MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

Course Facilitator: Engr. Kim Q. Marañon

Email: kim.marañ[email protected]
Student Consultation: Done by face to face or thru online and text
Time Frame: 72 hours lecture
Pre-Requisites: Static of Rigid Bodies
Credit: 4.0 Lecture Units

COURSE TECHNICALITIES

Course Details
Course Code MECH 123
Course Title Mechanics of Deformable Bodies
Course The course deals with the study of strength of materials where the
Description understanding of how bodies and materials respond to applied
loads is the main emphasis. The course covers the fundamental
concept of stresses and strains developed by the different
materials in their loaded state and subjected to different
conditions of constraints that includes axial shearing stress,
bearing stress, torsion, flexural stress and stress-strain
relationship.

Program Outcomes to be met:

PO PO Statement
Apply knowledge of mathematics and science to solve complex
a
civil engineering problems
Design a system, components, or process to meet desired needs with realistic
c
constraints, in accordance to civil engineering standards;
e Identify, formulate and solve complex civil engineering problems

Course Outcomes
By the end of the course, students will be able to:

CO CO Statement

CO1 Explain the concept of stress and strain;

Compute the stresses due to bending shears and torsion under plain and
CO2
combined loading;
CO3 Analyze statically and indeterminate structures; and
CO4 Determine the elastic stability of columns

i
Engr. Kim Q. Marañon
 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

Course Outline Policy

Areas of Concern Details

This 4 – Units lecture course is designed for instructional
delivery by face-to-face. The expected number of hours will
Contact Hours
be a total of 72, including the summative assessment task
(exam).

The assessment papers shall be passed in the given format

and template provided by the instructor. The document
should be submitted face-to-face.

It is also expected that you already paid your tuition and

Assessment Task other fees before the submission of the assessment task.
Submission
Student will be required to take the exam inside the
University. This will be scheduled ahead of time by the
course coordinator. If a student was unable to take the exam
in the scheduled time, he/she must provide an excuse letter
sign by their parents and acquire a pass slip in the guidance
office before the student can take the exam.

The score for an assessment item submitted after the

designated time on the due date, without an approved
extension of time, will be reduced by 5% of the possible
maximum score for that assessment item for each day or
Penalties for late
part day that the assessment item is late. However, if the
Assessment/Assignment
late submission of assessment paper has a valid reason, a
letter of explanation should be submitted and approved by
the course coordinator. If necessary, you will also be
required to present/attach evidences.

Return of Assignments/ Assessment task will be returned to you two(2) weeks after
Assessment the submission thru face-to-face.

Quizzes - ------------------------------------------------- 30%

Assignment/Problem Set ------------------------------ 25%
Grading System Seatwork/Exercises/ Participation ---------------------10%
Midterm/Final Exams ---------------------------------- 35%

ii
Engr. Kim Q. Marañon
Name: Mechanics of Deformable Bodies
Family name, Given Name MI

Course & Section: Date:

Assessment Task
 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Contents
Chapter 1................................................................................................................................................. 2
Stress ................................................................................................................................................... 2
Types of stress..................................................................................................................................... 3
Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels ............................................................................................................... 11
Chapter 2............................................................................................................................................... 15
Strains ............................................................................................................................................... 15
Type of Strain : .................................................................................................................................. 15
Chapter 3............................................................................................................................................... 21
Axial Deformation ............................................................................................................................. 21
Formula for Axial Deformation ......................................................................................................... 23
Chapter 4............................................................................................................................................... 27
Shearing Deformation ....................................................................................................................... 27
BIAXIAL DEFORMATION .................................................................................................................... 28
TRIAXIAL DEFORMATION .................................................................................................................. 28
Bulk Modulus of Elasticity or Modulus of Volume Expansion, K ...................................................... 29
Chapter 5............................................................................................................................................... 32
Statically Indeterminate Members ................................................................................................... 32
Chapter 6............................................................................................................................................... 40
Thermal Stress .................................................................................................................................. 40
Chapter 7............................................................................................................................................... 45
Torsional Stress ................................................................................................................................. 45
Angle of Twist.................................................................................................................................... 46
Power Transmission .......................................................................................................................... 47
Torsion of thin-walled tube .............................................................................................................. 50
Chapter 8............................................................................................................................................... 51
Flanged bolt couplings ...................................................................................................................... 51
Helical Springs ................................................................................................................................... 55

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Chapter 1
Stress

Stress is the intensity of the internal force in a body that expresses internal forces that
neighboring particles within a body exert on each other.
To calculate stress, the internal force is divided by the cross section area at which the force
is applied.
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
Stress is defined on an infinitesimal small area (ΔA) inside a body
∆𝐹
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝜎 = lim
∆ → ∆𝐴
Average stress is defined as total force (F) divided by the cross section area(A).
𝐹
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝜎 =𝜎=
𝐴
If stress is uniformly distributed on a section, the stress at any point and the average stress
are equivalent.
Stress Unit:
Force is a vector quantity and area is scalar; thus stress at a
certain point is a vector quantity that is described by its
magnitude and the direction. The magnitude of stress is
defined as force divided by area; the direction of stress
follows the direction of the applied force.
Common unit in SI:
Pa (N/m2)
MPa (N/mm2)
Common unit in US customary system:
psi (lb/in2)
ksi (kips/in2)

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Types of stress
Normal Stress: The stress produced by a force
perpendicular to the section (inward or outward) is
called normal stress.
𝐹
𝜎=
𝐴

Note: Normal stress always exist on two opposite faces

with the same magnitude but opposite direction to maintain
equilibrium of stress elements.

