TO

FAST
FUNCTIONAL ACADEMIC SKILLS TRAINING
This booklet contains math principles and information that our faculty and
staff believes will add to your knowledge as well as increase your chances
of success on the AFCT.

Beginning with fractions and continuing through various other aspects of

math, the information contained here will offer the serious student the
opportunity to practice a variety of math problems.

It is the sincere belief of those who compiled this information that serious,
practiced use of this booklet will result in a successful experience. It can
only happen if both sides of the educational equation are actively involved.

GOOD LUCK!
 FACTS AND FORMULAS TO REMEMBER
FRACTIONS TO DECIMALS DECIMALS TO FRACTIONS
Divide the denominator into the numerator. Write the number behind the decimal as the
numerator. Determine the denominator by the
.16 number of digits behind the decimal. Reduce
4
EXAMPLE 1: = 25 4.00 the fraction if necessary.
25
25
6 3
150 EXAMPLE 1: .6 = =
10 5
150
22 11
4 EXAMPLE 2: .22 = =
Therefore: = .16 100 50
25

.66 23 PERCENTS TO DECIMALS

2
EXAMPLE 2: = 3 2.000 Divide the percent by 100 or simply move the
3 decimal two places to the left.
18
20
.25
18 25
EXAMPLE: 25% = = 100 25.00
2 100

If the remainder keeps repeating, stop dividing PERCENTS TO FRACTIONS

and write the remainder as a fraction.
Whole number percents: put the number over
DECIMALS TO PERCENTS 100 and reduce.
Percents with fractions: work out the division
Multiply the decimal by 100 or simply move the
problem
decimal point two places to the right.
45 9
EXAMPLES: .15 = .15 × 100 = 15% or EXAMPLE 1: 45% = =
.15 = 15% 100 20

.6 = .6 × 100 = 60% or 1 1
EXAMPLE 2: 33 % = 33 ÷ 100 =
.6 = .60 = 60% 3 3

FRACTIONS TO PERCENTS 100 1 100 1

× = =
Divide the denominator into the numerator. 3 100 300 3
Round to the hundredths. Change the decimal
into a percent. You may also multiply the
fraction by 100.
4 4 100
EXAMPLE: = × = 80%
5 5 1

.8
4
OR = 5 4.0 = 80%
5
1
PERCENTS SIGNS AND SYMBOLS
There are many ways to work a percentage
problem. However, in my opinion, the easiest = equal
way is to work it as a proportion. Since
percentage is always based on 100, of course
one of the bottom numbers will always be 100. ≠ not equal (whenever a / is
The basic formula is: put over a symbol, it is
negated)
P(is) %
=
W (of ) 100
< less than
EXAMPLE 1: 25% of 12 is ____
> greater than
25 N 25 × 12 300
= = = =3
100 12 100 100
≤ less than or equal to
EXAMPLE 2: 33⅓% of 12 is ______

33 13 N ≥ greater than or equal to

=
100 12
∴ therefore
Set it up this way if you’re dealing with
fractions
1 100 12 1 1200 4 π pi = 3.14 or 22/7
33 × 12 ÷ 100 = × × = = =4
3 3 1 100 300 1

In the fractions set-up, you must always invert % percent

the number that is diagonal from N before you
multiply || parallel
SIMPLE INTEREST
In interest problems you must multiply twice. + addition, plus
The formula is: I = PRT I = interest
P = principal R = rate T = time
− subtraction, minus
EXAMPLE: Find the interest on a loan of
$1,500 at 12% for 2 years.
× • ( ) multiplication, times
You may set it up as a proportion and get the
interest for 1 year, then multiply that by the c
number of years OR you may plug the numbers ÷ cd division
d
into the formula.
: division
NOTE: The time must ALWAYS be in
YEARS.

$1500 × .12 × 2 = $360.

2
DISTANCE RATE AND TIME MEASUREMENTS
D=R×T R=D÷T T=D÷R DISTANCE

D = Distance 1 foot (ft.) = 12 inches (in.)

