Ratio, Proportion and Unitary

Method
Week 4.1

Secondary 1
 Learning Objective:
● Understand and use the relationship between
ratio and direct proportion.
● Use knowledge of equivalence to simplify and
compare ratios (same units).
Ratios
Making Comparisons
One way of comparing two quantities is
to say how much larger or how much
smaller one is than the other. 7 is 6 less than 13

See, Rohan and Sonal have collected some

stamps.

Dev is 20 cm taller than his friend Aisha How will you compare the number of
stamps collected by Rohan and Sonal?
 There are two other ways of comparing.
See, Rohan and Sonal have collected (i) By finding difference.
come stamps. 15 - 10 = 5
● We have compared by taking the difference
Rohan has 5 stamps more than Sonal.

(ii) By dividing numbers

Rohan’s collection → (lowest term)
Sonal’’s collection →
Rohan’s collection is times the collection
How will you compare the number of of Sonal.
stamps collected by Rohan and Sonal? When we compare two quantities of same
kind by division, we say a ratio is formed.
Comparing two quantities by division is
called Ratio.

We use the symbol ‘ : ’ to denote

ratio.
The ratio form of is 3 : 2
and is read as ‘three is to two’.

In the ratio 3 : 2, 3 and 2 are called the

terms of the ratio.

3 is called the First term or Antecedent.

2 is called the Second term or
Consequent.
Fractions and Ratios
Equivalent fractions Equivalent Ratios
We can see from the diagram below that A ratio shows how two or more quantities
, and are equivalent fractions. are related to each other.
For example, a red and a white paint can
be mixed in ratio of 1 : 4 to make a pink
paint.

This means that for every 1 unit of red

paint, there are 4 units of white paint, i.e
there is four times as much white paint
They are called this because each than red in the mixture that makes pink
fraction is worth the same amount. Ratios behave in similar way to fractions.
Similarly 1/3 , 2/6 and 3/9 are equivalent 1 : 2 is equivalent to 2 : 4 or 35 : 70
fractions, as are ⅕, 10/50, and 20 /100. In the same way, 15 : 5 is equivalent to
3 : 1 or 9 : 3.
Work example
a. Are the ratios 8 : 12 and 48 : 72 b. Are the ratios 18 to 12 and 60 to 40 in
equivalent? proportion?
Answer: Answer:
8 : 12 → → 18 : 12 → →
48 : 72 → →
60 : 40 → →

8 is two - thirds (⅔) of 12 and 48 is two- 18 is one and a half times 12 and 60
thirds (⅔) of 72, so the ratios are is one and a half times 40, so the
equivalent. ratios are proportion.
Work example
c. Are the ratios 24 to 8 and 12 to 3 in Now look at the table.
proportion?

Answer:
24 : 8 → → →3

12 : 3 → →
→4

24 is 3 times 8 and 12 is 4 times 3, so

the ratios are not in proportion.
 Practise Now
Copy these sets of equivalent ratios and
fill in the blanks.
1. 4 : 5 = 8 : ___ = ____ : 50 = 12 :
___ 10 40 15

4 = ___
2. 7 : 2 = 14 : __ 35 : 10 = 49 : 14
___
3. 8 : 5 = ___ : 50 = 32 : ___ = 4 :
___ 80 20 2.5
Simplifying Ratio
(same units)
Simplifying Ratio Answer:
Ratios, like fractions, can also be
simplified. To write a ratio in its simplest The highest common factor of both 50
form, simply divide by the highest and 75 is 25.
common factor of the numbers involved.

Work example

A tile pattern is made of two different

coloured tiles, red and blue.
The ratio of red : blue tiles is 50 : 75.
Write this ratio in its simplest form. The ratio of red : blue tiles in its simplest
form is 2 : 3.
Simplifying Ratio Work example
Some ratios, however, are written in the A school has 40 teachers and 720
form 1 : n, where n is a whole number or students. Write the teacher : student
a decimal. ratio in the form of 1 : n.

For example, in a school the teacher -

Answer:
to - student ratio may be given as 1 :
15.5. The teacher : student ratio is 40 : 720.
Therefore to write 40 : 720 in the form
This means that for every teacher, there 1 : n and keep the ratios equivalent, both
are 15.5 students. (It does not mean that sides must be divided by the same
every class has 15.5 students but that, if number.
the number of students is divided by the
number of teachers, the answer is 15.5)
 Work example
Teacher : Students
A school has 40 teachers and 720
students. Write the teacher : student
ratio in the form of 1 : n.
Answer:
The teacher : student ratio is 40 : 720.
Therefore to write 40 : 720 in the form
1 : n and keep the ratios equivalent, both Therefore n = 720 ÷ 40
sides must be divided by the same = 18
number. The ratio of teachers : students in the
form 1 : n is 1 : 18
Work example
Teacher : Students
The teacher : students ratio in a
school is 1 : 18.
There are 25 teachers. How many
students are there?

