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ITS310-Management Information System

Management Information System (Negros Oriental State University)

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Management Information
System

(Information Technology)

Prepared by: Stephanie Gayle C. Pedrosa

Course: Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
School: Negros Oriental State University

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Module 1
The management information system (MIS) is an automated man-machine system that provides
data to help administrators organize and monitor their organizations.

Management
➢ It applies to the types of tasks and operations that administrators are responsible for.
Managerial tasks such as planning, coordinating, steering, leading, and guiding define the
scope of the operations.

Planning is the method of choice ahead of time which courses of action to take and when and how
to do so.
Organizing is the organized gathering of individuals and events that help the farm accomplish its
goals.
Controlling is the process of monitoring the progress of preparations and fixing any deviations that
could occur.
Activating the plans, structure, and group efforts in the desired direction is referred to as direct.

Three hierarchical levels of management

Top management determines the policies, strategies, goals, and expenditure structure under which
the organization's different divisions can function.
Middle management is in charge of putting upper management's policies and long-term goals into
action.
Junior Management is in charge of carrying out day-to-day activities and decisions made by middle
management in order to deliver products and services that meet sales, benefits, and other
objectives.

Information
➢ Information is characterized as evidence that is organized and delivered at a certain time
and location in order for a decision-maker to take the appropriate action.

System
➢ made up of inputs, processing, output, and feedback or control. Thus MIS means a system
for processing data in order to give proper information to the management for performing
its functions.

MIS organization and management triangle Framework

Strategic preparation is the process of determining the organization's goals and making
adjustments to those objectives, as well as formulating strategies to guide the acquisition,
utilization, and disposal of those services.

Operational management refers to the mechanisms that are used to carry out operational
operations in order to maximize resource utilization. It employs pre-determined processes and
decision-making guidelines.

Managers in different departments need management oversight to assess results, decide on control
actions, devise new decision rules, and assign resources.

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Information Classification
➢ Action vs. non-action information: The information lying unnoticed is called non-action
information but the same information when processed and used in some context by the
recipient is called action information.
➢ Recurring vs. non-recurring information: Information that is generated at regular intervals
of time is called recurring information. A particular type of information that is arrived at
through some special kind of study and which helps in management decisions is called
non-recurring information.
➢ Documentary vs. non-documentary information: Information that is available in some
documented form that is either in some written form or on microfilms, magnetic tapes,
floppy discs, etc is called documentary information. All other information is categorized as
non-documentary.
➢ Internal vs. external information: The distinction is obvious. Managers at different
hierarchies in the organization require different combinations of internal and external
information.

➢ Historical information vs. future projections: Here again the distinction is obvious because
historical information would be futile unless it can be used for future projection.

Classification of systems

➢ Conceptual system is concerned with theoretical structures which may or may not have any
counterpart in the real world.
➢ Empirical systems are concrete operational systems made up of people, materials,
machines, energy, and other physical things.

System Life Cycle

● Study phase
● Design phase
● Development phase
● Implementation phase

Module 2
Information System for Decision making

Four Types of Information System

1. Transaction processing system(TPS)
2. Management information system (MIS)
3. Intelligent support system(ISS) consisting of decision support system(DSS), executive
information system(EIS), and expert system(ES)
4. Office automation system(OAS)

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Three primary levels of management and decision making:

1. STRATEGIC DECISION MAKING. Sets policies and defines overall objectives
2. TACTICAL DECISION-MAKING. Interprets policy and objectives and provides guidelines for
Operational decision making
3. OPERATIONAL DECISION MAKING. Implements guidelines set down during the tactical
decision-making process

Types of Decisions
1. Structured decisions are those that can be programmed.
2. Unstructured decisions are those in which the decision-maker must provide judgment,
evaluation, and insights into the problem definition.

Intelligent support systems are systems that help people make decisions based on their
intelligence, instincts, experience, and skills (ISS).
Decision support systems are collaborative, well-integrated systems that offer details, tools,
and templates to managers to help them make semi-structured or tactical decisions.
Executive Information System EIS is a data retrieval tool that provides senior executives with
curated and summary information for long-term planning.
Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field of computer
science whose aim is to build and create computers that can mimic human intelligence.
Office Automation System.OAS applies to the use of mechanical, electrical, and mobile
equipment in the workplace to improve coordination and productivity among information workers
and clerical workers.