Shear Stress: The stress produced by a force parallel to

the section, is called shear stress.
𝐹
𝜏=
𝐴

Note: if shear stress exist on one side of a stress

elements, other three faces would have the same amount of stress.
Stress direction should be in the way the arrow heads and tails
matches with each other. Otherwise, equilibrium is not satisfied on the
stress elements.

Bearing Stress: The compressive normal stress

that is developed on the contact area of two
separate bodies is called bearing stress.
𝐹
𝜎=
𝐴
Note: bearing stress is not a separate category but
is a special case of normal stress; thus it is
calculated similarly:

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #1
A hollow steel tube (1) with an outside diameter of 67 mm and a wall thickness of 5.5 mm is
fastened to a solid 25 mm diameter aluminum rod. The assembly is attached to unyielding
supports at the left end and is loaded as shown in the figure. The right end is free to move.
What is the normal stress in element (1) and (2). [P1 = 75.62 kN , P2 = 57.85 kN]

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #2
A rigid steel bar that is supported by two cables is carrying a force P = 1400 N, as shown in
the figure. The diameter of rod (1) and (2) are d1 = 6mm and d2 = 4mm, respectively.
Determine the normal stresses in the rods. [a = 300mm, b = 500mm, L1 = 400mm and L2 =
400 mm].

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #3
Find the normal stresses in members BC, BD, and CF for the truss shown. Indicate the
tension or compression. The cross sectional area of each members is 1600 mm2.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #4
A hydraulic punch is pressing a plate with a force P = 124.55 kN. The shape of the contact
area is shown in the figure and the plate has a thickness of t = 12.7 mm. [d = 19mm, L = 101
mm]
a) What is the bearing stress between the punch and the plate?
b) What is the shear stress in the plate?

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #5
The connection shown in the figure consist of a gusset plate and three bolts that connect an
I-beam to the support. If the beam is subjected to an axial force of F = 40 kN, determine the
stresses in the gusset plate and the bolts. The gusset plate has a thickness of t = 8mm and
the height b = 180mm and the bolts has a diameter of d = 12mm.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #6
A 25 mm x 75mm wood board is connected by a d = 12.5 mm bolt to two 25mm x 75mm
wood boards as shown in the figure. He washer dimension D = 50mm and d = 12.5mm. The
nut has an outside diameter of D = 18.75mm and inside diameter of d = 12.5mm. Analyze
the stresses developed in the wood and bolt in the following cases:
Case 1) An external force of P = 6227.5 N that is applied on the wood board on the right is
transmitted through the bolt to left wood boards.
Case 2) There is no external force but the nut is tightened so that an internal stress of 𝜎 =
18.62 MPa is developed in the bolt.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #7
The figures shows a roof truss and the detail of the riveted connection at joint B. Using
allowable stresses of τ = 70 MPa and σb= 140 MPa, how many 19-mm diameter rivets are
required to fasten member BC to the gusset plate? Member BE? What is the largest average
tensile or compressive stress in BC and BE?

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected to
tensile forces, which resist bursting, developed across longitudinal
and transverse sections.

Tangential stress(Circumferential Stress), 𝜎t

Consider the tank shown being subjected to an internal pressure p. The length
of the tank is L and the wall thickness is t. Isolating the right half of the tank:
𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴 = 𝑝𝐷𝐿
𝑇=𝜎𝐴 = 𝜎 𝑡𝐿

𝐹𝐻 = 0

𝐹 = 2𝑇
𝑝𝐷𝐿 = 2(𝜎 𝑡𝐿)
Hence:
𝑝𝐷
𝜎 =
2𝑡
If there exist an external pressure po and an
internal pressure pi , the formula may be expressed as:
(𝑝 − 𝑝 )𝐷
𝜎 =
2𝑡
Longitudinal stress, 𝜎L
Consider the free body diagram in the transverse section of the tank:
The total force acting at the rear of the tank F must equal to the total longitudinal stress on
the wall PT = 𝜎LAwall. Since t is so small compared to D, the area of the wall is close to 𝜋Dt.
𝜋
𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴 = 𝑝 𝐷
4
𝑃 = 𝜎 𝜋𝐷𝑡

𝐹𝐻 = 0

𝐹=𝑃
𝜋
𝑝 𝐷 = 𝜎 𝜋𝐷𝑡
4
Hence,

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

𝑝𝐷
𝜎 =
4𝑡
If there exist an external pressure po and an internal pressure pi, the formula may be
expressed as:
(𝑝 − 𝑝 )𝐷
𝜎 =
4𝑡