R = Rate or speed (must be in miles per hour) 1 yard (yd.) = 3 feet
T = Time (MUST be in HOURS) 1 mile (mi.) = 5280 feet or
1760 yd.
EXAMPLE 1: Find the distance traveled if a
WEIGHT
car went an average of 60
mph for 3 hours. 1 pound (lb.) = 16 ounces (oz.)
1 ton (T.) = 2000 pounds
D = 60 × 3 = 180 miles
COUNTING
EXAMPLE 2: How fast did a plane travel if
1 dozen (doz.) = 12 units
it went 500 miles in 2 ½
1 gross (gr.) = 12 dozen or
hours?
144 units
R = 500 ÷ 2 ½ = 200 miles per hour
LIQUID
EXAMPLE 3: A boy on a twelve-mile hike 1 cup (c.) = 8 ounces
walked an average of four 1 pint (pt.) = 2 cups
miles per hour. How long 1 quart (qt.) = 2 pints or
did he travel? 4 cups
1 gallon (gal.) = 4 quarts or
T = 12 ÷ 4 = 3 hours 8 pints
RATIO AND PROPORTION
DRY
A ratio is a comparison of two numbers written 1 quart = 2 pints
one of these 3 ways. 1 peck = 8 quarts
2 1 bushel (bu.) = 4 pecks
2 to 3 2:3
3 TIME
Ratios may be reduced to lowest terms just as
fractions can, but you do not change improper 1 minute (min.) = 60 seconds (sec.)
fractions to mixed numbers. 1 hour (hr.) = 60 minutes
1 day = 24 hours
A proportion shows two ratios that are equal. 1 week = 7 days
1 month (business) = 30 days
2 4 3 × 4 12 1 year = 12 months or
EXAMPLE 1: = = = =6
3 X 2 2 52 weeks or
365 days or
EXAMPLE 2: A recipe calls for 3 cups of 360 days (business year)
flour for every ½ cup of sugar. How much
sugar is needed for 10 cups of flour? To convert from a larger unit of measure to a
smaller unit, multiply by the conversion
3 10 1 10 3 1 10 1 10 5 2 number.
= = × ÷ = × × = = =1
1
2 X 2 1 1 2 1 3 6 3 3
To convert from a smaller unit of measure to
a larger unit, divide by the conversion
1⅔ cups of sugar is needed.
number.
3
GEOMETRY
endpoint on the center and the other on the
TRIANGLE
circle. The diameter is a line segment with both
A three sided figure which can be classified by ends on the circle which passes through the
the length of its sides or by the measure of its center.
angles.
Sides: Diameter
equilateral all sides same length
isosceles 2 sides have the same length
scalene no sides have the same length
Angles:
equiangular angles are equal measurement Radius
isosceles two angles have equal
measurement
right one angle is 90 degrees
obtuse one angle is greater than 90
degrees
acute all angles are less than 90 SIGNED NUMBERS
degrees
ADDITION
QUADRILATERAL 1. When the signs are ALIKE (both positive or
A four-sided figure. Some of them can be both negative) add the numbers and take the
described by their sides, their relation to each common sign.
other, and by their angles. 2. When the signs are DIFFERENT (one
rectangle two pairs of opposite sides positive and one negative) subtract the
that are parallel and have the numbers and the answer has the sign of the
same length. All angles are larger number.
90 degrees.
square like a rectangle only all sides SUBTRACTION
have the same length. 1. Change the sign of the subtrahend (the
second number or the bottom number)
Other polygons one should know: 2. Follow the rules for addition
Pentagon 5 sides
Octagon 8 sides MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION
Hexagon 6 sides
1. Like signs—the answer is positive
Decagon 10 sides
2. Different signs—the answer is negative
CIRCLE
EXAMPLE 1: (− 12) ÷ (+ 4) = −3
A circle is a set of points in a plane which is the
same distance from a point called the center.
The radius of a circle is a line segment with one
EXAMPLE 2: (− 3) × (− 5) = +15

4
 THE MULTIPLICATION TABLE
It is very important to know the multiplication table. If you do not know it, take the time to
memorize it. The time you spend memorizing the table now will be saved later on because you will be
able to do multiplication and division problems quickly.
This table does not include 0 because there is only one thing to remember when multiplying by
0. Any number multiplied by 0 is 0. For example, 6 × 0 = 0, and 0 × 9 = 0, and so on.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
3 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
4 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
6 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
7 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84
8 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96
9 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 108
10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 110 121 132
12 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144

READING THE MULTIPLICATION TABLE

Look at the row of numbers running across the top of the table, then look at the row of numbers
running along the left side. You can multiply any number in the top row by any number in the row on
the left and find the number inside the table. For example, to find out how much 7 × 6 is, locate the
number 7 in the top row and the number 6 in the row on the left. Run your finger down the 7 column
until you have reached the row marked 6. The answer is 42. You also could have found the answer by
starting with the 6 on the left and moving your finger across the table until you reached the vertical
column of figures marked 7 at the top. The multiplication table can be read both horizontally and
vertically.
Notice also that the row of numbers under the 7 and the row of numbers next to the 7 increases
by seven each time. Every vertical and horizontal row in the table increases in this way.