Module 3
Types of Computers
Analog computers are used to process continuous data. Analog computers represent variables by
physical quantities.
Digital Computer. The digits or numbers on a digital computer reflect actual quantities.
Three sorts of digital computers.
1. Main Frame. Mainframe computers are the most costly, biggest, and fastest computers on
the market. These computers may be found in huge corporations, industries, and other
organizations.
2. Mini Computer. Minicomputers are smaller than mainframes in terms of size as well as
other features like speed, storage capacity, and other services. They're so adaptable that
they can go anywhere they're required.
3. Micro Computer. They're so adaptable that they can go anywhere they're required.
Hybrid computers are frequently utilized in process control systems when a cla simulation of the
real environment is required.

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Basic Components of Computer System

The computer system consists of four units:

1. Input unit
2. Central processing unit
3. Secondary storage unit
4. Output unit

Computer Software for Information System

Programming Languages
Procedural Language is a type of language that describes how to do a step-by-step manner.

Non-Procedural Language concentrate on what has to be done rather than how it should be done.

Four Generation of Languages

First Generation Language(Machine Language) A series of zeroes & ones then the CPU can
interpret & execute. Machine language is important because it is the only language that the
computer understands.
Second Generation Language (The Assemblers) Assemblers were the first translators. They gave
the programmer the option of writing programs in an assembly language or a second-generation
language.
Third Generation languages (3 GLs) It implies that programmers must write fewer lines of code,
and the syntax of third-generation languages is more similar to that of users.
Fourth Generation Languages (4 GLs) In the 1970s, it is created to meet the demands of procedural
programming languages. Allowing the programmer and users to tell the computer what to do
instead of how to accomplish it.

Module 4
Data Communications Hardware
Host Computer - The network's data processing is handled by the host. Incoming messages are
processed in the same way that data from any other sort of input unit is processed.
Front-end processor is a small computer that serves as a buffer between the client and host
computers.
Modem. It's an abbreviation for modulator-demodulator. It is used to convert digital signals to
analog signals and vice versa.
Multiplexer. A multiplexer is a device that gathers signals from many terminals and sends them
over a single channel.
Switch. It's a piece of equipment that selects the data transmission path.
Bridge is typically used to connect two groups of computers that communicate with one another
but not so much with the machines in the other group.
A gateway is a TCP/IP network node ( router) that acts as an access point. to another network.
Bus is a collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of a computer to
another.

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Data Communication Software

Access control software - this software provides network connectivity between various devices,
terminals, and computers, as well as checking the transmission method, speed, and direction.

Terminal control software - the data transfer over the network is controlled by this program.

Terminal emulation software - when interacting with a mainframe, this software allows a
microcomputer to act as a certain terminal.

Network control software - the software coordinates, regulates, and administers the network's
whole functioning. It determines the priority of data that is waiting to be transferred, checks for
transmission errors, routes messages, and maintains the statistics system.

Error correction and detection software - guarantees that any mistakes caused by other issues are
identified and linked.

Security software - the program protects data from unwanted access and keeps track of how the
network is used.

Data and Information

Data - is a memory collection of discrete pieces of information.
Information - when data is processed, it is only when it is presented to a decision-maker in a
meaningful way that it becomes information.

Data Hierarchy
Bit - is a value that is expressed as a 1 or a 0 and signifies the presence or absence of an electrical
signal.

Byte - is made up of eight bits and is used to represent a character (number, alphanumeric, etc.) in
a computer.

Field - is a meaningful collection of letters or bytes. Lyca's last name, first name, and phone
number, for example, are three fields.

Record - is a collection of interconnected fields. Lyca's last name, first name, phone number,
identification number, and home address, for example, may be used to create a record.

File – is a collection of interrelated records.

Database - is an integrated store of logically connected data that allows for quick data access and
processing.

Three types of methods for organizing data in files.

Sequential file Organization - The easiest method for file Organization is the Sequential method. In
this method, the file is stored one after another in a sequential manner. The records are arranged in
the ascending or descending order of a key field

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Indexed-sequential File Organization. In this method, records are stored in the file using the
primary key. An index value is generated for each primary key and mapped with the record. The
data can be accessed either sequential or randomly using the index

Direct File Organization. Direct file organization also known as random access or relative file
organization. All records are stored in a direct access storage device (DASD), such as a hard disk.
The records are randomly placed throughout the file. This file organization is useful for immediate
access to a large amount of information.

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