Note: It can be observed that the tangential stress is twice that of the longitudinal stress.
𝜎 = 2𝜎

SPHERICAL SHELL

If a spherical tank of diameter D and thickness t contains gas under a pressure of p, the
stress at the wall can be expressed as:
(𝑝 − 𝑝 )𝐷
𝜎 =
4𝑡

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #8
A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 mm in diameter with a wall thickness of 20 mm, is
subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5 MN/m2. (a) Calculate the tangential and longitudinal
stresses in the steel. (b) To what value may the internal pressure be increased if the stress in
the steel is limited to 120 MN/m2? (c) If the internal pressure were increased until the vessel
burst, sketch the type of fracture that would occur.

Example #9
The wall thickness of a 1.2 meter spherical tank is 8mm thick. Calculate the allowable
internal pressure if the stress is limited to 55.16 MPa.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #10
A pipe carrying steam at 3.5 MPa has an outside diameter of 450 mm and a wall thickness of
10 mm. A gasket is inserted between the flange at one end of the pipe and a flat plate used
to cap the end. How many 40-mm-diameter bolts must be used to hold the cap on if the
allowable stress in the bolts is 80 MPa, of which 55 MPa is the initial stress? What
circumferential stress is developed in the pipe? Why is it necessary to tighten the bolt
initially, and what will happen if the steam pressure should cause the stress in the bolts to
be twice the value of the initial stress?

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Chapter 2
Strains

Deformation: is the relative displacement of

the internal particles of a continuous body
that takes place due to loading or other
factors such as temperature change.
Note: Any deformation in a small particle is
a combination of changes in length and
changes in angle.
Strain: is a physical quantity that
measures the intensity of internal
deformation inside a body.

Type of Strain :
Normal Strain (𝜀): is the intensity of elongation or contraction in a body. Normal strain is
calculated as the change of element (𝛿) divided by the initial length (L).
𝜹
𝜺=
𝑳
Strain Unit: Strain is a dimensionless quantity; however, in engineering, we usually express
it in the following units:
(in./in.) (mm/mm) or simply (𝜀)
Because strain values are usually small, they are expressed in microstrain unit:
1𝜇𝜀 = 1 x 10-6𝜀

Note:
Elongation is caused by Tension (+)
Shortening is caused by Compression (-)

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #11
A compound axial element that consist of two bars is subjected to a force F = 9500 N at one
end and fully restrained at the other end. Bar (1) and (2) have an initial length of L1 = 680
mm and L2 = 250 mm, respectively. The strain measured in the bar (1) and (2) are 𝜀1 =
180𝜇𝜀, 𝜀2 = 420𝜇𝜀. What is the total elongation of the axial element (from A to C)?

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #12
The bar shown in the figure consist of two part; part AB has the length of LAB = 720 mm and
the cross section of AAB = 430 mm2, part BC has the length of LBC = 450 mm and the cross
section of ABC = 750 mm2. The bar is subjected to a couple force P = 75 kN on its end that
cause a total elongation of 𝛿AC = 2.15 mm between joints A and C. The normal strain in
segment AB is 1870𝜇𝜀. Determine the normal strain in the segment BC of the bar.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #13
A rigid bar ABCD is supported by two bars as shown in the figure. There is no strain in the
vertical bars before load P is applied, the normal strain in rod (1) is 𝜀1 = -570 𝜇𝜀. [a = 240
mm, b = 360 mm, c = 140 mm, L1 = 900 mm, L2 = 1500 mm]
Case 1) Determine the normal strain in rod (2)
Case 2) Determine the normal strain in rod (2) if there is a gap = 1mm in the connection at
pin C before the load is applied
Case 3) Determine the normal strain in rod (2) if there is a gap = 1mm in the connection at
pin B before the load is applied

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Shear Strain (𝛾): is the change in length (𝛿) divided by the initial length (L). Deformation is
parallel to the face of the element.

𝜹
𝜸=
𝑳
Strain Unit: Strain is a dimensionless quantity; however, in engineering, we can express it in
radian. However, because the strain values are usually small, they are expressed in
microstrain unit
1𝜇 rad = 1 x 10-6 rad
Sign Convention:

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #14

A thin rectangular plate is uniformly deformed as shown in the

figure. Determine the shear strain at P. [𝛿1 = 1.6mm, 𝛿2 = 3.2 mm]

Example #15

A thin polymer plate PQR is deformed such that corner Q is

displaced downward 1.6 mm to new position Q’ as shown in
the figure. Determine the shear strain at Q associated with
the two edges (PQ and QR)

Example #16

Due to a loading, the plate is deformed into the dashed

shape shown in the figure. Determine

a) The average normal strain along the side of AD.

b) The average shear strain in the plate at A relative to x
and y axes.
c) The average shear strain in the plate at B relative to x
and y axes.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Chapter 3
Axial Deformation

Stress-Strain Relationship

Proportional Limit (Hooke's Law)