5
TESTS FOR DIVISIBILITY
The following tests may be used to determine whether a given number is divisible (that is, can be
divided exactly so that there is no remainder) by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, or 10.

A. A number is divisible by 2 only if it ends in 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8. All even numbers are divisible by 2.

B. A number is divisible by 3 only if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.

To test whether 4,971 is divisible by 3, first find the sum of the digits of 4,
971 (4+9+7+1). This sum is 21, which is divisible by 3. Therefore, 4,971
is divisible by 3.

C. A number is divisible by 4 only if it is an even number and the number represented by the last two
digits (tens and units digits) is divisible by 4. Numbers ending in two zeroes are divisible by 4.
To test whether the even number 92,136 is divisible by 4, check whether
the number formed by the last two digits (36) is divisible by 4. Since 36 is
divisible by 4, therefore 92,136 is divisible by 4.

D. A number is divisible by 5 only if it ends in 5 or 0. The number 3,645 ends in a 5, therefore it is

divisible by 5. The number 430 ends in a 0, therefore it is divisible by 5.

E. A number is divisible by 6 if it is an even number and the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
To test whether 9,558 is divisible by 6, first check whether 9,558 is an
even number. Then check whether the sum of the digits of 9,558
(9+5+5+8) is divisible by 3. The sum of its digits is 27, which is divisible
by 3. Therefore 9,558 is divisible by 6.

F. A number is divisible by 8 only if it is an even number and the number represented by the last three
digits (hundreds, tens, and units digits) is divisible by 8. Numbers ending in three zeros are divisible
by 8. Use this test only when the number is 1,000 or larger.
The even number 39,712 is divisible by 8. Observe that the number
formed by the last three digits (712) is divisible by 8.

G. A number is divisible by 9 only if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.

50,382 is divisible by 9. Observe that the sum of the digits of 50,382
(5+0+3+8+2) is 18 and 18 is divisible by 9.

H. A number is divisible by 10 only if it ends in 0.

9,670 is divisible by 10 because it ends in 0.

6
 WHAT ARE DECIMALS?
Decimals are a type of fraction that you probably work with every day of your life. The
following figures contain decimal fractions: $2.37, $9.06, $.50. As you already know they stand for
dollars and cents, and the point separates the dollars from the change. But, have you ever thought about
why cents are always written to the right of a point?
Since there are 100 cents in a dollar, cents are 100ths of a dollar. In the figures above thirty-
seven pennies is 37/100 of a dollar; six pennies is 6/100 of a dollar; fifty pennies is 50/100 of a dollar.
The decimal point tells you that everything to the right of it is a part or a fraction of a dollar.
In our money system, decimal fractions only go up to hundredths; however, decimal fractions
can go from tenths to millionths when they are used for certain types of exact measurement. Since
decimal fractions don’t have bottom numbers, you read them by noting the number of places they take
up to the right of the decimal point.

Decimals are arranged by 10’s only—10ths, 100ths, 1000ths, 10,000ths, 100,000ths, 1,000,000ths.

Number of Places Decimal Names Examples Proper Fraction

One place = tenths .4 = 4/10
Two places = hundredths .19 = 19/100
Three places = thousandths .005 = 5/1,000
Four places = ten-thousandths .0067 = 67/10,000
Five places = hundred-thousandths .00183 = 183/100,000
Six places = millionths .000072 = 72/1,000,000

CHANGING DECIMALS TO FRACTIONS

To change a decimal to a fraction (or a mixed decimal to a mixed number), write the figures in
the decimal fraction as the top number and write the bottom number according to the number of places
used. If you can, reduce the fraction.

EXAMPLE: Change .24 to a common fraction

1. Write 24 as the top number. 24

2. Two places means hundredths. 24

Write 100 as the bottom number. 100

3. Reduce the fraction. 24 and 100 24 4 6

÷ =
can be divided evenly by 4. 100 4 25

7
CHANGING FRACTIONS TO DECIMALS
To change a fraction to a decimal, divide the bottom number into the top number. To do this, add a
decimal point and zeros to the top number. Usually, two zeros are enough. Bring the point up into the
answer.
EXAMPLE 1: Change ½ to a decimal.
.5
1. Divide the bottom number (2) into the top number (1).
2 1 .0
10
2. Add a decimal point and zeros. Divide and bring the point up.
00
NOTE: Here, one zero was enough to complete the division
problem.

