GROWTH

OF
PROFESSIONALIS
M
•
Nursing has taking a big step now. And
it’s growth shows that the number of
people that get the necessary medical
assistance grows too.
•
Nursing care has developed mainly
owing to the high level of
professionalism demonstrated in the
last couple of years. As nurses are
indeed required professionals their
duty is to focus on the kind of care
they are giving. It especially
concerns the people that have
difficult and hard to cure diseases.
They have to focus on the quality of
the care they give. Their knowledge
has to be narrower
 1.) PROFESSION
• A profession has a
unique body of
knowledge and values
– and a perspective to
go with it.
• The whole body of
persons engaged
in a calling or
vocation
 PROFESSION
• The nursing profession began
with a genuine desire to serve
and care for others, combined
with a sense of compassion and
commitment. Nurses are special
people.
• Nursing is a unique profession
because of its synthesis of
practice, multidimensional
assessment/intervention,
interpersonal communication,
case management, and resource-
linking on behalf of patient
 PROFESSIONAL

•Characterized by,
or conforming to,
the technical or
ethical standards
of a profession
 PROFESSIONAL

• Professionals are
expected to show a
degree of special
attainment, altruism,
and self-sacrifice in their
dealings with the rest of
the community and in
return receive privileges
both in the workplace
and at large
 PROFESSIONALISM

• Professionalism is
a calling which
requires specialized
knowledge and
often long and
extensive academic
preparation.
 PROFESSIONALISM

• In order to emphasize
professionalism within
nursing, each nurse
needs to understand the
opportunities,
responsibilities and
concerns that are
integral to the nursing
profession.
a.) Specialized Education
• the aggregate of
systematized knowledge
and practical abilities
required for the
performance of skilled work
in a given specialty.

A Master's Degree

A Doctorate

Certifications

State Licenses

Exams
 Master's Degree
• A master's degree in
nursing is essential for
certain nursing specialties.
• For example, if you wish to
become a nurse
anesthesiologist or a
certified nurse midwife you
must complete a master's
degree in the field of
anesthesiology or midwifery.
 Doctorate
•
Nurses who wish to teach in a
nursing school, college or university
are strongly advised to have
doctorates in the field of nursing.
•
A doctorate in the field indicates
that the nurse has performed
original research.
•
Doctorate holders may teach classes
and assume leadership roles in the
field of nursing. They may teach
nurses in an academic setting,
supervise hospital nurses or work in
an administrative role
 Certifications

• A nurse who specializes

in a specific field of
health care may be
required to complete a
course of specialized
training in that field.
 Licenses

• All nurses are required to pass

a state licensing exam in order
to become employed. Some
nurses may choose to
complete additional state
licensing exams. Some states
accept licenses from other
states but many do not have
reciprocal licensing
agreements.
 b.) Body of Knowledge

• Body of Knowledge
(BOK) is a term used to
represent the complete
set of concepts, terms
and activities that make
up a professional
domain.
 c.) Ethics
•
Branch of philosophy
concerned with
determining right and
wrong in relation to
people’s decisions and
actions.
 Ethics

• The values or moral

principles governing
relationships between
the nurse and patient,
the patient's family,
other members of the
health professions, and
the general public.
 d.) Autonomy
• is a concept found in moral,
political, and bioethical
philosophy.
• autonomy is often used as the
basis for determining moral
responsibility for one's actions
• Nursing is an autonomous,
self- governing profession,
a distinct scientific
discipline with many
autonomous practice
features.
• Professional autonomy means
having the authority to make
decisions and the freedom to act in
accordance with one's professional
knowledge base.
• An understanding of autonomy is
needed to clarify and develop the
nursing profession in rapidly changing
health care environments and
internationally there is a concern
about how the core elements of
nursing are taken care of when
focusing on expansion and extension
of specialist nursing roles.
4 Fundamental Patterns of Knowing

•
"Nursing depends on the scientific
knowledge of human behavior in
health and in illness, the esthetic
perception of significant human
experiences, a personal
understanding of the unique
individuality of the self, and the
capacity to make choices within
concrete situations involving
particular moral
judgments."Barbara A. Carper, 1978
Carper's fundamental ways of
knowing
• is a typology that
attempts to classify
the different sources
from which knowledge
and beliefs in
professional practice
(originally specifically
nursing) can or have
been derived.
CARPER’S 4 PATTERN OF
KNOWING
 1.) The Science in Nursing
(Empirical)
Empirical:
Factual knowledge from
science or other external
sources, that can be
empirically verified.