From the origin O to the point called proportional limit, the stress-strain curve is a straight
line. This linear relation between elongation and the axial force causing was first noticed by
Sir Robert Hooke in 1678 and is called Hooke’s Law that within the proportional limit, the
stress is directly proportional to
strain or
𝜎 ∝ 𝜀 𝑜𝑟 𝜎 = 𝑘𝜀

The constant of proportionality k is called the Modulus of Elasticity (E) or Young’s Modulus
and is equal to the slope of the stress-strain diagram from O to P. then
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀
Elastic Limit

The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer go back to its original
shape when the load is removed.
Yield Point
Yield point is the point at which the material will have an appreciable elongation or yielding
without any increase in load.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Ultimate Strength
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the ultimate strength or tensile
strength.
Rapture Strength/Fracture/Breaking Point
It is the strength of the material at which it will break. This is also known as the breaking
strength.
Working Stress, Allowable Stress, and Factor of Safety
Working stress is defined as the actual stress of a material under a given loading. The
maximum safe stress that a material can carry is termed as the allowable stress.

The allowable stress should be limited to values not exceeding the proportional limit.
However, since proportional limit is difficult to determine accurately, the allowable tress is
taken as either the yield point or ultimate strength divided by a factor of safety. The ratio of
this strength (ultimate or yield strength) to allowable strength is called the factor of safety.

Engineering materials are classified as either ductile or brittle materials.

A ductile material is one having relatively large tensile strains up to the point of rupture like
structural steel and aluminum

A brittle materials has a relatively small strain up to the point of rupture like cast iron and
concrete.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Formula for Axial Deformation

In the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram, the tress is proportional to strain and is
given by
𝝈 = 𝑬𝜺

Since 𝜎 = and 𝜀 = , then

𝐹𝐿 𝜎𝐿
𝛿= =
𝐴𝐸 𝐸
To use this formula, the load must be axial, the bar must have a uniform cross-sectional
area, and the stress must not exceed the proportional limit.

If however, the cross-sectional area is not uniform, the axial deformation can be determined
by considering a differential length and applying integration.

𝐹 𝑑𝑥
𝛿=
𝐸 𝐿
where A = ty and y and t, if variable, must be expressed in terms of x.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #17
A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2 and a length of 150 m is suspended
vertically from one end. It supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit mass
of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and E = 200 × 103 MN/m2 , find the total elongation of the rod.

Example #18
A bronze bar is fastened between a steel bar and an aluminum bar as shown in figure. Axial
loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the largest value of P that will not exceed
an overall deformation of 3.0 mm, or the following stresses: 140 MPa in the steel, 120 MPa
in the bronze, and 80 MPa in the aluminum. Assume that the assembly is suitably braced to
prevent buckling. Use Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa, and Ebr = 83 GPa.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #19
The rigid bar ABC shown in the figure is
hinged at A and supported by a steel rod at B.
Determine the largest load P that can be
applied at C if the stress in the steel rod is
limited to 6.9 MPa and the vertical movement
of end C must not exceed 2.5mm.

Example #20
The rigid bar AB, attached to two vertical
rods as shown in the figure, is horizontal
before the load P is applied. Determine the
vertical movement of P if its magnitude is
50 kN.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #21
The rigid bars AB and CD shown in the figure are supported by pins at A and C and the two
rods. Determine the maximum force P that can be applied as shown if its vertical movement
is limited to 5 mm. Neglect the weights of all members.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Chapter 4
Shearing Deformation

Shearing Deformation
Shearing forces cause shearing deformation. An element subject to shear does not change
in length but undergoes a change in shape.

The change in angle at the corner of an original rectangular element is called the shear
strain and is expressed as
𝛿
𝛾=
𝐿
The ratio of the shear stress and the shear strain is called the modulus of elasticity in shear
or modulus of rigidity and is denoted as G, in MPa
𝜏
𝐺=
𝛾
The relationship between the shearing deformation and the applied shearing force is
𝐹𝐿 𝜏𝐿
𝛿 = =
𝐴 𝐺 𝐺
where F is the shearing force acting over an area As .

Poisson's Ratio

When a bar is subjected to a tensile loading there is an increase in length of the bar in the
direction of the applied load, but there is also a decrease in a lateral dimension
perpendicular to the load. The ratio of the sidewise deformation (or strain) to the
longitudinal deformation (or strain) is called the Poisson’s ratio and is denoted by . For most
steel, it lies in the range of 0.25 to 0.3, and 0.20 for concrete.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

where is strain in the x-direction 𝜀x and 𝜀y and 𝜀z are the strains in the perpendicular
direction. The negative sign indicates a decrease in the transverse dimension when is
positive.

