
turn as the parts to be welded are fed between them. The process
thus produces a continuous leaktight seam.

• Resistance seam welding has the advantage of creating clear welds

with no gas formation or welding fume. There is also no need to use
filler materials to make the join, which can be made to be both gas
and liquid tight, offering a number of applications.
Butt/upset resistance welding
• Resistance butt welding is used for end joining of rods, tubes, bars
and similar other sections. However, an important application of this
process is the large scale production of tubes and pipes at a high rate
of production and the process is then referred to as resistance butt-
seam welding or simply as electric resistance welding
• The two pieces are pressed together firmly after the desired welding
temperature of 870 to 925°C is reached. The pressing action which
results in the increase in lateral dimension of the workpieces is called
upsetting. Upsetting takes place both during and after the current
flow. The upsetting action results in welding of end faces with
squeezing of a part of the softened metal to form a fin, which can be
removed later, if required, by machining.
Projection welding
• Projection Welding is most commonly used when special nuts, small fasteners, special bolts, studs
and similar parts are used as projection on the portion of the part to be welded.
Projection Welding is also used for welding parts of refrigerator, condensers, refrigerator racks,
grills, etc
Apart from that, projection welding is used in automobile workshops, ship building works
and sheet metalworking.
• Projection welding is a resistance weld where
the design or shape of the part is used to make
discreet individual point contacts to concentrate
the current during the welding process. In most
• applications multiple small projections are formed
• on one surface of the parts to be welded.
Metal arc welding
• Used for most types of sheet metal welding
• Fabrication of pressure vessels and steel structures
• Automotive industry and home improvement
• industry
• Metal inert gas welding is another welding method that uses an
electric arc to create welds. However, MIG uses a continuous
solid wire electrode, which is heated and fed into the weld pool
from a welding gun. The two base materials are melted
together, forming a join
Gas welding
• Applications are
• Fabrication of sheet metal
• Automobile and aircraft industries
• Joining ferrous and non-ferrous metals
• Joining thin metals
• As Gas welding uses the heat from a concentrated flame
to melt metals and then join them. Gas welding is possible with
or without filler metal
Electrodes of Arc welding

• Electrodes are the main part which touches the job and supply
is made on, then electrode is separated from job so that arc is
struck and circuit turns out to be almost short circuit path.
• Two electrodes mainly carbon and graphite.
• The carbon electrode is a non-filler metal electrode used in
arc welding or cutting, consisting of a carbon graphite rod
which may or may not be coated with copper or other coatings.
• Graphite electrode is preferred as it has longer life and has low
resistance
Welding Transformer
• It consists of a transformer (single-or three-phase)
and a rectifier unit as shown in Fig. Such a unit has
no moving parts, hence it has a long life. The only
moving part is the fan for cooling the transformer.
But this fan is not the basic part of the electrical system.
Fig. shows a single-phase full-wave rectifier circuit of the
welder. Silicon diodes are used for converting a.c. into d.c.
These diodes are hermetically sealed and are almost
ageless because they maintain rectifying characteristics indefinitely.
Safety precautions
• All safety related instructions to be displaced at appropriate places of
welding
• Proper training should be provided to worker at the site.
• The equipment used for welding should be standard equipment.
• Earthing must be provided as per standards.
• Welding suit, gloves, helmets, goggles, glasses, shoes should be used
while welding process.
• Metal drums, metal ladder should not be used for climbing the
welding work.
• More than one person should be present for welding work.
Quiz
1. In arc welding, the temperature of the arc is of the order of
a.100° C b. 1000° C
c. 3500° C d. 35000° C
Ans: c
2. Arc can be produced by
a. AC current only b. DC current only
c. Either AC or DC current d. All of the above
Ans: c
3. Steel pipes are manufactured by
a. Arc welding b. Thermit welding
c. Resistance welding d. Argon arc welding
Ans: c
Conclusion
• We have learnt the concept of welding system.

• We have learnt the types and properties of good weld.

• We came to Know about Metal and carbon arc welding.

