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EDC TRAINING CENTRE

BASIC RIG MATHEMATICS

TRAINING MANUAL

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I UNITS OF MEASUREMENT 04
English system for measurements 05
SI system for measurements 05
Conversion between SI units & English units 05
Rig tape 06

II AREA CALCULATIONS 09
Square 09
Rectangle 09
Triangle 09
Trapezoid 10
Circle 10

III VOLUME CALCULATIONS 12

Volume of cuboids (Mud tanks) 12
Volume of cylinders 14
Annular capacity 16
Metal displacement 16

IV DENSITY 18
Density 18
Density of fresh water 18
Density of steel 18
Specific Gravity 19

V PRESSURE 21
Dynamic pressure 21
Hydrostatic pressure 22
Pressure gradient 23
Formation pressure 23

VI BUOYANCY 24
Buoyancy 24
Buoyancy factor 25

VII MUD PUMPS 27

Types of mud pumps 27
Pump output calculations 28

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VIII MISCELLANEOUS 29
Nomenclature 29
API (Field Units) Formulas 30
API (Field Units) Rounding Rules 33

IX EXERCISES 34

X ANSWER KEY 47

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I - UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Throughout the world, two systems of measurement dominate: the
English system and the metric system.
٘‫ض‬ٛ‫ انُظبو اإلَده‬:‫بعبد‬ٛ‫ٍ نهم‬ٛ‫غٕد َظبيبٌ يخزهف‬ٚ ‫ػهٗ يغزٕٖ انؼبنى‬
.٘‫ٔانُظبو انًزش‬

Value English Metric (SI)

Length Foot (ft) Meter (m)
Weight Pound (lb) Gram (gm)
Capacity Gallon (g) Liter (l)

In the English system, for example, 1 foot equals 12 inches, 1 yard

equals 3 feet or 36 inches, and 1 mile equals 5,280 feet or 1,760 yards.
‫بسدح‬ٚ 1 ،‫ ثٕصخ‬12 ٘ٔ‫غب‬ٚ ‫ لذو‬1 ،‫م انًثبل‬ٛ‫ ػهٗ عج‬،٘‫ض‬ٛ‫ انُظبو اإلَده‬ٙ‫ف‬
.‫بسدح‬ٚ 1,760 ٔ‫ لذو أ‬5,280 ٘ٔ‫غب‬ٚ ‫م‬ٛ‫ ي‬1ٔ ،‫ ثٕصخ‬36 ٔ‫ لذو أ‬3 ٘ٔ‫رغب‬

In the metric system, for example, 1 meter equals 10 decimeters,

100 centimeters, or 1,000 millimeters. A kilometer equals 1,000 meters.

100 ٔ‫ًزش أ‬ٛ‫غ‬ٚ‫ د‬10 ٘ٔ‫غب‬ٚ ‫ يزش‬1 ،‫م انًثبل‬ٛ‫ ػهٗ عج‬،٘‫ انُظبو انًزش‬ٙ‫ف‬
.‫ يزش‬1,000 ٘ٔ‫غب‬ٚ ‫هٕيزش‬ٛ‫ ك‬1 ٔ .‫ًزش‬ٛ‫ يهه‬1,000 ٔ‫ًزش أ‬ٛ‫عُز‬
The metric system, unlike the English system, uses a base of 10°;
thus, it is easy to convert from one unit to another. To convert from one
unit to another in the English system, you must memorize or look up the
values.
ٍ‫ نزنك ي‬10° ‫غزخذو لبػذح‬ٚ ٘‫ض‬ٛ‫انُظبو انًزش٘ ػهٗ ػكظ انُظبو اإلَده‬
‫ انُظبو‬ٙ‫ٍ انٕحذاد انًخزهفخ ف‬ٛ‫م ث‬ٕٚ‫ نهزح‬.‫ٍ ٔحذارخ انًخزهفخ‬ٛ‫م ث‬ٕٚ‫انغٓم انزح‬
.‫الد‬ٕٚ‫ك حفظ أٔ يشاخؼخ ثٕاثذ انزح‬ٛ‫دت ػه‬ٚ ٘‫ض‬ٛ‫اإلَده‬
In the late 1970s, the Eleventh General Conference on Weights and
Measures described and adopted the Systeme International (SI)
d'Unites. Conference participants based the SI system on the metric
system and designed it as an international standard of measurement.

ُٗ‫بعبد ػشف ٔرج‬ٛ‫ انًؤرًش انؼبو انحبد٘ ػشش نهٕصٌ ٔانم‬، 1970 ‫ ػبو‬ٙ‫ف‬
٘‫ ػهٗ انُظبو انًزش‬ُٙ‫بعبد يج‬ٛ‫ نهم‬ًٙ‫ انُظبو انؼبن‬.‫بعبد‬ٛ‫ نهم‬ًٙ‫انُظبو انؼبن‬
.‫بعبد‬ٛ‫نهم‬

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English system for measurements:

1- Length:
1 mile = 1760 yard
1 yard = 3 feet
1 foot = 12 inches
The inch is divided up to 32 divisions.

2- Weight:
1 pound = 16 ounces

3- Capacity:
1 barrel = 5.614 cubic feet
1 cubic foot = 7.48 gallon
1 barrel = 42 gallon

SI system for measurements:

1- Length:
1 kilometer = 1000 meter
1 meter = 10 decimeter
1 decimeter = 10 centimeter
1 centimeter = 10 millimeter
2- Weight:
1 kilogram = 1000 gram
3- Capacity:
1 cubic meter = 1000 liter

Conversion between SI units & English units:

1- Length:
1 meter = 3.281 feet
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters

2- Weight:
1 pound = 453.5924 gram

3- Capacity:
1 gallon = 3.785412 liter

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Rig tape:

Rig tape is a special measuring tape used in rigs to measure

lengths. The difference between the ordinary measuring tape and the rig
tape is that the foot in the ordinary measuring tape is divided into 12
inches, but the foot in the rig tape is divided into 10 divisions.