BIAXIAL DEFORMATION
If an element is subjected simultaneously by tensile stresses, σx and σy, in the x and y
directions, the strain in the x-direction is and the strain in the y direction is .
Simultaneously, the stress in the y direction will produce a lateral contraction on the x
direction of the amount −v𝜀 or −v . The resulting strain in the x direction will be

𝜎 𝜎 𝜀 + 𝑣𝜀 𝐸
𝜀 = − −v 𝑜𝑟 𝜎 =
𝐸 𝐸 1−𝑣
And

𝜎 𝜎 𝜀 + 𝑣𝜀 𝐸
𝜀 = − −v 𝑜𝑟 𝜎 =
𝐸 𝐸 1−𝑣

TRIAXIAL DEFORMATION
If an element is subjected simultaneously by three mutually perpendicular normal stresses
σx, σy, and σz, which are accompanied by strains εx, εy, and εz, respectively,
1
𝜀 = [𝜎 − 𝑣 𝜎 + 𝜎 ]
𝐸
1
𝜀 = [𝜎 − 𝑣(𝜎 + 𝜎 )]
𝐸
1
𝜀 = [𝜎 − 𝑣 𝜎 + 𝜎 ]
𝐸

Tensile stresses and elongation are taken as positive. Compressive stresses and contraction
are taken as negative.

Relationship Between E, G, and ν

The relationship between modulus of elasticity E, shear modulus G and Poisson's ratio ν is:
𝐸
𝐺=
3(1 − 2𝑣)

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Bulk Modulus of Elasticity or Modulus of Volume Expansion, K

The bulk modulus of elasticity K is a measure of a resistance of a material to change in
volume without change in shape or form. It is given as
𝐸 𝜎
𝐾= =
3(1 − 2𝑣 ) ∆𝑉/𝑉
where V is the volume and ΔV is change in volume. The ratio ΔV / V is called volumetric
strain and can be expressed as
∆𝑉 𝜎 3(1 − 2𝑣)
= =
𝑉 𝐾 𝐸

Example #22
A rectangular steel block is 75 mm long in the x direction, 100 mm long in the y direction,
and 50 mm long in the z direction.

The block is subjected to a triaxial loading of three uniformly distributed forces as follows:
215 kN tension in the x direction, 240 kN tension in the y direction, and 265 kN compression
in the z direction.
If ν = 0.30 and E = 200 GPa, determine the single uniformly distributed load in the x
direction that would produce the same deformation in the y direction as the original
loading.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #23
A welded steel cylindrical drum made of a 10-mm plate
has an internal diameter of 1.20 m. Compute the
change in diameter that would be caused by an internal
pressure of 1.5 MPa. Assume that Poisson's ratio is 0.30
and E = 200 GPa.

Example #24

A 50mm diameter steel tube with a wall thickness of

1.25mm just fits in a rigid hole. Find the tangential stress if
an axial compressive load of 14 kN is applied. Assume ν =
0.30 and neglect the possibility of buckling.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #25
A 150-mm-long bronze tube, closed at its ends, is 80 mm in diameter and has a wall
thickness of 3 mm. It fits without clearance in an 80-mm hole in a rigid block. The tube is
then subjected to an internal pressure of 4.00 MPa. Assuming ν = 1/3 and E = 83 GPa,
determine the tangential stress in the tube.

Example #26
A 150mm long bronze tube, with closed ends, is 75mm in diameter with a wall thickness of
2.5mm. With no internal pressure, the tube just fits between two rigid end walls. Calculate
the longitudinal and tangential stresses for an internal pressure of 41.37 MPa. Assume ν =
1/3 and E = 82.74 GPa.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Chapter 5
Statically Indeterminate Members

Statically Indeterminate Members

When the reactive forces or the internal resisting forces over a cross section exceed the
number of independent equations of equilibrium, the structure is called statically
indeterminate. These cases require the use of additional relations that depend on the elastic
deformations in the members.

Unknown Reaction Forces (nr = 3)

Ax , Ay , By
Equilibrium Equations (ne = 3)

𝐹 = 0, 𝐹 = 0, 𝑀=0

Three equations and three unknowns, the reactions can be determined just by using
equilibrium equations. The structure is Statically Determinate.

Unknown Reaction Forces (nr = 4)

Ax , Ay , By , Cy
Equilibrium Equations (ne = 3)

𝐹 = 0, 𝐹 = 0, 𝑀=0

Three equations and four unknowns, the reactions can not be determined just by using
equilibrium equations. The structure is Statically Indeterminate.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #27
A reinforced concrete column 200 mm in diameter is designed to carry
an axial compressive load of 300 kN. Determine the required area of
the reinforcing steel if the allowable stresses are 6 MPa and 120 MPa
for the concrete and steel, respectively. Use Eco = 14 GPa and Est = 200
GPa.