References

• Book ‘Arts and Science of Utilization of Electrical energy by H Partab

Dhanpat rai and sons new Delhi publications
• [Link]
welding.
• [Link]
EE/EP/EU_22626_UEE_CO2_LO6

Utilization of Electrical Energy

MSBTE lead: Learning at your door step

CO2
Electric Heating and
welding systems
CO2_LO6

Describe the procedure to maintain the given type of

heating and welding system
contents
• Maintenance of Electric oven.
• Maintenance of Electric furnaces.
• Maintenance of Welding transformer.
• Maintenance of Electrodes.
Concept Map of maintenance of Electric
heating and welding system
Maintenance
of Welding
machine

Maintenance Maintenance
of electric of Welding
oven Heating transformer

and
welding

Maintenance Maintenance
of electrodes of arc
Learning objective/ key learning
• Know the maintenance of Electric heating oven.

• Know the maintenance of Electric furnaces.

• Know the maintenance of welding equipment.

Maintenance of Electric oven

Oven is an investment and should be

maintained. This means performing routine
maintenance that will give the best
performance for an extended amount of time.
Maintenance of Electric oven
Maintenance of oven should be done as follows
[Link] Use of Oven's Self-Cleaning Feature.
[Link] Oven Regularly.
[Link]'t Remove Oven's Knobs.
[Link] and Replace Gas Line.
[Link] Unplug Oven When You Clean.
[Link] Element (Burners) Regularly.
[Link] Care When Baking.
[Link]'t Forget to Clean Racks.
 Maintenance of Electric Furnace
• Electric furnace requires yearly maintenance
• Electric furnace uses a blower fan and motor to send air
through the heating elements and then into the ventilation
system. In most central systems, this same blower fan works
with the AC, and so it undergoes a great deal of stress during
the year. Maintenance checks the blower fan and motor to see
they aren’t damaged or wearing down. Lubricating and cleaning
the motor are important parts of maintenance.
• Checking the heating elements—the parts of the furnace that
heat up with electric current in order to transfer heat to the air—
is also a key part of maintaining the furnace. The elements may
need cleaning, their connections tightened, or broken ones
Maintenance of Electric Furnace
• The heating elements also known as heat strips typically have
multiple “sets” of strip heating controlled by relays and
sequencers. It’s not uncommon for one or two sets of strip heat
to fail while others still work. This issue often goes undetected
and causes the heat to run much longer than necessary to
warm your home, costing you money and comfort. If this
problem is not fixed since electric furnace was installed then it
will cost heavily for maintenance!
• There are many other crucial steps, such as checking the
thermostat calibration and changing the filter. All go toward
ensuring you have an electric furnace you can depend on and
which won’t cost you extra money this coming winter
Maintenance of welding machine
• Welding machines must be blown out regularly
to maintain reliable performance.
[Link] sources. Approximately every six months use clean, dry air to
blow out the inside of the machine.
[Link] bank testing.
[Link] connections, cables and electrode holders.
[Link].
[Link] and liners.
[Link] rolls.
[Link] coolers.
[Link] hoses.
Quiz
1. Distortion in welding occurs due to......
a. Use of excessive current b. Improper clamping methods
c. Use of wrong electrodes d. Oxidation of weld pool

Ans:b
2. Arc stability is better with.......
a. AC welding b. DC welding c. Both AC with DC welding [Link] designed wave forms
Ans: a
3. In arc welding, if arc is too long, it will result in.......

a. Electrode sticking to the base metal and base metal not melting and bead resting on top of the
work, leading to poor fusion and gas and slag holes
b. Formation of large globules in an irregular pattern because of wandering of arc, leading of poor
fusion with base petal
c. Arc extinction d. Operator hazard
Ans: b
Conclusion
• We have learnt the maintenance of Electric heating oven.

• We have learnt the maintenance of Electric furnaces.

• We have learnt the maintenance of welding equipment.

References
• Book of “ Arts and Science of Utilization of Electrical energy by H
partab by Dhanpat Rai and sons new delhi Publications.
• [Link]
welding
• [Link]
pe+of+electric+oven&oq=&aqs=chrome.1.35i39i362l8...8.134183310
1j0j15&s