EXAMPLE 2: Change 2/3 to a decimal.

.66 23
1. Divide the bottom number into the top number.
3 2.000
2. Add a decimal point and zeros. Divide and bring the point up. 18
20
NOTE: Here, the division will not come out evenly no matter how 18
many zeros you add. After two places, you write the remainder as 2
a fraction over the number you divided by.
ADDING DECIMALS
To add decimals, first line them up with the decimal points in a straight row.
Remember: Any whole number is understood to have a decimal point at its right.
EXAMPLE: Add 3.46 + .007 + 24
1. Line up the decimal points. Notice the decimal point after the 3.46
whole number 24. .007
+ 24.
2. Add. 27.467

SUBTRACTING DECIMALS
To subtract decimals: put the larger number on top; line up the decimal points, add zeros to the right so
that each decimal has the same number of places; and subtract as you would for whole numbers,
bringing down the decimal point.
EXAMPLE: 21.6 - .038
1. Put the larger number on top and line up the decimal points. 21.6
− .038
2. Add zeros to give the top number the same number of places as the 21.562
bottom number.

3. Subtract and bring down the decimal point.

8
MULTIPLYING DECIMALS
To multiply decimals, multiply the two numbers the same way you would whole numbers. Then count
the number of decimal places in both numbers you are multiplying. Decimal places are numbers to the
right of the decimal point. Put the total number of places in your answer.

EXAMPLE 1: 4.36 two decimal places

× 2 no decimal places
8.72 two decimal places

You may need to add zeros in front of your answer to have enough decimal places in the final answer.

EXAMPLE 2: .06 two decimal places

× .4 one decimal place
.024 three decimal places (need to add one zero to make three places)

MULTIPLYING DECIMALS BY 10, 100, AND 1,000

There are shortcuts you can use when multiplying decimals by 10, 100, and 1,000.
To multiply a decimal by 10, move the decimal one place to the right.

EXAMPLE 1: .26 × 10
Shortcut: Long way:
.26
.26 × 10 = .26 = 2.6 × 10 Zeros at the end of
2.60 a decimal are often
dropped.

To multiply a decimal by 100 move the decimal two places to the right.

EXAMPLE 2: 3.7 × 100

Shortcut: Long way:
3 .7
× 100
3.7 × 100 = 3.70 = 370
370.0

To multiply a decimal by 1,000, move the decimal point three places to the right.

EXAMPLE 3: 1.4 × 1,000

Shortcut: Long way:
1.4
1.4 × 1,000 = 1.400 = 1,400 × 1,000
1,400.0

9
DIVIDING DECIMALS BY WHOLE NUMBERS
To divide a decimal by a whole number, bring the point up in the answer directly above its position in
the problem. Then divide as you would whole numbers.

2.33
EXAMPLE 1: 4 9.32
8
13
12
12
12

.037
EXAMPLE 2: 6 .222
0
22
18
42
42

DIVIDING DECIMALS BY DECIMALS

To divide by a decimal, you must change the problem to a problem in which you are dividing by a
whole number.

EXAMPLE 1: .03 4.374

Step 1. Move the point in the number outside the bracket

.03 4.374
(the divisor) to the right as far as it will go.

Step 2. Move the point in the number inside the bracket

(the dividend) the same number of places that you 3. 4.374
moved the point in the divisor.

Step 3. Bring the point up in the answer directly above its 145.8
new position in the dividend and divide. 3. 437.4

10
Sometimes you need to add zeros to your problem in order to have enough places to move the decimal
point.

EXAMPLE 2: .08 4.8

Step 1. Move the point in the divisor two places to the

.08 4.8
right.

Step 2. To move the point two places to the right in the

dividend, add one zero. 8. 4.80

Step 3. Bring the point up in the answer directly above its 60.
new position in the dividend and divide. 8. 480.

DIVIDING WHOLE NUMBERS BY DECIMALS

When dividing a decimal into a whole number, put a point after the whole number and add zeros in
order to move the point enough places. Remember: A whole number is understood to have a decimal
point at its right.

EXAMPLE: .007 35

Step 1. Move the point in the divisor three places to the .007 35
right.

Step 2. Place a point to the right of the whole number and

move it three places to the right, holding each place 7. 35.000
with a zero.