Example #28
A rigid block of mass M is supported by three
symmetrically spaced rods as shown in the figure.
Each copper rod has an area of 900 mm2 ; E = 120
GPa; and the allowable stress is 70 MPa. The steel
rod has an area of 1200 mm2 ; E = 200 GPa; and
the allowable stress is 140 MPa. Determine the
largest mass M which can be supported.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #29
The lower ends of the three bars in the figure are at the same level before the uniform rigid
block weighing 178 kN is attached. Each steel bar has a length of 305mm, and area of 645
mm2 , and E = 200 GPa. For the bronze bar, the area is 968 mm2 and E = 82.74 GPa.
Determine (a) the length of the bronze bar so that the load on each steel bar is twice the
load on the bronze bar, and (b) the length of the bronze that will make the steel stress twice
the bronze stress.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #30
The rigid platform in the figure has negligible mass
and rests on two steel bars, each 250.00 mm long.
The center bar is aluminum and 249.90 mm long.
Compute the stress in the aluminum bar after the
center load P = 400 kN has been applied. For each
steel bar, the area is 1200 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.
For the aluminum bar, the area is 2400 mm2 and E
= 70 GPa.

Example #31
The composite bar in the figure is firmly attached to
unyielding supports. Compute the stress in each
material caused by the application of the axial load
P = 223 kN.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #32

The composite bar in the figure is stress-free

before the axial loads P1 and P2 are applied.
Assuming that the walls are rigid, calculate the
stress in each material if P1 = 150 kN and P2 = 90
kN.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #33
As shown in the figure, a rigid bar with negligible mass is pinned at O and attached to two
vertical rods. Assuming that the rods were initially stress-free, what maximum load P can be
applied without exceeding stresses of 150 MPa in the steel rod and 70 MPa in the bronze
rod.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #34
Shown in the figure is a section through a balcony. The total uniform load of 600 kN is
supported by three rods of the same area and material. Compute the load in each rod.
Assume the floor to be rigid, but note that it does not necessarily remain horizontal.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #35
Three rods, each of area 250 mm2 , jointly support a 7.5 kN load, as shown in the figure.
Assuming that there was no slack or stress in the rods before the load was applied, find the
stress in each rod. Use Est = 200 GPa and Ebr = 83 GPa.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Chapter 6
Thermal Stress

Thermal Stress
Temperature changes cause the body to expand or contract. The amount 𝛿T , is given by

𝛿 = 𝛼𝐿 𝑇 − 𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇

where 𝛼 is the coefficient of thermal expansion in m/m°C, L is the length in meter, Ti and Tf
are the initial and final temperatures, respectively in °C.

If temperature deformation is permitted to occur freely, no load or stress will be induced in

the structure. In some cases where temperature deformation is not permitted, an internal
stress is created. The internal stress created is termed as thermal stress.

For a homogeneous rod mounted between unyielding supports as shown, the thermal
stress is computed as:

deformation due to temperature changes;

𝛿 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇
deformation due to equivalent axial stress;

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

𝐹𝐿 𝜎𝐿
𝛿 = =
𝐴𝐸 𝐸
𝛿 =𝛿
𝜎𝐿
= 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇
𝐸
𝜎 = 𝐸𝛼∆𝑇
here is the thermal stress in MPa, E is the modulus of elasticity of the rod in MPa.

If the wall yields a distance of x as shown, the following calculations will be made:

deformation due to temperature changes;

𝛿 =𝑥+𝛿
𝜎𝐿
𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 = 𝑥 +
𝐸
where 𝜎 represents the thermal stress.
Take note that as the temperature rises above the normal, the rod will be in compression,
and if the temperature drops below the normal, the rod is in tension..

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #36
A steel rod is stretched between two rigid walls and carries a tensile load of 5000 N at 20°C.
If the allowable stress is not to exceed 130 MPa at -20°C, what is the minimum diameter of
the rod? Assume α = 11.7 µm/(m·°C) and E = 200 GPa.

Example #37

Steel railroad reels 10 m long are laid with a clearance of 3 mm at a temperature of 15°C. At
what temperature will the rails just touch? What stress would be induced in the rails at that
temperature if there were no initial clearance? Assume α = 11.7 µm/(m·°C) and E = 200 GPa.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #38
The rigid bar ABC in the figure is pinned at B and attached to the two vertical rods. Initially,
the bar is horizontal and the vertical rods are stress-free. Determine the stress in the
aluminum rod if the temperature of the steel rod is decreased by 40°C. Neglect the weight
of bar ABC.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #39
As shown in the figure, there is a gap between the
aluminum bar and the rigid slab that is supported
by two copper bars. At 10°C, Δ = 0.18 mm.
Neglecting the mass of the slab, calculate the
stress in each rod when the temperature in the
assembly is increased to 95°C. For each copper
bar, A = 500 mm2 , E = 120 GPa, and α = 16.8
µm/(m·°C). For the aluminum bar, A = 400 mm2 , E = 70 GPa, and α = 23.1 µm/(m·°C).

