Monthly income
According to European Statistical Office, monthly income refers to the combined
income of all family members, whether they contribute it towards covering expenses. In
the 2023 survey conducted by Philippine Statistical Authority, the average annual
income of Filipino families was approximately Php 353, 230. Based on previous
researchers, this is one of the strong of learners reading development.
In the study conducted by Kim and Quinn (2013), they found out that children
whose family is low-income is struggling to keep up in reading comprehension during
the months of summer. The chief reason behind this is the limited opportunities to
participate in quality summer programs and reading materials. Moreover, Masereka et
al., (2023), in their study entitled “Influence of Family Income Level on Academic
Performance Among Secondary School Students of Kitswamba and Rugendabara-
Kikongo Town Councils, Kasese District, Uganda” discovered that family income affects
the academic performance of students. There they stated that, students from low-
income families tend to have lower academic performance compared to high-income
families. Probably, it has something to do with their motivation. According to Chen
(2024), “income positively correlated with motivation: lower-income students were less
driven for success and achievement than higher income households.” Meanwhile, Lutfiu
and Hoxha (2024) also conducted research aims to study the impact of socio-economic
status (SES) to the quality of studies. The findings state that “the economic status of
students is an important factor for their personal well-being which is a requirement for
more engagement in studies and access to the necessary literature and technology
during the time of studies.”
Lutfiu, B., & Hoxha, L. L. (2024). Socio-Economic status of students and its impact on
the quality of studies. European Journal of Education and Pedagogy, 5(4), 66–
72. [Link]
Chen, Q., Kong, Y., Gao, W., & Mo, L. (2018). Effects of socioeconomic status, Parent–
Child relationship, and learning motivation on reading ability. Frontiers in
Psychology, 9. [Link]
Masereka, B., Muhammad, T., & Rahim, A. (2023). Influence of Family Income Level on
Academic Performance Among Secondary School Students of Kitswamba and
Rugendabara-Kikongo Town Councils, Kasese District, Uganda. IAA Journal of
Education 9(2):117-128.