‫ط‬ٚ‫ٍ شش‬ٛ‫ انفشق ث‬.‫بط األطٕال‬ٛ‫ ل‬ٙ‫غزخذو ف‬ٚ ‫بط انخبص ثدٓبص انحفش‬ٛ‫ط انم‬ٚ‫شش‬
‫ط‬ٚ‫ شش‬ٙ‫بط انخبص ثدٓبص انحفش ْٕ أٌ انمذو ف‬ٛ‫ط انم‬ٚ‫بط انؼبد٘ ٔشش‬ٛ‫انم‬
‫بط انخبص‬ٛ‫ط انم‬ٚ‫ شش‬ٙ‫ نكٍ انمذو ف‬،‫ ثٕصخ‬12 ٗ‫كٌٕ يمغى إن‬ٚ ٘‫بط انؼبد‬ٛ‫انم‬
.‫ أخضاء‬10 ٗ‫كٌٕ يمغى إن‬ٚ ‫ثدٓبص انحفش‬

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Yard Vs Meter
One Meter

One Yard

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One Foot In The Rig Tape Vs One Foot In The Ordinary Measuring Tape
One Inch
Inch Vs Centimeter

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II - AREA CALCULATIONS
1- Square:

Area of Square  L  L  L2

2- Rectangle:

Area of Rectangle  L W

3- Triangle:

1
Area of Triangle   B  H
2

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4- Trapezoid:

Area of Trapezoid 
B1  B2   H
2

5- Circle:

Area of Circle   R 2
2
22  D 
  
7 2
22 2
 D
74
 0.7854 D 2

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Annular Area  Area of circle D   Area of circle d 

 0.7854 D 2  0.7854 d 2

 0.7854 D 2  d 2 


Cross Sectional Area  0.7854 OD 2  ID 2 

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III - VOLUME CALCULATIONS

Volume of cuboids (Mud tanks):

Any cuboid shaped mud tank must have:

:ّ‫كٌٕ ن‬ٚ ٌ‫أ٘ خضاٌ طفهخ يكؼت انشكم الثذ أ‬

Length (L) ‫طٕل‬

Width (W) ‫ػشض‬
Height (H) ‫إسرفبع‬

Volumeof Mud Tanks  L W  H cu. ft

Example:

A mud tank with the following dimensions:

Length = 25 feet.
Width = 10 feet.
Height = 8 feet.

Calculate the volume (capacity) of that tank in [Link], bbls, bbl/ft & bbl/in.

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Answer:

Volumeof Mud Tanks  L  W  H  25 10  8  2000 cu. ft

To calculate the tank volume in bbls we must divide by the conversion

factor.
.‫م‬ٕٚ‫م الثذ يٍ انمغًخ ػهٗ ثبثذ انزح‬ٛ‫نحغبة حدى انخضاٌ ثبنجشاي‬

Volumein cu. ft 2000

Volumeof Mud Tanks    356.2 bbls
5.614 5.614

This means that if that mud tank is completely full it will contain
356.2 barrels, so to calculate the capacity of one foot height of that tank
we must divide the full capacity of the tank by its height.
،‫م‬ٛ‫ ثشي‬356.2 ٗ‫حزٕ٘ ػه‬ٛ‫ أٌ انخضاٌ نٕ كبٌ يًزهئ الخشح ع‬ُٙ‫ؼ‬ٚ ‫رنك‬
ٗ‫خ ػه‬ٛ‫إرا نحغبة عؼخ ٔاحذ لذو إسرفبع يٍ انخضاٌ الثذ يٍ لغًخ انغؼخ انكه‬
.ٌ‫إسرفبع انخضا‬

Volumein bbls 356.2

Volumeof Mud Tanks    44.53 bbl / ft
8 8

This means that every one foot height of that mud tank contains
44.53 barrels, so to calculate the capacity of one inch height of that tank
we must divide the capacity of one foot height of the tank by 12.
44.53 ٗ‫حزٕ٘ ػه‬ٛ‫ إٌ إيزأل ٔاحذ لذو إسرفبع يٍ انخضاٌ ع‬ُٙ‫ؼ‬ٚ ‫رنك‬
‫ إرا نحغبة عؼخ ٔاحذ ثٕصخ إسرفبع يٍ انخضاٌ الثذ يٍ لغًخ عؼخ ٔاحذ‬،‫م‬ٛ‫ثشي‬
.12 ٗ‫لذو إسرفبع ػه‬

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Volumein bbl / ft 44.53

Volumeof Mud Tanks    3.71 bbl / in
12 12

This means that every one inch height of that mud tank contains
3.71 barrels.
.‫م‬ٛ‫ ثشي‬3.71 ٗ‫حزٕ٘ ػه‬ٛ‫ إٌ إيزأل ٔاحذ ثٕصخ إسرفبع يٍ انخضاٌ ع‬ُٙ‫ؼ‬ٚ ‫رنك‬

Volume of cylinders:

If we have a cylinder having a

diameter (D) measured in inches, and
height (H) measured in feet.

(D) ‫إرا كبٌ ػُذَب اعطٕاَخ لطشْب‬

.‫( يمبط ثبنمذو‬H) ‫ ٔإسرفبػٓب‬،‫يمبط ثبنجٕصخ‬

Volumeof Cylinder  Area of Base  Height

2
D
 0.7854    H cu. ft
 12 

To calculate the volume of the

cylinder in barrels we should divide by
5.614.
5.614 ٗ‫م الثذ يٍ انمغًخ ػه‬ٛ‫نحغبة عؼخ االعطٕاَخ ثبنجشي‬

0.7854 D2
Volume of Cylinder  D H 
2
H bbls
12 12  5.614 1029 .4

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To calculate the volume of the cylinder in barrels per one foot

height we should divide by the height of the cylinder.
‫م نكم ٔاحذ لذو إسرفبع الثذ يٍ انمغًخ‬ٛ‫نحغبة عؼخ االعطٕاَخ ثبنجشي‬
.‫ػهٗ إسرفبع االعطٕاَخ‬
2
D H
Volume of Cylinder  
1029 .4 H
D2
 bbl / ft
1029 .4

The cylinder volume calculations are used to calculate the capacity

of the well when the drill string isn't in the well and the internal capacity
of drill pipes, drill collars & casing.
ٌٕ‫حغبثبد حدى االعطٕاَخ رغزخذو نحغبة عؼخ انجئش ػُذيب رك‬
ٌ‫ش انحفش ٔػًذا‬ٛ‫خ نًٕاع‬ٛ‫ضب حغبثبد انغؼخ انذاخه‬ٚ‫ش انحفش خبسج انجئش ٔ ا‬ٛ‫يٕاع‬
.ٌٕ‫غ‬ٛ‫ش انم‬ٛ‫انحفش ٔيٕاع‬

D2 ID 2
Well Capacity  bbl / ft Internal Capacity  bbl / ft
1029 .4 1029 .4

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Annular capacity:

The annular capacity of the Well is

the capacity of the well when the drill
string is in the well, i.e. it is the capacity
between the well wall and the outer
diameter of the drill string.
‫خ نهجئش ْٗ عؼخ انجئش‬ٛ‫انغؼخ انحهم‬
ْٙ ،‫ش انحفش داخم انجئش‬ٛ‫ػُذيب ركٌٕ يٕاع‬
‫ش‬ٛ‫ نًٕاع‬ٙ‫ٍ خذاس انجئش ٔانمطش انخبسخ‬ٛ‫انغؼخ ث‬
.‫انحفش‬
2 2
D d
Annular Capacity  
1029 .4 1029 .4
D2  d 2
 bbl / ft
1029 .4

Metal displacement:

We need to calculate the amount of steel in one

foot length of any joint (drill pipes, drill collars, casing)
to determine the amount of mud needed to be pumped
into the hole while POOH or amount of mud that will
return to the trip tank while RIH to monitor the well
condition.
ٙ‫ انمذو انطٕن‬ٙ‫ذ انًٕخٕد ف‬ٚ‫َحزبج حغبة حدى انحذ‬
‫غٌٕ نًؼشفخ‬ٛ‫ش انم‬ٛ‫ش انحفش ٔػًذاٌ انحفش ٔيٕاع‬ٛ‫يٍ يٕاع‬
ٍ‫ش ي‬ٛ‫ انجئش اثُبء إخشاج انًٕاع‬ٙ‫خ انطفهخ انالصو ضخٓب ف‬ًٛ‫ك‬
‫ش‬ٛ‫ عزخشج يٍ انجئش أثُبء إَضال انًٕاع‬ٙ‫خ انطفهخ انز‬ًٛ‫انجئش أٔ ك‬
.‫ انجئش نًشالجخ حبنخ انجئش‬ٙ‫ف‬

OD 2  ID 2
Metal Displaceme nt  bbl / ft
1029 .4

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Metal displacement can also be calculated using the theory of the

density.
.‫خ انكثبفخ‬ٚ‫ضب حغبثٓب ثبعزخذاو َظش‬ٚ‫ًكٍ ا‬ٚ ٌ‫إصاحخ انًؼذ‬

Weight
Density 
Volume

Weight
Volume 
Density

Weight / ft
Volume / ft 
Density

Adjusted Weight per foot

Metal Displaceme nt  bbl / ft
Steel Density
Adj. Wt / ft
 bbl / ft
2748

Nominal Weight per Foot: The weight of one foot length of the
uniform body of the drill pipe.
.‫ ْٕ ٔصٌ لذو ٔاحذ يٍ اندضء انًُزظى يٍ يبعٕسح انحفش‬:‫وزن القدم الحقيقي‬

Adjusted Weight per Foot: The average weight of one foot length of
the drill pipe joint taking in consideration the box tool joint and the pin
tool joint. The adjusted weight per foot is greater than the nominal
weight per foot.
‫ ْٕ يزٕعط انٕصٌ نهمذو انٕاحذ يٍ يبعٕسح انحفش يغ األخز‬:‫وزن القدم المعدل‬
ٍ‫كٌٕ اكجش ي‬ٚ ‫ ٔصٌ انمذو انًؼذل‬.‫ انًبعٕسح‬ٙ‫ االػزجبس انٕصالد انًٕخٕدح ف‬ٙ‫ف‬
.ٙ‫م‬ٛ‫ٔصٌ انمذو انحم‬

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IV - DENSITY
Density:
Density of any substance is the weight of a particular volume of
that substance, i.e. density is the weight per unit volume.
ْٙ ‫ أ٘ أٌ انكثبفخ‬،‫ ٔصٌ حدى يحذد يٍ ْزح انًبدح‬ْٙ ‫كثبفخ أ٘ يبدح‬
.‫ٔصٌ ٔحذح انحدٕو‬
Weight
Density 
Volume

The most common volumes used in the oil field are barrel, cubic
foot & gallon.
‫ انمذو‬،‫م‬ٛ‫ انجشي‬ْٙ ‫ يدبل انجزشٔل‬ٙ‫أكثش ٔحذاد انحدٕو اعزخذايب ف‬
.ٌٕ‫انًكؼت ٔاندبن‬
1 barrel = 5.614 cubic feet
1 cubic foot = 7.48 gallon
1 barrel = 42 gallon

So we can get the density of any substance in 3 different units

according to the used volume.
‫ٕخذ ثالس ٔحذاد يخزهفخ ػهٗ حغت ٔحذح انحدٕو‬ٚ ‫إرٌ نكثبفخ انًبدح‬
.‫انًغزخذيخ‬

ppg: pound per gallon. ٌٕ‫سطم نكم خبن‬

pcf: pound per cubic foot. ‫سطم نكم لذو يكؼت‬
lb/bbl: pound per barrel. ‫م‬ٛ‫سطم نكم ثشي‬

Density of fresh water:

= 8.34 ppg
= 62.4 pcf
= 350.3 lb/bbl

Density of Steel:
= 65.44 ppg
= 489.5 pcf
= 2748 lb/bbl

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Mud weight is the density of the drilling fluid and it is measured by

the Mud Balance.
.‫ضاٌ انطفهخ‬ٛ‫مبط ثئعزخذاو ي‬ٚٔ ‫ٔصٌ انطفهخ ْٕ كثبفخ عبئم انحفش‬

The Mud Balance is an apparatus used to measure the mud

density, it has four scales: ppg, pcf, SG & psi/1000ft.
‫خ أسثؼخ‬ٛ‫ٕخذ ػه‬ٚٔ ،‫بط كثبفخ انطفهخ‬ٛ‫غزخذو نم‬ٚ ‫ضاٌ انطفهخ ْٕ خٓبص‬ٛ‫ي‬
‫ سطم‬،ٙ‫ انٕصٌ انُٕػ‬،‫ سطم نكم لذو يكؼت‬،ٌٕ‫ سطم نكم خبن‬:‫دبد يخزهفخ‬ٚ‫رذس‬
.‫ لذو‬1000 ‫نكم ثٕصخ يشثؼخ نكم‬

Specific Gravity:

It is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of fresh

water. The specific gravity has is unit less and it expresses the number
of times a substance is heavier than fresh water.
ٌ‫ انٕص‬.‫ٍ كثبفخ انًبدح ٔ كثبفخ انًبء انؼزة‬ٛ‫ نهًبدح ْٕ َغجخ ث‬ٙ‫انٕصٌ انُٕػ‬
‫ًثم ػذد يشاد ثمم كثبفخ انًبدح ػٍ كثبفخ انًبء‬ٚ ْٕٔ ‫ظ نّ ٔحذح‬ٛ‫ ن‬ٙ‫انُٕػ‬
.‫انؼزة‬
Substance Density
Specific Gravity 
Fresh Water Density
Substance Density ( ppg )