Step 3. Bring the point up and divide. 5000

7 35000

DIVIDING DECIMALS BY 10, 100, AND 1000

There are shortcuts you can use when dividing decimals by 10, 100, and 1,000.
To divide a decimal by 10, move the decimal point one place to the left.

EXAMPLE 1: 7.2 ÷ 10
Shortcut: Long way:
.72
7.2 ÷ 10 = 7.2 = .72 10 7.20
70
20
20

11
To divide a decimal by 100 move the decimal two places to the left.

EXAMPLE 2: 364 ÷ 100

Shortcut: Long way:
3.64
364 ÷ 100 = 364 = 3.64 100 364.00
300
640
600
400
400

To divide a decimal by 1,000, move the decimal point three places to the left.

EXAMPLE 3: 25.3 ÷ 1,000

Shortcut: Long way:
.0253
25.3 ÷ 1,000 = 025.3 = .0253 1, 000 25.3000
000
2530
2000
5300
5000
3000
3000

12
DECIMAL COMPUTATIONS

1. 5.1 × .01 11. .54 × .6

2. 8.07 − 5.392 12. 6.924 : .053 (round answer to nearest tenth)

3. .042 : .0006 13. 17.32 + 1.0579 + 16.5

4. 16.008 + 2.0385 + 132.06 14. .721 × 1.4

5. .396 : 3.6 15. 402.75 : 1000

6. 1.85 × .023 16. 214 − 7.143

7. .6 + .9 + .4 17. 48.3 × .0041

8. 4.29 × .01 18. .1314 : .018

9. .924 − .91 19. 8.72 + 99 + 2.9736

10. 21.792 : .96 20. 67.301 − 9.9325

13
DECIMAL WORD PROBLEMS

1. A used car costs $3,876. The down payment is $1500 and the balance is paid in 24 monthly
installments. Find the monthly payment.

2. You have $2,142.07 in your checking account. You make deposits of $214.96, $31.42, $1,092.43,
and $99.27. Find the total amount of the deposits.

3. How many months could you rent a mailbox if you had $15.25, and it cost $2.50 for the first month
and $.75 for each additional month?

4. It costs $ .0023 to light an electric light bulb for one hour. How much will it cost to keep the light
bulb on for 210 hours? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.

5. A painter makes $14.50 an hour. He makes time and a half for all hours over 40. What is his
income for a 52 hour week?

6. If you used a plane to shave .017 inches off a board that is 1.7 inches thick, what is the resulting
thickness of the board?

7. Gasoline tax is $.17 per gallon Find the number of gallons of gasoline used during a month in which
$17.34 was paid in taxes.

8. You have $789.37 in your checking account. You withdraw $200 from an ATM that charges a
$1.50 withdrawal fee and write a check for $25.36. What is the amount left in your account?

9. You are building a bookcase with shelves which are 3.4 feet long. How many complete shelves can
be cut from a 12-foot board?

10. An airplane is traveling at 480 mph. How far will the plane have flown in .175 hours?

14
11. A fuel oil consumer bought 100 liters of heating oil at $1.64 per liter. How much did the oil cost?

12. A woman bought a skirt for $35.50 and a handbag for $18.25. She gave the clerk 3 twenty dollar
bills. How much change should the woman get back?

13. A construction worker earns a salary of $344 for a 40 hour week. This week he worked 15 hours of
overtime at $12.90 an hour. Find his total income.

14. A compact car can be bought for $1975 down and payments of $119.50 per month for 36 months.
What is the total cost of the car?

15. You buy a pair of shoes for $36.95. How much change do you receive from a $50.00 bill?

16. A nurse receives an annual income of $23,348.04 in twelve equal monthly payments. What is her
monthly income?

17. You received a salary of $455.50, a commission of $1,288.63, and a bonus of $153.48. Find the
total income.

18. You bought a house with monthly payments of $822.50 for 30 years. Find the total paid for the
house.

19. A taxi driver drove 7.2 miles, 12.7 miles, and 65.9 miles on three calls. The odometer on the taxi
read 22,416.8 after making the calls. What was the odometer reading before he made the calls?

20. A tax of $4.15 is paid to the store, in addition to the actual cost, for each food processor sold by the
store. This month the total tax paid on food processors was $448.20. Each food processor is sold for
$61.85. Find the store’s total income (including tax) from the sale of the food processors.