Answer:

The ratio is given in the form 1 : n so the

values need to be multiplied to keep the Therefore
ratio constant. the number of students = 18 x 25
= 450
1 : 18 = 25 : n
Work example Answer:
a. 4 m long cloth
Express the following pairs into ratio
2 m long cloth
in the simplest form.
Ratio of the lengths of cloth = 4 : 2
a. 4 m long cloth
2 m long cloth
Ratio of the lengths of cloth
a. 150 kg b. 150 kg
120 kg 120 kg
Ratio of weight of sugar in the bags Ratio of weight of sugar in the bags
a. 12 l = 150 : 120
9l
Ratio of quantity of milk
Answer: Work example
c. 12 l
A model of a house is 30cm tall. The
9l
Ratio of quantity of milk house is 500 cm tall. Write the ratio of the
= 12 : 9 model height to the house height in its

Answer:
simplest form.

30 cm : 500 cm

= 3 : 50
Sharing in a Ratio
Sharing in a Ratio
So, Sally paid twice as much as Bob.
Sometimes, you need to share an amount
in a given ratio. Five years later they sold the car
For example, for $9 000.
Sally and Bob bought a car for $15 000. They need to share the money fairly
Sally paid $10 000 and Bob paid $5 000. between them.
You can write the amounts they paid as a Sally paid twice as much as Bob, So
ratio. she should get twice as much as him.
Sally : Bob
How much each of them gets?

The HCF of 10000 and 5000 is 5000, so

divide by 5000 to simplify the ratio
 Work example
To share in a given ratio Share $9 000 between Sally and
● Add the numbers in the ratio to Bob in the ratio 2 : 1.
find the total number of parts
● Divide the amount to be shared Answer:
by the total number of parts to
Total number of parts: 2 + 1 =3
find the value of one part.
Value of one part : $9 000 ÷ 3 = $3 000
● Use multiplication to work out
the value of each share. Sally gets: $3 000 x 2 = $6 000
● Check that the total of their Bob gets: $3 000 x 1 = $3 000
shares is the same as the
amount they shared. $6 000 + $ $3 000 = $9 000 ✔
Allan, Bob and Chris buy a painting for Work example
$600. Allan pays $200, Bob pays $300 and
Share $840 between Allan, Bob and
Chris $100.
Chris in the ratio 2 : 3 : 1.
You can write the amounts they pay as a
ratio like this. Answer:
Allan : Bob : Chris
200 : 300 : 100 Total number of parts: 2 +3+ 1 =6
Simplify the ratio by dividing by 100 to give: Value of one part : $840 ÷ 6 = $140
2:3:1
You can see that Allan paid twice as much Allan gets: $140 x 2 = $280
as Chris, and Bob paid three times as Bob gets: $140 x 3 = $420
Chris. When they sell the painting, they Chris gets: $140 x 1 = $140
need to share the money fairly between
them. $280 + $420 + $140 = $840 ✔
Page 367
Simplifying Ratios
(different units)
 Learning Objective:
● Use knowledge of equivalence to simplify and
compare ratios (different units).
● Understand how ratios are used to compare
quantities to divide an amount into a given
ratio with two parts.
● Understand how ratios are used to compare
quantities to divide an amount into a given
ratio with two or more parts.
Simplifying Ratio Work example
Simplify the ratio 2 litres : 750 ml
Like fractions, ratios can be simplified.
For example, Answer:
4 : 8 simplifies to 1 : 2,
*as 4 is the highest First write both quantities in the same units.
common 1 litre = 1000 ml → 2 litres = 2000 ml
factor of both numbers and 2 litres : 750 ml
4 ÷ 4 = 1 while 8 ÷ 4 = 2 2000 ml : 750 ml

14 : 21 simplifies to 2 : 3,
*as 7 is the highest common
factor of both numbers and
14 ÷ 7 = 2 while 21 ÷ 7 = 3.

2000 ml = 750 ml simplifies to 8 : 3

 Work example
2. 8 m : 75 cm
Simplify the following ratios. 1 m = 100 cm
8 x 100 = 800 cm → 800 cm : 75 cm
1. 20 minutes : 1 hour
2. 8 m : 75 cm
3. 3 hours to 1 day 8 m : 75 cm simplifies to 32 : 3

Answer: 3. 3 hours to 1 day

1. 20 minutes : 1 hour 24 hrs = 1 day → 3 hrs : 24 hrs
60 minutes : 1 hour → 20 mins : 60
mins

3 hours to 1 day simplifies to 1 : 8

20 mins : 1 hr simplifies to 1 : 3
 Work example
First write both quantities in the same units.
A half - marathon is distance of 21 km.
1 km = 1000 m → 21 km = 21000 m
A runner has entered a half - marathon
race. After two hours, he has run a Distance left to run:
total of 18500 m. = 21000 m - 18500 m = 2500 m

Write the ratio of distance left to run : The ratio of

distance already run in its simplest Distance left to run : Distance already run
form. is 2500 m : 18 500 m
Answer:
Given:
Distance = 21 km
Distance already run = 18500 m 2500 m : 18 500 m in
simplest form is 5 : 37
 Work example (a) Ratio of earnings to expenditure
Mr. Joseph earns $ 4, 500 a month. He = 4500 : 3600
spends $ 3, 600 and saves the rest. Find
the ratio of —
(a) Earnings to expenditure
(b) Ratio of expenditure to savings
(b) Expenditure to savings
= 3600 : 900
(c) Savings to earnings.