Example #40

A rigid bar of negligible weight is supported

as shown in the figure. If W = 80 kN,
compute the temperature change that will
cause the stress in the steel rod to be 55
MPa. Assume the coefficients of linear
expansion are 11.7 µm/(m·°C) for steel and
18.9 µm/(m·°C) for bronze.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Chapter 7
Torsional Stress

Formulas in Torsion
Shear Stress
𝑻𝒓 𝑻𝒑
𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = , 𝝉=
𝑱 𝑱
T: Internal torque in the shaft

r or p: distance of the point at which the stress is

being calculated from the centroid of section

J: polar moment of inertia

Internal torque (T) is determined using free body diagram:

• Cut the element at section where torque should be determined
• Put internal torque (T) at the cut section outward from the
surface
• Determine T using equilibrium equations of torques

Solid Shaft
Polar Moment of Inertia
𝝅 𝟒 𝝅 𝟒
𝑱= 𝒓 = 𝒅
𝟐 𝟑𝟐
Maximum Shear Stress
16𝑇
𝜏 =
𝜋(𝐷 )
Tubular Shaft

Polar Moment of Inertia

𝝅 𝟒 𝝅
𝑱= (𝑹 − 𝒓𝟒 ) = (𝑫𝟒 − 𝒅𝟒 )
𝟐 𝟑𝟐
Maximum Shear Stress
16𝑇𝐷
𝜏 =
𝜋(𝐷 − 𝑑 )

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Free body Diagram for determining internal torque

Step 1) Cut the element to make it free
Cut the section at the point at which the internal torque should be determined.
Step 2) Apply forces

Apply all external torques acting on the cute element. Put an unknown torque at the
cut section facing outward from the cut section
Important Note:
Consider the free part of the structure; the part without restraints.
Step 3) Use equilibrium equation
Use equilibrium equation to determine the internal torque.

𝑇=0

Angle of Twist
Simple Torsional Elements
Constant torque and cross-sectional area
𝑇𝐿
𝜃=
𝐺𝐽
Where T: Torsion
L: Length of the shaft
G: Modulus of Rigidity (Shear Modulus)
J: Polar Moment of Inertia

System of Connected Torsional Elements

Each segment has a constraint torque and cross-sectional area.
𝑇𝐿
𝜃=
𝐺𝐽

Elements with Variable Section or Under Continuous Torsion

Where torque (T) or Cross-section (A) is not constant.
𝑇(𝑥)
𝜃= 𝑑𝑥
𝐺(𝑥)𝐽(𝑥)

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Power Transmission
Power (P) is defined as the work performed per unit of time.
The work transmitted by a rotating shaft equals the torque applied times the angle of
rotation.
Work = torque x twist
Work = Tϴ
Power = work per unit time
𝑑
𝑃= (𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
𝑃= (𝑇𝜃)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃
𝑃=𝑇
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃
𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝜔 =
𝑑𝑡
Hence:
𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔
Unit Conversion in Power Transmission
Power:
SI - watts(N.m/s)
US customary - (ft.lb/s) or horsepower (hp)

- In the SI sytem, power is expressed in watts when torque is measured in Newton-

meter (N.m) and angular rotation speed (ω) is radian per second (rad/s).
- In Foot-Pound-Second system (FPS), the basic units of power are foot-pound per
second (ft.lb/s); however, horsepower (hp) is often used in engineering practice,
where
𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏
1 ℎ𝑝 = 550
𝑠

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #41
A d= 20 mm diameter solid steel shaft is
subjected to the torques shown in the
figure. Determine the maximum shear
stress in the shaft. [TB = 25 N.m, TC = 35
N.m, TD = 24 N.m, TE = 14 N.m]

Example #42
An aluminum shaft with a constant diameter of 50 mm
is loaded by torques applied to gears attached to it as
shown in the figure. Using G = 28 GPa, determine the
relative angle of twist of gear D relative to gear A.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #43
The steel shaft shown in the
figure rotates at 4 Hz with 35 kW
taken off at A, 20 kW removed at
B, and 55 kW applied at C. Using
G = 83 GPa, find the maximum
shearing stress and the angle of
rotation of gear A relative to gear C.

Example #44
The compound shaft shown
in the figure is attached to
rigid supports. For the bronze
segment AB, the diameter is
75 mm, τ ≤ 60 MPa, and G =
35 GPa. For the steel
segment BC, the diameter is
50 mm, τ ≤ 80 MPa, and G =
83 GPa. If a = 2 m and b = 1.5 m, compute the maximum torque T that can be applied

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Torsion of thin-walled tube

The torque applied to thin-walled tubes is expressed as

where T is the torque in N·mm, A is the area enclosed by the center line of the tube (as
shown in the stripe-filled portion) in mm2 , and q is the shear flow in N/mm.
The average shearing stress across any thickness t is

Thus, torque T ca also be expressed as

Example #45
A torque of 600 N·m is applied to the rectangular section shown in
the figure. Determine the wall thickness t so as not to exceed a
shear stress of 80 MPa. What is the shear stress in the short sides?
Neglect stress concentration at the corners.

