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COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

TEXT OF REPORT
EASTERN PHILOSOPHIES

Eastern Education Philosophies:

Student Involvement
 Passive learning

Ways of Teaching Process:

 Holds on to the concept of teaching

Expression of Learning process:

 Book Learning
 Memorization

Capability of Students:
 Emphasizes Conformity

BUDDHISM

- is a faith that was founded by Siddhartha Gautama (“the Buddha”) more than 2,500 years
ago in India.
-is the world fourth largest religion with over 520 million followers.

History
Gautama passed away around 483 B.C., his followers began to organize a religious movement.
Buddha’s teachings became the foundation for what would develop into Buddhism.
In the 3rd century B.C., Ashoka the Great, the Mauryan Indian emperor, made Buddhism the
state religion of India

- Dalai Lama is the leading monk in Tibetan Buddhism.

Buddha’s teachings are known as “dharma.” He taught that wisdom, kindness, patience,
generosity and compassion were important virtues.

Five moral precepts, which prohibit:

Killing living things
Taking what is not given
Sexual misconduct
Lying
Using drugs or alcohol

2 Aspects of Meditation

1. Calm Meditation
2. Insight Meditation

The three main types that represent specific geographical areas include:

Theravada Buddhism: Prevalent in Thailand, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Laos and Burma
Mahayana Buddhism: Prevalent in China, Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Singapore and Vietnam
Tibetan Buddhism: Prevalent in Tibet, Nepal, Mongolia, Bhutan, and parts of Russia and
northern India

Buddhist Holy Book

Buddhists revere many sacred texts and scriptures. Some of the most important are:

Tipitaka: These texts, known as the “three baskets,” are thought to be the earliest collection of
Buddhist writings.
Sutras: There are more than 2,000 sutras, which are sacred teachings embraced mainly by
Mahayana Buddhists.
The Book of the Dead: This Tibetan text describes the stages of death in detail.
Buddhist Holidays

Every year, Buddhists celebrate Vesak, a festival that commemorates Buddha’s birth,
enlightenment and death.
During each quarter of the moon, followers of Buddhism participate in a ceremony called
Uposatha. This observance allows Buddhists to renew their commitment to their teachings.

TAOISM or DAOISM
-Tao means “way”, “path”
-also known as Daoism is a Chinese philosophy attributed to Lao Tzu (c. 500 BCE)

Taoism is practiced today in China, Taiwan, Hong King, Singapore, Japan, and Thailand, but
there are Taoists throughout the world
-Is a philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasises living in harmony with the
TAO.

TAOISM extend a great influence during the Tang Dynasty and the emperor XuangZong
decreed is a state religion mandating that people keep Taoist writings in their home.

Origin

Lao-Tzu, a curator at the Royal Library in the state of Chu, who was a natural philosopher. Lao-
Tzu believed in the harmony of all things and that people could live easily together if they only
considered each other's feelings once in a while and recognized that their self-interest was not
always in the interest of others.

The Tao-Te-Ching
It is a book of poetry presenting the simple way of following the Tao and living life at peace with
one's self, others, and the world of changes.

The Tao is composed of two opposite energies:

1. yin- cold, dark, and mysterious
2. yang- warm, bright and positive;

Taoists believe that humankind, nature, and heaven are all interconnected, and that harmony
exists when everything acts according to its own nature. Living in harmony with one’s own
nature is known in Taoism as wu wei.

The natural order is an unknowable force called the Tao. Tao can be translated as “the way.”
Taoists view the Tao as the connection that makes all life and movement in nature possible. They
believe that when a person lives out their life on earth, the Tao returns them to heaven.

CONFUCIANISM
- is a philosophy based on mutual respect and kindness towards others. It was develop to bring
peace and stabity in society.

History

Zhou Dynasty - the second historical dynasty in China. - the proliferation of Chinese classical .
through happened within the reign of this dynasty.

Zhou Period – During this period, technological growth led to trading development, which led
to a remarkable increase in wealth. The basal states were Qin in the west, Jin in the north, Yan in
the northeast, and Qi in the east.
It was founded before the birth of Confucius, developed through his later life and was made
popular soon after during the Han Dynasty.