8.34

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Example:

Calculate the specific gravity of the barite if the barite density is 35 ppg.
.ٌٕ‫ سطم نكم خبن‬35 ‫ذ‬ٚ‫ذ إرا كبَذ كثبفخ انجبسا‬ٚ‫ نهجبسا‬ٙ‫احغت انٕصٌ انُٕػ‬
Barite Density ( ppg )
Specific Gravity 
8.34
35
  4.2
8.34
This means that the barite is heavier than fresh water by 4.2 times.
.ِ‫ يش‬4.2 ‫ذ أثمم يٍ انًبء انؼزة‬ٚ‫ أٌ انجبسا‬ُٙ‫ؼ‬ٚ ‫ْزا‬

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V – PRESSURE
Dynamic Pressure:

Dynamic pressure is the force or weight per unit area.

.ّ‫ ْٕ انمٕح انًؤثشح ػهٗ ٔحذح انًغبح‬ٙ‫ك‬ٛ‫ُبي‬ٚ‫انضغط انذ‬
Force
Pressure  psi
Area

Force  Pressure  Area lbs

Where:
Force is measured in pounds (lbs).
Area is measured in square inches ([Link]).
Pressure is measured in pounds per square inch (psi).

Example:
Which square area has the greater pressure, A or B.

10
PA   10 psi
12

40 40
PA    10 psi
22 4

Both A & B have the same pressure.

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Hydrostatic Pressure:

Hydrostatic pressure is defined as the pressure due to the unit

weight and vertical height of a column of fluid.
ٗ‫ ْٕ انضغط انُبرح ػٍ ٔصٌ ػبيٕد انغبئم ػه‬ٙ‫ك‬ٛ‫ذسٔ عزبر‬ٛٓ‫انضغط ان‬
.‫ٔحذح انًغبحخ‬

Hydrostatic pressure  Const.  Fluid Density  TrueVertical Depth

Since:
Hydrostatic pressure is measured in psi
Fluid density is measured in ppg
True vertical depth is measured in feet

PH  psi   Const.  Mwt  ppg  TVD  ft 

7.48 12
PH  psi    Mwt ppg  TVD ft
12 12 12

PH  psi   0.052  Mwt  ppg  TVD  ft 

PH  psi   0.00694  Mwt  pcf   TVD  ft 

PH  psi   0.433  Mwt SG   TVD  ft 

Note: It is the vertical height/depth of the fluid column that matters, its
shape is unimportant.
.‫ٓى‬ٚ ‫ انشكم ال‬،‫ ْٕ انًغزخذو‬ٙ‫ انطٕل انؼًٕد٘ انشأع‬:‫يهحٕظخ‬

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Pressure Gradient:

It is the pressure exerted by one foot of length of a column of

liquid. Gradient of liquid is obtained by multiplying the weight measured
in ppg by 0.052.

‫ انضغط ْٕ انضغط انُبرح يٍ ػبيٕد يٍ انغبئم اسرفبػخ ٔاحذ‬ٙ‫انزذسج ف‬

ٌٕ‫ انضغط ْٕ حبصم ضشة ٔصٌ انغبئم يمبعب ثبنشطم نكم خبن‬ٙ‫ انزذسج ف‬.‫لذو‬
0.052 ٙ‫ف‬
PG  psi / ft   0.052  Mwt  ppg 

PH  psi   PG  psi / ft   TVD  ft 

PH  psi 
PG  psi / ft  
TVD  ft 

Formation Pressure

Formation pressure or pore pressure is said to be normal when it

is caused by the hydrostatic head of the subsurface water contained in
the formations and there is pore to pore pressure communication with
the atmosphere.

‫ انُبرح‬ٙ‫ك‬ٛ‫ذسٔعزبر‬ٛٓ‫ إرا كبٌ عججخ انضغط ان‬ٙ‫ؼ‬ٛ‫كٌٕ طج‬ٚ ‫ضغط انطجمبد‬

.ٕ٘‫ طجمبد األسض ٔركٌٕ يزصهخ ثبنٕٓاء اند‬ٙ‫خ انًٕخٕدح ف‬ٛ‫بح اندٕف‬ًٛ‫ػٍ ان‬

Dividing this pressure by the true vertical depth gives an average

pressure gradient of the formation fluid.

‫ يزٕعط انزذسج‬ٙ‫ؼط‬ٚ ٙ‫م‬ٛ‫ثمغًخ ْزا انضغط ػهٗ انؼًك انؼًٕد٘ انحم‬

.‫ انضغط نغٕائم انزشثخ‬ٙ‫ف‬

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Basic Rig Mathematics Training Manual M.Y 6 24

VI - BUOYANCY
Buoyancy:

If you put any object into fluid, the fluid tries to push that object
to float while the objects weight tries to sink the object.

ٙ‫حبٔل دفغ اندغى إنٗ أػهٗ ك‬ٚ ‫ عبئم فئٌ انغبئم‬ٙ‫إرا ٔضغ خغى ف‬
.‫غشق‬ٚ ٙ‫حبٔل شذح إنٗ أعفم ك‬ٚ ‫ٍ أٌ ٔصٌ اندغى‬ٛ‫ ح‬ٙ‫طفٕ ف‬ٚ

If the objects density is less than the fluid density the object will
float, but if the objects density is greater than the fluid density the
object will sink, but the weight of the object will decrease by the amount
of the force which the fluid applies on the object to float it.