Answer:
Mr. Joseph earnings = $ 4, 500 (c) Ratio of savings to earnings
Expenditure = - $ 3, 600 = 900 : 4500

Savings = $ 900
So, the required ratios are 5 : 4, 4 : 1,
and 1 : 5
Unitary Method Work example
A pink painting mixes white and red paint in
Unitary method is the method by the ratio 5 : 3.
which we find the value of a single unit If 32 litres of white paint are used, how many
from the value of multiple units and litres of red paint must be used to make the
then use this value to find the value of pink paint?
the required number of units. Answer: Divide by 5 to
White : Red get the ratio in
the form 1 : n

Multiply both by
32, using
equivalent ratios

So, 19.2 litres of red paint are needed.

Work example Work example
If ribbon costs $0.80 for 2.5 m, how much
Georgina is paid $37.80 for working 6
does it costs for 26 m?
hours.How much would she be paid for
working 11 hours? Answer:
Answer:
The cost for 1 m of ribbon is
$0.80 ÷ 2.5 = $ 0.32
Pay for 6 hours is $37.80 Find the
Pay for 1 hour is $37.80 ÷ 6 = $ 6.30 value of a
So, the cost for 26 m is single metre
Pay for 11 hours is $6.30 x 11 = $69.30
$0.32 x 26 = $8. 32 then scale it
up.
Georgina would be paid $69.30 for
working 11 hours.
Work example
Alistair, Rachel and Felicity share a sum of money in the ratio 4 : 5 : 3
Rachel receives $140.
a. How much does Alistair receive?
b. What is the total amount of money?
Answer:
a. Rachel has received 5 portions
5 portions = $140
1 portion = $140 ÷ 5 = $28
4 portions are worth $28 x 4 = $112
Alistair receives $112.
a. Altogether there are 12 portions.
$28 x 12 = $336
The total amount is $336.
Work example
Copper and nickel are mixed in the ratio
7 : 4 to form a metal alloy.
If 550 g of alloy is produced, how much copper is used?
Answer:
A ratio of 7 : 4 means that the overall quantity has been split into 11 parts.

7 parts copper means that of the alloy is copper.

Therefore the amount of copper is

Dividing a quantity in a given ratio
We can also use the unitary method to divide a quantity in a given ratio.

Work example
A piece of wood is 150 cm long. It is divided into two pieces in the ratio 7 : 3.
How long is each piece?
Answer:
A ratio of 7 : 3 means you need to consider the wood as 10 parts.
One piece of wood is made of 7 parts; the other piece is made of 3 parts.
10 parts are 150 cm long.
So, 1 part is 150 cm ÷ 10 = 15 cm long.
7 parts are 7 x 15 cm = 105 cm long and
3 parts are 3 x 15 cm = 45 cm long.
Direct Proportion
 Learning Objectives:
● Understand and use the relationship
between ratio and direct proportion.
● Understand how ratios are used to compare
quantities to divide an amount into a given
ratio with two parts.
● Understand how ratios are used to compare
quantities to divide an amount into a given
ratio with two or more parts.
Direct Proportion
Two quantities are in direct proportion if they increase or decrease at the
same rate.

For example, if one quantity doubles the other quantity doubles as well.
If you work, the number of hours worked is directly proportional to the
pay received.

The example show you how to answer questions using the unitary method.

When you find the value of a single unit then scale it

up or down, or change the ratio to the form 1 : n.
Work example
A machine for making bread rolls makes 1500 rolls in 20
minutes.
How many rolls will it make in 3 hours?
Answer:
1500 : 20 minutes = n : 3 hours
60 minutes = 1 hour → 3 x 60 = 180 mins

1500 rolls : 20 mins = 13500 rolls : 180 mins.

∴ A machine can make 13500 rolls in 3 hours.
Work example
A machine for making bread rolls makes 1500 rolls in 20
minutes.
Another method:
How many rolls will it make in 3 hours?

Let n be the number of rolls made in 3 hours

1500 rolls : 20 mins = n : 180 mins

Product of extremes = 1500 x 180
= 270 000
Product of means = 20 x n
= 20n
270 000 = 20n 13 500 = n
 Work example
Another method:
Copper and nickel are mixed in the ratio 5 : 4.
48 g of nickel is used. How much copper is Let n be the mass of copper needed.
used?
5 : 4 = n : 48 g
Answer:
Let n be the mass of copper needed. Product of extremes = 5 x 48 g = 240 g
5 : 4 = n : 48 g Product of means = 4 x n = 4n
Copper : Nickel
240 = 4n

60 = n

So, 60 g of copper is used.

Maths 8
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