Example #46

A tube 2 mm thick has the shape shown in the figure. Find the
shearing stress caused by a torque of 600 N·m.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Chapter 8
Flange Bolt Couplings and Helical Spring

Flanged bolt couplings

In shaft connection called flanged bolt couplings the torque is transmitted by the shearing
force P created in the bolts that is assumed to be uniformly distributed. For any number of
bolts n, the torque capacity of the coupling is

𝜋𝑑
𝑇 = 𝑃𝑅𝑛 = 𝜏𝑅𝑛
4
Where: d = diameter of the bolts
R = radial distance from the shaft axis
n = number of bolts
If a coupling has two concentric rows of bolts, the torque capacity is
𝑇 =𝑃 𝑅 𝑛 +𝑃 𝑅 𝑛
where the subscript 1 refer to bolts on the outer circle an subscript
2 refer to bolts on the inner circle.
For rigid flanges, the shear deformations in the bolts are
proportional to their radial distances from the shaft axis. The
shearing strains are related by
𝛾 𝛾
=
𝑅 𝑅
Using Hooke’s law for shear, G , we have
𝜏 𝜏
=
𝐺 𝑅 𝐺 𝑅
If the bolts on the two circles have the same area, A1=A2 , and if the bolts are made of the
same material, G1=G2 , the relation between P1 and P2 reduces to
𝑃 𝑃
=
𝑅 𝑅

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #47
A flanged bolt coupling consists of ten 20-mm-diameter bolts spaced evenly around a bolt
circle 400 mm in diameter. Determine the torque capacity of the coupling if the allowable
shearing stress in the bolts is 40 MPa.

Example #48

A flanged bolt coupling consists of eight 10-mm-diameter steel bolts on a bolt circle 400 mm
in diameter, and six 10-mm-diameter steel bolts on a concentric bolt circle 300 mm in
diameter, as shown in the figure. What torque can be applied without exceeding a shearing
stress of 60 MPa in the bolts?

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #49
Six 22 mm diameter rivets fasten the plate to the fixed member as shown in the figure.
Determine the average shearing stress caused in each rivet by the 62 kN loads. What
additional loads P can be applied before the shearing stress in any rivet exceeds 55.16 MPa?

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #50
The plate shown in the figure is fastened to the fixed member by five 10-mm-diameter
rivets. Compute the value of the loads P so that the average shearing stress in any rivet does
not exceed 70 MPa.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Helical Springs
When close-coiled helical spring, composed of a wire
of round rod of diameter d wound into a helix of
mean radius R with n number of turns, is subjected to
an axial load P produces the following stresses and
elongation:
The maximum shearing stress is the sum of the direct
shearing stress τ1 = P/A and the torsional shearing stress τ2
= Tr/J, with T = PR.
𝑃 16𝑃𝑅
𝜏 =𝜏 +𝜏 = +
𝜋𝑑 𝜋𝑑
4
16𝑃𝑅 𝑑
𝜏= 1+
𝜋𝑑 4𝑅
This formula neglects the curvature of the spring. This is used for light spring where the ratio
d/4R is small.
For heavy springs and considering the curvature of the spring, a more precise formula is
given by: (A.M. Wahl Formula)
16𝑃𝑅 4𝑚 − 1 0.625
𝜏= +
𝜋𝑑 4𝑚 − 4 𝑚
where m = 2R/d is called the spring index and (4m – 1)/(4m – 4) is the Wahl Factor;
The elongation of the bar is

Notice that the deformation δ is directly proportional to the applied load P. The ratio of P to δ is
called the spring constant k and is equal to

Springs in Series
For two or more springs with spring laid in series, the resulting spring constant k is given by

where k1, k2,... are the spring constants for different

springs.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Springs in Parallel
For two or more springs in parallel, the resulting spring constant is

Example #51
Determine the maximum shearing stress and elongation in a helical steel spring composed
of 20 turns of 20-mm-diameter wire on a mean radius of 90 mm when the spring is
supporting a load of 1.5 kN. Use Wahl formula and G = 83 Gpa

Example #52
Compute the maximum shearing stress developed in a phosphor bronze spring having mean
diameter of 200 mm and consisting of 24 turns of 200-mm diameter wire when the spring is
stretched 100 mm. Use Wahl formula and G = 42 GPa.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #53
Two steel springs arranged in series as shown in the figure supports a load P.
The upper spring has 12 turns of 25-mm-diameter wire on a mean radius of
100 mm. The lower spring consists of 10 turns of 20-mm diameter wire on a
mean radius of 75 mm. If the maximum shearing stress in either spring must
not exceed 200 MPa, compute the maximum value of P and the total
elongation of the assembly. Use Wahl Formula and G = 83 GPa. Compute the
equivalent spring constant by dividing the load by the total elongation.

Example #54
A rigid bar, hinged at one end, is supported by
two identical springs as shown in the figure.
Each spring consists of 20 turns of 10-mm wire
having a mean diameter of 150 mm. Compute
the maximum shearing stress in the springs.
Neglect the mass of the rigid bar.

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 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES - ENGR. KIM Q. MARAÑON

Example #55
As shown in the figure, a homogeneous 50-kg rigid block is suspended by the three springs
whose lower ends were originally at the same level. Each steel spring has 24 turns of 10-
mm-diameter on a mean diameter of 100 mm, and G = 83 GPa. The bronze spring has 48
turns of 20-mm-diameter wire on a mean diameter of 150 mm, and G = 42 GPa. Compute
the maximum shearing stress in each spring.

58