‫ نكٍ إرا‬،‫طفٕ اندغى‬ٛ‫إرا كبَذ كثبفخ اندغى ألم يٍ كثبفخ انغبئم فغ‬
‫ُئز‬ٛ‫ نكٍ ٔصَّ ح‬،‫غشق اندغى‬ٛ‫كبَذ كثبفخ اندغى أكجش يٍ كثبفخ انغبئم فغ‬
.ٗ‫حبٔل انغبئم دفؼخ ثّ إنٗ أػه‬ٚ ٙ‫مم ثًمذاس انمٕح انز‬ٛ‫ع‬

Weight in fluid  Weight in air  Force up

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Buoyancy Factor:

It is the factor expressing the percentage of the weight of the

object in fluid to its weight in air. Buoyancy Factor must be less than 1
and it is unit less.
‫ انغبئم إنٗ ٔصَخ‬ٙ‫ٕضح َغجخ ٔصٌ اندغى ف‬ٚ ‫يؼبيم انطفٕ ْٕ يؼبيم‬
.‫ظ نٕ ٔحذح‬ٛ‫ح ٔن‬ٛ‫كٌٕ ألم يٍ انٕاحذ انصح‬ٚ ٌ‫ يؼبيم انطفٕ الثذ أ‬.‫ انٕٓاء‬ٙ‫ف‬

Object density  Fluid density

Buoyancy Factor 
Object density

Weight in fluid  Weight in air  Buoyancy Factor

In drilling, the fluid is the drilling mud and the object is always
steel having density of 65.44 ppg and the weight in mud is called hook
load.
65.44 ‫ انغبئم ْٕ انطفهخ ٔاالخغبو ركٌٕ صهت ٔصَخ‬،‫بد انحفش‬ٛ‫ ػًه‬ٙ‫ف‬
.‫م انخطبف‬ًٛ‫خ رح‬ٛ‫طهك ػه‬ٚ ‫ انطفهخ‬ٙ‫سطم نكم خبنٌٕ ٔانٕصٌ ف‬

Steel density  Mud density 65 .44  Mud density

Buoyancy Factor  
Steel density 65 .44

Hook load  Weight in air  B.F lbs

Example:

We have 600 ft of 9" OD x 3" ID drill

collars weighting 192.2 lb/ft. Calculate
their weight in air and weight in mud
(hook load) if the mud weight is 12 ppg.

Answer:

Weight in air  600  19.2  115,320 lbs

Hook load  Weight in air  Force up

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Force  pressure  area

Force up  Hydrostatic pressure  Cross Sectional area


 0.052  Mwt  TVD OD 2  ID2  0.7854  
 
 0.052 12  600  92  32  0.7854
 21,172 lbs

Hook load  Weight in air  Force up

 115,320  21,172
 94,148 lbs  A
Steel density  Mud density
Buoyancy Factor 
Steel density
65.44  12

65.44
 0.8166

Hook load  Weight in air  B.F

 115,320  0.8166
 94,170 lbs B 
By comparing (A) & (B), you can notice that there is only a slight
difference between them.

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Basic Rig Mathematics Training Manual M.Y 7 27

VII - MUD PUMPS

Types of mud pumps:

1- Triplex single acting mud pump.

2- Duplex double acting mud pump.

Schematic view of valve cycle for triplex single acting mud pump

Schematic view of valve cycle for duplex double acting mud pump

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- Why Triplex single acting pumps are preferable than Duplex

double acting mud pumps?

1- Triplex single acting pump is lighter than Duplex double acting

pump, with the same horse power.
‫خ األداء إرا‬ٛ‫خ ثُبئ‬ٛ‫خ األداء أخف يٍ انًضخخ انثُبئ‬ٚ‫خ أحبد‬ٛ‫ انًضخخ انثالث‬-1
.‫كبَذ نًٓب َفظ انمذسح‬

2- Triplex single acting pump is easier to maintain than Duplex

double acting pump.
‫خ‬ٛ‫بَخ يٍ انًضخخ انثُبئ‬ٛ‫ انص‬ٙ‫خ األداء أعٓم ف‬ٚ‫خ أحبد‬ٛ‫ انًضخخ انثالث‬-2
.‫خ األداء‬ٛ‫ثُبئ‬

3- Triplex single acting pump efficiency is (95%-98%), while

Duplex double acting pump efficiency is (85%).
ٌ‫ٍ أ‬ٛ‫ ح‬ٙ‫ ف‬،(95%-98%) ٌٕ‫خ األداء رك‬ٚ‫خ أحبد‬ٛ‫ كفبئخ انًضخخ انثالث‬-3
.(85%) ٌٕ‫خ األداء رك‬ٛ‫خ ثُبئ‬ٛ‫كفبئخ انًضخخ انثُبئ‬

Pump output calculations:

Pump Output Calculation for Triples Single Acting Mud Pump:

D2 L
Pump out put in bbl/stk =  3  eff
1029 .4 12

Where:
D = Liner diameter in inches
L = Stroke length in inches
eff = Pump efficiency

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VIII - MISCELLANEOUS
Nomenclature:

bbl/ft Barrels (US) per foot

bbl Barrel
bbl/min Barrels (US) per minute
bbl/stk Barrels (US) per stroke
BHP Bottom Hole Pressure
BOP Blowout Preventer
BPM Barrel Per Minute
D Diameter
ECD Equivalent Circulating Density
EMW Equivalent Mud Weight
FCP Final Circulating Pressure
FG Gradient Fracture
ft Feet
ft/hr Feet per hour
ft/min Feet per minute
gpm Gallons Per Minute
ICP Initial Circulating Pressure
ID Inner Diameter
INFh Height of Influx
KMW Kill Mud Weight
lbs/bbl Pounds per barrel
LOT Leak-off Test
MAASP Maximum Allowable Annular Surface Pressure
MD Measured Depth
MWt Mud Weight
OD Outer Diameter
OMW Original Mud Weight
P Pressure
Pa Pressure Losses in annulus
PC Circulating Pressure
pcf Pound Per Cubic Foot
PF Formation Pressure
PG Pressure Gradient, Mud Gradient
PH Hydrostatic Pressure
ppg Pounds per gallon
psi Pounds per square Inch
psi/ft Pounds per square inch per foot
psi/hr Pounds per square inch per hour

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POOH Pull out of hole

RIH Run In hole
RRCP Reduced Rate Circulating Pressure
S.G Specific Gravity
SICP Shut in Casing Pressure
SIDPP Shut in Drill Pipe Pressure
SPM Strokes per minute
TD Total Depth
TVD True Vertical Depth

API (Field Units) Formulas:

1- HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE (psi)

Mud Density  ppg   0.052  TVD  ft 

2- PRESSURE GRADIENT (psi/ft)

Mud Density  ppg   0.052

3- DRILLING MUD DENSITY (ppg)

pressure  psi 
0.052  TVD  ft 

4- FORMATION PORE PRESSURE (psi)

Hydrostatic pressure in Drill String  psi   SIDPP  psi 

5- PUMP OUTPUT (bbl/min)

Pump Displaceme nt bbl / stroke  Pump Rate SPM 

6- ANNULAR VELOCITY (ft/min)

Pump Output bbl / min 
Annular Capacity bbl / ft 

7- EQUIVALENT CIRCULATING DENSITY (ppg)