During the reign of Emperor Qin Shi Huan from 259-210 BCE, Confucianism was banned, texts
were burned, and hundreds of Confucian intellectuals were killed.
-Zhougong was Confucius’s or the duke of Zhou who was said to have helped
consolidate, expand, and refine the “feudal” ritual system.

The Life of Confucius

Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese
history.

-was born on september 28 on 551 B.C.E . He was born in a small feudal state on Lu (now
Shantung Province) in Qufu. His personal name was Qui and his family name was Kong. He set
his heart upon learning at the age of 15.

-He got married at the age of 19, and had a son at the age of 20. At the age of 30, he had already
started a brilliant teaching career because of his master of the arts of ritual, music, archery,
charioteering, calligraphy and arithmetic. He died in 479 B.C.E at the age of 73.

Confucius considered himself a transmitter who consciously tried to reanimate the old in order to
attain the new. He proposed revitalizing the meaning of the past by advocating a ritualized life.

Sacred Scriptures:

Book of
changes Book
of History Book
of Poetry
The Classic of Rites
The Spring and autumn animals.

Five Classical Virtues, or Wuchang:

1. the ren or benevolence

2. yi or
righteousness 3.li or
propriety
4. zhi or
knowledge/wisdom 5.xin or
fidelity.

Family Rituals, also known as the “Four Rites”:

Coming of age rites

marriage ceremonies
mourning rites
sacrificial rituals.

HINDUISM
- One of the rest religions of humanity.
- The religion of the Indian People .
- Gave birth to Buddism, Jainism, Sikhism.
-Tolerance and diversity “Truth is one paths are many.
-Many deities but a single impersonal ultimate reality.
-A philosophy and a way of life focused both on his word and beyond.
- It was believed to be Brahman but others say that there is no single founder of HINDUISM
as hinduism was not founded as a religion.
-It is an Indian religion and Dharma or way of life.
-It is the world third largest religion with over 1.25 billion followers or 15-16% of the global
population,known as Hindus.

HINDUS- are free to believe what they like about God, Life after death and the creation of the
world

 Veda is the most sacred of all Hindu scriptures composed of four main collections:
1. Rig Veda
2. Yajur Veda
3. Sama Veda
4. Athan Veda
ZEN BUDDHISM
'Zen' is the way the Chinese word Ch'an is pronounced in Japan. 'Ch'an' is the Chinese
pronunciation of the Sanskrit word Dhyana, which means meditation.

Bodhidharma

-The father of Zen Buddhism

-Bodhidharma is the 3 rd son of Tamil Pallava King of Kanchipurim

The mind is the root from which all things grow if you can understand the mind, everything else
is included. –Bodhidharma

Zen Buddhism is a mixture of Indian Mahayana Buddhism and Taoism. It began in China,
spread to Korea and Japan, and became very popular in the West from the mid-20th century. It
was popularised in the West by the Japanese scholar Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki (1870 - 1966)

Historical Development

China
-Zen Buddhism in China is traditionally dated to the 5th century
-first came to prominence in the early 8th century, when Wuhou (625–705), who seized power
from the ruling Tang dynasty (618–907) to become empress of the short-lived Zhou
dynasty (690–705), patronized Zen teachers as her court priests.

During the reign of the Song, Zen mythology, Zen literature, and Zen forms of Buddhist spiritual
cultivation underwent important growth. Commentaries such as The Blue Cliff Record 1125;
Chinese: Biyan lu; Japanese Heikigan roku) and The Gateless Barrier 1229; Chinese: Wumen
guan; Japanese: Mumon kan) remain basic textbooks for Zen students to the present day.

Japan
During Japan’s medieval period (roughly the 12th through 15th centuries), Zen monks introduce
the arts and literature of Song-dynasty China to Japanese leaders.
-Eisai and Dogen were selected to lead trade missions to China combined cultivation of the self
with concerns for social ethics and metaphysics..