• Empirical knowledge, which

can only be found in books
and research.
The Science of Nursing is a continuously
evolving process of inquiry.
 Nursing Science

Nurses rely on intuition - the
lived experience

practical knowledge
such as evidence-based
practice

influence of other disciplines
i.e. pathology, physiology,
pharmacology, sociology,
psychology, biology,
chemistry, etc.;

Conceptual models and
informatics.
 2.) Nursing Ethics
• Ethical:
Attitudes and knowledge
derived from an ethical
framework, including an
awareness of moral
questions and choices.

Ethical knowledge, which

consists of one's moral and
religious beliefs
 Nursing Ethics
• An expression of how
nurses ought to conduct
themselves.
• Refers to ethical standards
that govern and guide
nurses in everyday practice
such as “being truthful with
clients” “respecting client
confidentiality” and
“advocating on behalf of
the client.”
 3.) Nursing Aesthetics
• Aesthetic: Awareness of the
immediate situation,
seated in immediate
practical action; including
awareness of the patient
and their circumstances as
uniquely individual, and of
the combined wholeness of
the situation.
 Aesthetic knowledge,
which refers to the art
of doing something
and how
you do it.
 4.) Personal Knowledge
• Personal: Knowledge
and attitudes derived
from
personal self-understanding
and empathy, including
imagining one's self in the
patient's position.

• Personal knowledge, which

you can only get from
experiences.
Level of Proficiency according
to Benner

• Novice
• Beginner
• Competent
• Proficient
• Expert
 Novice
•
Beginners have had no
experience of the
situations in which they
are expected to perform.
•
Novices are taught rules to
help them perform.
•
"Just tell me what I need
to do and I'll do it."
 Novice
•
The novice has no practical
experience and must base
what they do on principles
and rules.
•
Benner states that “nursing
students enter a new
clinical area as novices;
they have little
understanding of the
contextual meaning of the
recently learned textbook
terms”.
Advanced Beginner
• Advanced beginners are those
who can demonstrate marginally
acceptable performance,
• those who have coped with enough
real situations to note, or to have
pointed out to them by a mentor, the
recurring meaningful situational
components.
• These components require prior
experience in actual situations for
recognition. Principles to guide
actions begin to be formulated.

• The principles are based

on experience.
Advanced Beginner
• The advanced beginner has dealt
with enough real patient care
experiences to recognize recurring
components of the situation.
• They are also learning to
discriminate between normal
and abnormal situations and
establish priorities as to what’s
important.
 Competent
• Competence, typified by
the nurse who has been on
the job in the same or
similar situations two or
three years, develops when
the nurse begins to see his
or her actions in terms of
long-range goals or plans
of which he or she is
consciously aware.
 Competent
•
The competent nurse is
better at projecting into the
future and developing plans
based on “conscious,
abstract, analytic
contemplation of the
problem”
•
This promotes efficiency
and organization.
 Competent
•
Although the
competent nurse has a
sense of mastery and is
able to cope with a
number of variables,
she/he still “lacks the
speed and flexibility of
the proficient nurse”
 Proficient
•
The proficient nurse
knows from experience
what to expect in given
situations and how to
modify plans. Rather
than having to analyze
and calculate a plan,
the plan simply
“presents itself.”
 Proficient
• The proficient nurse can now
recognize when the expected
normal picture does not
materialize. This holistic
understanding improves the
proficient nurse's decision
making; it becomes less labored
because the nurse now has a
perspective on which of the
many existing attributes and
aspects in the present situation
are the important ones.
 The Expert
• The expert has an intuitive
grasp of situations based on
extensive experience.
• Rules, guidelines, and
maxims are no longer
necessary for dealing with
familiar situations although
the expert refers back to
analytic methods when
faced with new situations. .
 The Expert
• The expert is able to zero
in on the problem and
performance becomes
fluid, flexible, and highly
proficient.
• The expert has a difficult
time explaining what they
know and how they know it
because it has become
internalized.
 The Expert
• The expert operates from a
deep understanding of the
total situation.
• The chess master, for
instance, when asked why he
or she made a particularly
masterful move, will just say:
"Because it felt right; it looked
good." The performer is no
longer aware of features and
rules; his/her performance
becomes fluid and flexible and
highly proficient.