Annular pressure Loss  psi 
 Mud Density  ppg 
TVD  ft   0.052

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8- MUD DENSITY WITH TRIP MARGIN INCLUDED (ppg)

Safety Mar gin  psi 
 Mud Density  ppg 
TVD  ft   0.052

9- NEW PUMP PRESSURE WITH NEW PUMP RATE (psi) approximate

 New Pump Rate SPM  
2

Old Pump Pressure  psi    

 Old Pump Rate SPM  

10- NEW PUMP PRESSURE WITH NEW MUD DENSITY (psi) approximate
New Mud Density  ppg 
Old Pump Pressure  psi  
Old Mud Density  ppg 

11- MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE MUD DENSITY (ppg)

Surface LOT Pressure  psi 
 LOT Mud Density  ppg 
Shoe TVD  ft   0.052

12- MAASP (psi)

Maximun Allowable Mud Density  ppg   Current Mud Density  ppg  0.052  Shoe TVD  ft 

13- KILL MUD DENSITY (ppg)

SIDPP  psi 
 Original Mud Density  ppg 
TVD  ft  0.052

14- INITIAL CIRCULATING PRESSURE (psi)

Kill Rate Circulating Pressure  psi   SIDPP  psi 

15- FINAL CIRCULATING PRESSURE (psi)

Kill Mud Density  ppg 
Kill Rate Circulating Pressure  psi  
Original Mud Density  ppg 

16- SHUT IN CASING PRESSURE (psi)

Drilling Mud Density  ppg   Influx Density  ppg  0.052  Influx Vertical Height  ft   SIDPP  psi 

17- BARYTE REQUIRED TO INCREASE DRILLING MUD DENSITY (lb/bbl)

Kill Mud Density  ppg   Original Drilling Mud Density  ppg 1500
35 .8  Kill Mud Density  ppg 

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18- PERCOLATION RATE (ft/hr)

Increase in Surface Pressure  psi / hr 
Drilling Mud Density  ppg  0.052

19- GAS LAWS

P1  V1 P1  V1
P1  V1  P2  V2 P2  V2 
V2 P2

20- PRESSURE DROP PER FOOT TRIPPING DRY PIPE (psi/ft)

Drilling Mud Density  ppg  0.052  Metal Displaceme nt bbl / ft 
Riser / Casing Capacity bbl / ft   Metal Displaceme nt bbl / ft 

21- PRESSURE DROP PER FOOT TRIPPING WET PIPE (psi/ft)

Drilling Mud Density  ppg  0.052  Closed End Displaceme nt bbl / ft 
Riser / Casing Capacity bbl / ft   Closed End Displaceme nt bbl / ft 

22- LEVEL DROP PULLING REMAINING COLLARS OUT OF HOLE DRY (feet)
Lenght of Collars  ft  Metal Displaceme nt bbl / ft 
Riser / Casing Capacity bbl / ft 

23- LENGTH OF TUBULARS TO PULL DRY BEFORE OVERBALANCE IS LOST (ft)

Overbalance  psi   Riser / Casing Capacity bbl / ft   Metal Displaceme nt bbl / ft 
Mud Gradient  Metal Displaceme nt bbl / ft 

24- VOLUME TO BLEED OFF TO RESTORE BHP TO FORMATION PRESSURE (bbl)

Increase in Surface Pressure  psi  Influx Volume bbl 
Formation Pressure  psi   Increase in Surface Pressure  psi 

25- SLUG VOLUME (bbl) FOR A GIVEN LENGTH OF DRY PIPE

Length of Dry Pipe  ft  Pipe Capacity bbl / ft  Drilling Mud Density  ppg 
Slug Density  ppg   Drilling Mud Density  ppg 

26- PIT GAIN DUE TO SLUG U-TUBING (bbl)

 Slug Density  ppg  
Slug Volume bbl     1
 Drilling Mud Density  ppg  

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27- RISER MARGIN (ppg)

Air Gap  ft   Water Depth  ft  Mud Density  ppg   Water Depth  ft  Sea Water Density  ppg 
TVD  ft   Air Gap  ft   Water Depth  ft 

28. BOP CLOSING RATIO

Wellhead Pressure at BOP  psi 
Hydraulic Pressure Required to Close  psi 

29. BOP OPENING RATIO

Wellhead Pressure at BOP  psi 
Hydraulic Pressure Required to Open  psi 

30. HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE LOSS IF CASING FLOAT FAILS

Mud Density  ppg   0.052  Casing Capacity bbl / ft   Unfilled Casing Height  ft 
Casing Capacity bbl / ft   Annular Capacity bbl / ft 

API (Field Unit) Rounding Rules:

Description API Units Answer Range

Kill Mud Density Round up to one decimal place No Range
Number of strokes Round to nearest full number +/- 1%
Volume Round to nearest full number +/- 1%
Fracture Pressure Round down to a full number No Range
Bottom Hole Pressure Round down to a full number No Range
Maximum Allowable Round down to one decimal No Range
Mud Density place
MAASP Round down to a full number No Range
Dynamic MAASP Round down to a full number No Range
ICP Full Number No Range
FCP Round up to a full number No Range
Influx Gradient Psi/ft, two decimals +/- 0.01
Step down Pressures Psi/100 strokes to nearest full +/- 1 psi/100 strokes
number
Circulation Time Round to nearest full number +/- 1 minute

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IX - EXERCISES
1- Calculate the value of these expressions and select your
answers:

a- 10  0.052 4.44  0.00192  a- 0.00443

b- 0.08480
c- 0.06840
d- 0.00848
b- 10  0.052  4.44  0.00192  3.819  0.192  a- 0.59822
b- 0.00104
c- 0.00220
d- 0.00604
c- 10  0.052 4.44  0.00192  3.819 0.192  a- 0.07841
b- 0.72886
c- 0.73768
d- 0.00476
d- 38.19  0.00192  4.44  0.00192  a- 5.9822
b- 0.1044
c- 0.05982
d- 0.0648
e- 10  0.0542  4.44  0.00192  38 .19  0.00192  4.44  0.00192   a- 0.0853
b- 0.07130
c- 0.06037
d- 0.06840
f- 10  0.052  4.44  0.0019238.19  0.001924.44  0.00192 a- 0.00443
b- 0.06841
c- 0.06923
d- 0.07775
g- 10  0.052  6.44  0.0185 a- 1.82214
 b- 0.90834
2.006  0.034
c- 0.03088
d- 0.6195
h- 
12 .25  6.75
2 2
  1000 
a- 101.515
1029 .4 b- 29.386
c- 5.3429
d- 139.21