ZEN- in practice

The most common way of teaching is for enlightenment to be communicated direct from master
to pupil.
Zen practices are aimed at taking the rational and intellectual mind out of the mental loop.
Students of Zen aim to achieve enlightenment by the way they live, and by mental actions that
approach the truth without philosophical thought or intellectual endeavour.

ZEN- Meditation
The goal of Zen meditation is to regulate attention.1

There are two major styles of Zen meditation:

 Zazen
 Koan

The Four Noble Truths

1. Truth of suffering
2. Truth of the cause of suffering
3. Truth of the end of suffering
4. Truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering

The Eightfold Path

Right View
Right Intention
Right Speech
Right Action
Right Livelihood
Right Effort
Right Mindfulness
Right concentration

LEGACIES OF THE CHAN/ZEN TRADITION

1. Calligraphy
2. Cuisine (e.g., tea)
3. Drama (especially in Japan)
4. Martial arts (e.g., fencing)
5. Painting
6. Philosophy
7. Poetry
8. Ritual (e.g., tea ceremony)

ZEN- education

 could teach kids to be compassionate, understanding, patient listeners, and well-balanced

individuals. It could help students be able to twist and turn in our ever changing world.
SARACEN PHILOSOPHY

History

Saracens – is another term for Arabs who lived in desert areas in and near the Roman province
of Arabia Petraea, and in Arabia Deserta in the early centuries.
Saracen is mainly associated with the Crusades, a series of bloody European invasions into the
Middle East that took place between 1095 and 1291 CE.
Back of Islam lay Saracenism

The Rise of Islam

-24 years after the fall of western Rome a religious leader was born in Saudi Arabia whose vision
would challenge the Christian world view – Muhammed.
-Back of Islam lay Saracenism: the desert life, its religious sentiment, its passions, fury, courage

The Spread of Islam

Muhammad was the prophet of the faith of Islam.• The Islamic Holy Book (The Koran) was the
final authority on faith and lifestyle for the followers of Islam. It was recited by Muhammed after
receiving a vision from Allah

Greatness of Saracens

They had the ability to assimilate the best in the intellectual culture of the people with whom
they came in contact and to apply this heritage to their own practical needs.
They created the scientific spirit of investigation and experimentation and for the invention and
improvement of the tools of Science.

Five Pillars of Arabs:

1. Shahada
2. Salat
3. Zakat
4. Ramadan
5. Haji

Other Important Concept:

 Qur’an
 Hedith
 Sunna
 Shiari’a
Aims of Saracenic Education

To search for knowledge and an application of scientific facts to daily life.

1.1 Science was studied for intellectual exercise and application of useful arts and crafts.
1.2 Reading was studied for the preservation of life.
1.3 Medicine was stressed for the preservation of life.
1.4 Astronomy was studied as an aid to geography and navigation

To develop the individual’s initiative and social welfare – liberal education in its truest sense.

2.1 There was no hierarchy among doctors, teachers and priests.

2.2 There was very little need for education except for teachers of divinity or philosophy.
2.3 Education was free and gave more emphasis on the improvement of life.

Types of Education

Vocational Education – to develop practical men

Intellectual training – basis for the professions/ professionals
Education was universal
3.1 Elementary education was open to all boys and girls.
3.2 Higher education was open to rich and
poor. 3.3Financial aid was provided to needy
students.

Content of Education

 Curriculum of the Muslim school was the most complete and most carefully organized
in the elementary, secondary and higher levels.
 Subject matter in the elementary level consisted of reading, writing, arithmetic, religion,
grammar and science.
 At the higher level, it consisted of algebra, geometry, trigonometry, physics,
chemistry, geography, astronomy,anatomy, pharmacy, medicine, surgery, philology,
history, literature, logic, metaphysics and law.
 Koran was taught at all levels.
 Elementary schools were set up where needed.
CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY

- is a development in philosophy that is characterised by coming from a Christian tradition

Biblical Base: Bible is the primary source for all learning

Jesus life and many of His teachings are recorded in The New Testament
History

Christian philosophy began around the 2nd century.

