STEEL DESIGN FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES
EULER'S CRITICAL LOAD AND STRESS B. BENDING OF BASE PLATE
For Hinged-Ended Columns:
For Fixed - Ended Columns: where:
where:
kL/r = max. effective slenderness ratio SHEARING STRESS OF BEAMS
k = effective length factor 1. Maximum Web Shear Stress
k = 1 for columns hinged at both sides
k = 0.50 fixed-fixed k = 0.70 hinged-fixed
COLUMN BASE PLATE:
A. BEARING ON CONCRETE
Actual/Applied Bearing stress: where:
V = max. shear force
d = depth of the beam
tw = web thickness
where:
P = column load (kN)
Ap = contact surface between the base plate and
conc. pedestal
Maximum Allowable compressive stress of conc.
On full area of a concrete support
Fp = 0.35 fc'
On less than the full area of a concrete support
2. Average Shearing Stress in the Web
5. Allowable Shear Stress
SPACING OF RIVETS OR BOLTS
where:
R = shear capacity of each bolts
V = maximum shear of beam
Q = statical moment area
MOMENT REDUCTION DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF
where: HOLE IN BOTH FLANGE
Q1 = Qf + Qw - holes in beam generally will reduce its capacity. When
Q2 = Q the holes are located in the beam web, it reduces its shear
capacity while holes in the beam flanges reduce its
moment capacity.
3. Maximum Vert./Hor. Shear Stress
where:
V = maximum shear of beam
Q = statical moment area NGCP SPECS:
I = moment of inertia (mm^4) 1. Reduction of hole is neglected
b = base sheared
2. Reduction of holes must be considered
4. Shear Flow Effective tension flange section:
Effective tension flange section:
where:
q = shear flow (N/m)
Afn = Afg - area of holes
5. When Lb > Lu
6. When Lb > Lc and Lb < Lu
C. BENDING/FLEXURAL MEMBERS
Actual/Applied bending stress:
ALLOWABLE STRESSES: B. LATERALLY UNSUPPORTED BEAMS:
A. LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAMS: 1. When Lb > Lc and Lb > Lu
1. Compact Sections
Flange width - thickness ratio
Use biggest value
of Fb but should be
Web depth - thickness ratio
2. Non-compact Sections 2. When Lb > Lc and Lb > Lu
when
3. Partially compact Sections
Flange width - thickness ratio where:
rt = radius of gyration of a section comprising the compression
flange plus1/3 of the compression web about the vertical axis.
Web depth - thickness ratio
4. When Lb < Lc
Lb = unbraced length of compression flange BENDING IN BOTH AXIS
Beams Bending in Both Axis
(Unsymmetrical Bending)
1. BENDING STRESS
a. If lateral loads pass thru the centroid of the beam section
1. BENDING IN ONE AXIS ONLY
b. If lateral loads applied at the top flange and does where:
thru the centroid of the beam
fa = computed axial stress fa =
T/A fb = computed bending stress
Ft = allow. tensile stress = 0.60 Fy
Fbx = allow. bending stress
Note: Only one half of the section modulus about the yaxis
is considered 2. BENDING IN BOTH AXIS
2. SHEARING STRESS
where:
3. USING INTERACTION EXPRESSION Ft = allowable tensile stress = 0.60 Fy
a. Fbx = 0.66 Fy (for compact section)
Fbx = 0.60 Fy (for non-compact section)
Fby = 0.75 Fy
LOCAL WEB YIELDING
b. For compact laterally supported - occurs when heavy concentrated loads produces stress at
shapes: the junction of the flange and web of the beam where the
load is being transferred from the relatively wide flange to the
narrow web.
For doubly symmetrical I and H shape members with
compact flanges continuously connected to the web and
bent about their weak axis, the allowable bending stress
is0.75 Fy.
Note: Consideration should be given to the question of
lateral support for the compression flange which will
indicate wether compact or non-compact sections.
TENSION WITH BENDING
a. Stress at the end of the member
b. Stress at the concentrated load
Members subject to both axial tension and bending
shall be proportioned at all points along their Bearing stiffeners shall be provided if the compressive
length to satisfy the following equation: stress at the web toe of the fillets resulting from
concentrated loads exceeds 0.66 Fy.
where:
R = concentrated load or reaction in Newtons
tw = thickness of wed in mm
N = length of bearing (not less than K for end reactions)
K = distance from outer face of flange to web toe of fillet
in mm
NSCP Specs: If stiffeners are provided and extend at
least one half the web depth, equations A and B need
not to check.
WEB CRIPPING SIDESWAY WEB BUCKLING
A. When the concentrated load is applied at a distance - the web will be subjected to compression if a compressive
notless than d/2 from the end of the member. force will be applied to braced the compression flanges as a
result the tension flange will buckle
A. If the loaded flange is restrained against
rotation and is less than 2.30
where: B. If the loaded flange is not restrained
Fyw = specified minimum yield stress of beam web in againstrotation and is less than 1.70
MPa
B. When the concentrated load is applied at a distance
lessthan d/2 from the end of the member.
BEARING PLATES
- beams maybe supported by connections to other structural
members or they may rest on concrete or masonry supports
such as walls. When the support is weaker than steel, it is
usually necessary to spread the load over a larger area so as
not to exceed the allowable bearing stress of the weaker
material.
ALLOWABLE BEARING STRESS OF CONCRETE WALL:
On full area of a concrete support
Fp = 0.35 fc'
On less than the full area of a concrete support
B.) LARGE AXIAL COMPRESSION(fa/Fa>0.15)
A. MINIMUM WIDTH OF BEARING PLATE : (N)
1. Due to web yielding
Strength interaction criterion:
2. Due to web yielding
Amplification Factor
where: Fyw = Fy if not specified Magnification Factor
B. THICKNESS OF BEARING PLATE:
Reduction Coefficient (Modification factor)
AXIAL LOAD WITH BENDING Cm = 0.85 - for members whose ends are restrained
against rotation in the plane of bending
A. DESIGN FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION ANDBENDING
Cm = 1.0 - for members whose ends are unrestrained
against rotation in the plane of bending
where:
M1 = smaller moment
M2 = bigger moment
B. NSCP SPECS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSIONAND BENDING
A.) SMALL AXIAL COMPRESSION (fa/Fa<0.15)
where:
fa = computed axial stress
fb = computed bending stress
Fa = allowable axial stress
Fb = allowable bending stress if bending moment alone
existed
K = effective length factor
Lb = actual unbraced length in the plane of bending
rb = corresponding radius of gyration
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMNS USINGSECANT
FORMULA
Critical Column Stress
PLASTIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Plastic Neutral Axis
- the plastic neutral axis of a section is the line that
divide the section into two equal areas.
Yield Moment
- moment that will just produce the yield stress in
theoutermost fiber of the section
My = S Fy where: S = section modulus
Plastic Moment
- moment that will produce full plasticity in a member
cross section and create plastic hinge.
Mp = Z Fy where: Z = plastic section modulus
Shape Factor
Shape factor = Z/S