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i- 80 2 a- 344615
3500  2  b- 66.27
65 c- 4307.70
d- 5301.77
j- 10  0.052  4.64  5.614  9.08  5.614  a- 40.08
 b- 0.125
38 .19  7.48  4.44  7.48  9.08  7.48
c- 320.368
d- 0.240

2- One foot is:

a- 12 meters
b- 0.6 meters
c- 0.3 meters
d- 3.28 meters

3- Twenty-five hundred feet (2500 ft) are:

a- 761.96 meters
b- 8202.5 meters
c- 833.33 meters
d- 1000 meters

4- Five thousand five hundred and ninety two meters (5592 m)

are:
a- 1704.36 feet
b- 18,347.35 feet
c- 466 feet
d- 2200.78 feet

5- Eleven hundred meters (1100 m) are:

a- 335.26 ft
b- 43,309.2 ft
c- 3300 ft
d- 3609.1 ft

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6- 36 3/4 inches are:

a- 1 meters
b- 120.56 meters
c- 0.93 meters
d- 3.06 meters

7- 97.97 inches are:

a- 2.49 meters
b- 89.58 meters
c- 2.72 meters
d- 321.44 meters

8- 1745.49 feet are:

a- 5726.95 meters
b- 532 meters
c- 48.48 meters
d- 44.34 meters

9- 18 5/8 inches are:

a- 61.11 meters
b- 733.27 meters
c- 1.55 ft
d- 0.64 meters

10- 0.54 meter is:

a- 36 inches
b- 21.26 inches
c- 1.77 inches
d- 19.44 inches

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11- 76 feet 11 inches are:

a- 23.44 meters
b- 252.36 meters
c- 930 inches
d- 0.51 meters

12- Calculate the area of 18 5/8 inches circle.

a- 346.89 [Link]
b- 346.89 inches
c- 272.45 [Link]
d- 110.42 [Link]

13- Calculate the area of 5” d/p.

a- 25 in
b- 25 [Link]
c- 31.83 [Link]
d- 19.64 [Link]

14- Calculate the circle area of the following:

a- 6 1/2” =………………………………………………………………………… [Link]

b- 8 1/2” =………………………………………………………………………… [Link]

c- 12 1/4” =………………………………………………………………………… [Link]

d- 26” =………………………………………………………………………… [Link]

15- Calculate the cross-sectional area of 5” d/p, 4.276” I.D.

a- 6.72 [Link]
b- 6.72 inches
c- 5.27 [Link]
d- 2.13 [Link]

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16- Calculate the cross-sectional area of 10” D/C, 3” I.D.

a- 71.47 [Link]
b- 71.47 in
c- 91 [Link]
d- 91 inches

17- Calculate the annular area between:

a- 8 1/2", 5" =…………………………………………………………………… [Link]

b- 12 ¼", 8 ¼"=…………………………………………………………………… [Link]

c- 17 ½", 9 ½"=…………………………………………………………………… [Link]

18- Calculate the cross section area of:

a- 5" O.D, 4.2761" I.D =…………………………………………………… [Link]

b- 13 3/8" O.D, 12.755" I.D =…………………………………………………… [Link]

c- 18 5/8" O.D, 17.755" I.D =…………………………………………………… [Link]

19- Calculate the volume (capacity) of a tank 40 ft long, 7 ft

high and 7 ft wide.
a- 280 [Link]
b- 1960 bbls
c- 300 bbls
d- 1960 [Link]

20- The volume of a tank 5.8 ft long, 5.8 ft wide and 8 ft high is:
a- 48 barrels
b- 269 barrels
c- 46.4 [Link]
d- 100 barrels

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21- If you have a trip tank, with 48 barrels capacity and 80 ft

height, how many barrels per inch?
a- 1.45 bbl/in
b- 1.04 bbl/in
c- 0.5 bbl/in
d- 2.8 bbl/in

22- Calculate the volume of the following tanks:

a- Length = 42 ft
[Link]
Width = 6.8 ft
Height = 8 ft
bbl

bbl/ft

bbl/in
b- Length = 35 ft
[Link]
Width = 8 ft
Height = 10 ft
bbl

bbl/ft

bbl/in
c- Length = 38 ft
[Link]
Width = 10 ft
Height = 7 ft
bbl

bbl/ft

bbl/in

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23- Calculate the capacity of 5” pipe having I.D 4.276 inches.

a- 0.00742 bbl/ft
b- 0.0226 bbl/ft
c- 0.018 bbl/ft
d- 0.01776 bbl/ft

24- Calculate the capacity of 36” hole.

a- 1.296 bbl/ft
b- 1.259 bbl/ft
c- 0.1296 bbl/ft
d- 0.1258 bbl/ft

25- Find the capacity of 3” I.D drill collar.

a- 0.009 bbl/ft
b- 0.0087 bbl/ft
c- 0.02 bbl/ft
d- 0.004 bbl/ft

26- If the I.D of 5" d/p is 4.276", how many barrels would
10,000 feet hold?
a- 74 bbl
b- 178 bbl
c- 250 bbl
d- 183 bbl

27- Calculate the internal capacity of the following:

a- 2 13/16" I.D of D/C 8 1/4" O.D = ……………………………………… bbl/ft

b- 4.2761" I.D of D/P 5" O.D = ……………………………………… bbl/ft

c- 8.755" I.D of casing 9 5/8" O.D = ……………………………………… bbl/ft

d- 12.415" I.D of casing 13 3/8" O.D= ……………………………………… bbl/ft

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28- Find the capacity between 8 ½” hole and 5” drill pipe.

a- 0.0459 bbl/ft
b- 0.072 bbl/ft
c- 0.025 bbl/ft
d- 0.047 bbl/ft

29- Calculate the annular volume of the following:

a- 26" hole, 9 ½" O.D D/C = ……………………………………………… bbl/ft

b- 17 ½" hole, 9 ½" O.D D/C = ……………………………………………… bbl/ft

c- 12.755" I.D CSG, 6 ¼" D/C = ……………………………………………… bbl/ft

d- 8.681" I.D CSG, 5" D/P = ……………………………………………… bbl/ft

30- Calculate the metal displacement of an 11” O.D x 3” I.D drill

collar weighing 299 lb/ft.
a- 0.2 bbl/ft
b- 0.109 bbl/ft
c- 0.112 bbl/ft
d- 0.03 bbl/ft