A number of debates with Greek philosophers are recorded in the Biblical book of Acts.
St. Paul Letters became significant source of Christian Philosophies

HELLENISTIC CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY AND EARLY CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY

Hellenism is a traditional designation for the Greek culture of Roman Empire in the days of
Jesus, St. Paul.

HERE ARE SOME OF THOSE THINKERS MOST CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH

HELLENISTIC CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHIES, LISTED MORE OR LESS IN
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER:

 Justin Martyr: Christian apologist and philosopher whose work often focused on the
doctrine of the Logos and argued that many Stoic and Platonic philosophical ideas
were similar to ideas in the Old Testament
 Clement of Alexandria: Theologian and apologist who wrote on Greek philosophy,
using ideas from pagan literature, Stoic and Platonic philosophy, and Gnosticism to
argue for Christianity
 Augustine of Hippo: Augustine developed classical Christian philosophy, and the
whole of Western thought, largely by synthesizing Hebrew and Greek thought.

MEDIEVAL CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY

 Peter Abelard: Abelard was a leading 12th- century philosopher and theologian, best
known for his association with conceptualism and his development of the moral
influence theory of atonement.
 Thomas Aquinas: Aquinas was the student of Albert the Great, He believed that there
was no contradiction between faith and secular reason, but that they complemented
each other epistemically.

MODERN CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY

17th Century:
  Thomas Browne (1605–1682) English philosopher and scientist who also made
contributions to the field of medicine
 René Descartes (1596–1650) French philosopher and mathematician sometimes
labelled "The Father of Modern Philosophy" who was a leading exponent of
rationalism; most famous for his concept Cogito ergo sum (I Think Therefore I Am)
 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Italian philosopher, physicist,

18TH CENTURY
 George Berkeley Influential Anglo-Irish philosopher who developed the theory of
subjective idealism and who wrote prolifically in a number of areas, such as
metaphysics, epistemology, the philosophy of language and the philosophy of
mathematics
 Johann Gottfried Herder, German philosopher, theologian, and literary critics who
was associated with theSturm und Drang and Weimar Classicism
 Francis Hutcheson, Scottish philosopher who was an important figure in the
Scottish Enlightenment and is associated with empiricism

19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURY

 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Preeminent German philosopher who was a leading
figure in German Idealism and whose thought created the philosophical school known
as Hegelianism, his philosophy was influenced greatly by his Lutheran religious beliefs;
also wrote a number of works regarding the philosophy of religion
 Lewis, a massively influential literary critic and medievalist, and mythologist, a
mythographer in his children's fantasies, and an apologist for the Christian faith to which
he adhered in the latter half of his life.

Important division of aspects of Christian philosophy:

I. Early philosophy: Patristics (2nd-7th century).

Religious Training Schools:

Catechumenal schools
Catechetical schools
Cathedral or Episcopal schools

II. Medieval philosophy: Scholastics (8th-13th century)

III. Pre-Modern philosophy: (14th-15th centuries)

Christian Philosophy Principles:

1. God exist
2. Creation is good
3. Human dignity
4. Sin and Grace
The Church

The New Testament indicates that the responsibilities of the church include edification as well as
evangelism (Matt. 28:19–20; Acts 2:42; 2 Tim. 2:2). The scriptural representation of the church
as a body. Also, the recognition of the gift of teaching by the New Testament (Rom. 12:4–7; 1
Cor. 12:28)

Purpose of Christian Philosophy of Education:

 to develop biblical character in the lives of the students (virtue).

 To secure students the appropriate wealth of knowledge of Christ

CURRICULUM
 should be lively and appropriate to the needs of the learner, as well as to the needs of
the community as a whole.
 must be academically sound and based upon truth, not on prejudiced or biased points
of view.
 attain mastery of the subject within the context of a biblical world view.

The Implications for the Teaching-Learning Process:

Process of guided learning where the teacher and the Holy Spirit combine efforts to help the
leaner to spiritually grow and mature, to more conform to the image of Christ.

THANK YOU