31- Calculate the metal displacement of 5” drill pipe having an

adjusted weight of 20.99 lb/ft and 19.5 lb/ft nominal weight.
a- 0.0076 bbl/ft
b- 0.01776 bbl/ft
c- 0.0065 bbl/ft
d- 0.0071 bbl/ft

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32- Calculate the metal displacement of the following:

a- 13 3/8" O.D CSG, 12.755" I.D =………………………………………… bbl/ft

b- 9 ½" O.D D/C, 2 13/16" I.D =…………………………………………… bbl/ft

c- 3 ½" O.D D/P, 2.754" I.D =…………………………………………… bbl/ft

d- 8 ½" O.D D/C, 162 lb/ft =…………………………………………… bbl/ft

e- 9 ¼" O.D D/C, 220 lb/ft =…………………………………………… bbl/ft

f- 5" O.D D/P, 22.5 lb/ft =…………………………………………… bbl/ft

33- The specific gravity of the mud is 1.92 what is the Mwt?
a- 15 ppg
b- 16 ppg
c- 17 ppg
d- 18 ppg

34- A mud weighing 16.8 ppg is equivalent to what mud weight

in pcf?
a- 121 pcf
b- 123 pcf
c- 126 pcf
d- 129 pcf
e- 139 pcf

35- What is the force, if 5,000 psi is applied on blind flange with
2" diameter?
a- 20,000 lbs
b- 15,708 lbs
c- 10,000 lbs
d- 20,000 lbs

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36- If a driller closes a 13 5/8" BOP on a 2000 psi kick without

opening the choke line, what are the forces created on the BOP
and formation?
a- 371,281 lbs
b- 2000 lbs
c- 291,604 lbs
d- 20,000 lbs

37- The well is flowing; you have 36.5 meters of 10” x 3” collars
in the hole, these collars weights 233 lb/ft. A float is in the bit
sub below D/C. If the annular preventer is closed, how much
pressure would it take to blow these collars out of the hole?
a- 390 psi
b- 108 psi
c- 356 psi
d- 1500 psi

38- 35 bar equals.

a- 507.5 psi
b- 2.4 psi
c- 196.5 psi
d- 114.8 psi

39- 2500 psi equals.

a- 130 bar
b- 36250 bar
c- 172.4 bar
d- 445.3 bar

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40- Calculate the hydrostatic pressure of the well at depth 3000

ft and Mwt = 13 ppg.
a- 2028 psi
b- 156 psi
c- 250 psi
d- 230 psi

41- If mud weights 16 ppg, how many feet will create pressure
of 200 psi?
a- 166 feet
b- 240 feet
c- 200 feet
d- 1000 feet

42- The gradient of a 10 ppg (75 pcf) mud is:

a- 0.65 psi/ft
b- 0.052 psi/ft
c- 0.52 psi/ft
d- 1.0 psi/ft

43- The pressure of the formation is 3488 psi at 7500, what is

the formation gradient?
a- 0.052 psi/ft
b- 0.465 psi/ft
c- 1.0 psi/ft
d- 0.349 psi

44- The mud weight of mud having a 0.72 psi/ft gradient is:
a- 13.8 ppg
b- 12.8 ppg
c- 14.8 ppg
d- 15.6 ppg
e- 16.8 ppg

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45- If a mud weighs 14.0 ppg and oil weighs 7.2 ppg, the
difference in gradients (∆G) is:
a- 0.37 psi/ft
b- 0.35 psi/ft
c- 0.72 psi/ft
d- 0.465 psi/ft
e- 6.8 psi/ft

46- If the weight of steel is approximately 65.44 ppg, what is

the buoyancy factor of a 17 ppg mud?
a- 0.84
b- 0.9
c- 0.74
d- 0.8

47- Form the calculated buoyancy factor in question 46,

calculate the string weight in mud if the weight in air is
200,000 lbs.
a- 168,000 lbs
b- 180,000 lbs
c- 160,000 lbs
d- 148,000 lbs

48- Calculate the hook load of 0ne hundred meters of 87.5 lb/ft
casing during RIH with 10.6 ppg mud.
a- 28,700 lbs
b- 24,058 lbs
c- 8750 lbs
d- 34,578 lbs

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49- If it requires 855 strokes to pump 100 barrels of mud, the

pump output is:
a- 0.117 bbl/stroke
b- 8.55 bbl/stroke
c- 0.2 bbl/stroke
d- 0.09 bbl/stroke

50- If the pump output is 0.12 bbl/stroke, how many strokes

would it take to displace 178 barrels?
a- 617 strokes
b- 2093 strokes
c- 1525 strokes
d- 1483 strokes

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X - ANSWER KEY
1- a- (a)
b- (d)
c- (c)
d- (d)
e- (b)
f- (c)
g- (b)
h- (a)
i- (d)
j- (b)
2- (c)
3- (a)
4- (b)
5- (d)
6- (c)
7- (a)
8- (b)
9- (c)
10- (b)
11- (a)
12- (c)
13- (d)
14- a = 33.18 [Link]
b = 56.75 [Link]
c = 117.86 [Link]
d = 530.93 [Link]
15- (c)
16- (a)
17- a = 37.11 [Link]
b = 64.4 [Link]
c = 169.65 [Link]

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18- a = 5.27 [Link]

b = 12.72 [Link]
c = 24.86 [Link]
19- (d)
20- (a)
21- (c)
22- a- 2284.8 [Link], 407 bbl, 50.9 bbl/ft, 4.24 bbl/in.
b- 2800 [Link], 498.8 bbl, 49.88 bbl/ft, 4.16 bbl/in.
c- 2660 [Link], 473.8 bbl, 67.69 bbl/ft, 5.64 bbl/in.
23- (d)
24- (b)
25- (b)
26- (b)
27- a = 0.0077 bbl/ft
b = 0.0178 bbl/ft
c = 0.0745 bbl/ft
d = 0.1497 bbl/ft
28- (a)
29- a = 0.569 bbl/ft
b = 0.2098 bbl/ft
c = 0.12 bbl/ft
d = 0.049 bbl/ft
30- (b)
31- (a)
32- a = 0.0157 bbl/ft
b = 0.08 bbl/ft
c = 0.0045 bbl/ft
d = 0.059 bbl/ft
e = 0.0801 bbl/ft
f = 0.0082 bbl/ft
33- (b)
34- (c)
35- (b)
36- (c)

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37- (c)
38- (a)
39- (c)
40- (a)
41- (b)
42- (c)
43- (b)
44- (a)
45- (b)
46- (c)
47- (d)
48- (b)
49- (a)
50- (d)

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