15
 WHAT ARE FRACTIONS?
A fraction is a part of something. A penny is a fraction of a dollar. It is one of the 100 equal parts of a
dollar or 1 (one hundredth) of a dollar.
100
An inch is a fraction of a foot. It is one of the 12 equal parts of a foot or 1 (one twelfth) of a foot.
12
5 days are a fraction of a week. They are 5 of the 7 equal parts of a week or 5 (five sevenths) of a week.
7
The two numbers in a fraction are called the:
numerator which tells how many parts you have
denominator which tells how many parts in the whole.

EXAMPLE: The fraction ¾ tells you what part of the figure at right
is shaded. 3 parts are shaded. The whole figure is
divided into 4 equal parts.

Write fractions that represent the part of each figure that is shaded.

1. ____ 4. ____ 7. ____

2. ____ 5. ____ 8. ____

3. ____ 6. ____ 9. ____

16
WRITING FRACTIONS
Since there are three feet in one yard, one foot is ⅓ of a yard. Two feet make up ⅔ of a yard.

WRITE FRACTIONS FOR EACH OF THE PARTS DESCRIBED BELOW.

1. A foot contains 12 inches. 5 inches is what fraction of a foot?

2. 47 cents is what fraction of a dollar?

3. A pound contains 16 ounces. 9 ounces is what fraction of a pound?

4. A yard contains 36 inches. 23 inches is what fractional part of a yard?

5. 7 months is what fraction of a year?

6. 8 cents is what fraction of a quarter?

7. Betsy wants a coat that costs $60. She has saved $43. What fraction of the amount that she needs
has she saved?

8. There are 2,000 pounds in a ton. 1,351 pounds is what fraction of a ton?

9. During a 5 day work week, Ed was sick for 2 days. What fraction of the work week was he sick?

10. There are 100 centimeters in a meter. 63 centimeters is what fraction of a meter?

11. There are 4 quarts in a gallon. 3 quarts is what fraction of a gallon?

12. David makes $150 a week. He spent $113. What fraction of his week’s pay has he spent?

13. Barbara has typed 77 pages of a report that contains 280 pages. What fraction of the report has she
typed?

17
FORMS OF FRACTIONS
PROPER FRACTION—The top number is less than the bottom number.
1 3 7
Examples: , ,
3 10 19

A proper fraction is less than all the parts the whole is divided into. The value of a proper fraction is
always less than one.

IMPROPER FRACTION—The top number is equal to or larger than the bottom number.

3 9 8
Examples: , ,
2 4 8

An improper fraction is all the parts that a whole is divided into such as 8/8, or it is more than the total
parts of the whole. The value of an improper fraction is either equal to one or more than one.

MIXED NUMBER—A whole number is written next to a proper fraction.

2 1 4
Examples: 1 , 3 , 10
5 2 7

Tell whether each of the following is

(P) a proper fraction
(I) an improper fraction or
(M) a mixed number.

9 8 1 10
1. ________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 4 4. ________
6 30 2 10

15 20 17 1
5. ________ 6. ________ 7. ________ 8. ________ 12
16 19 17 10

2 55 2 200
9. ________ 9 10. ________ 11. ________ 12. ________
7 100 200 2

75 110 8 8
13. ________ 14. ________ 15. ________ 1 16. ________
110 75 9 50

18
REDUCING FRACTIONS
The coin we call a quarter stands for 25 pennies out of the total of 100 pennies in a dollar. You could
call 25 cents 25100 of a dollar, or thinking of the 5 nickels in 25 cents, 5 20 of a dollar. The easiest way is
to say that 25 cents is ¼ of a dollar. ¼ is the reduced form of 25100 and 5 20 . Reducing a fraction means
writing it an easier way—with smaller numbers. Study the following examples to see how fractions are
reduced.
15
EXAMPLE 1: Reduce
20

Step 1. Find a number that goes evenly into the top and 15 ÷ 5 3
bottom numbers of the fraction. 5 goes evenly into =
20 ÷ 5 4
both 15 and 20.

Step 2. Check to see whether another number goes evenly

into both the top and bottom numbers of the
fraction. Since no other number goes evenly into
both 3 and 4, the fraction is reduced as far as it will
go.

48
EXAMPLE 2: Reduce
64

Step 1. Find a number that goes evenly into the top and 48 ÷ 8 6
bottom numbers of the fraction. 8 goes evenly into =
64 ÷ 8 8
both 48 and 64.

Step 2. Check to see whether another number goes evenly

6÷2 3
into both the top and bottom numbers of the =
fraction. 2 goes evenly into both 6 and 8. 8÷2 4

When you have reduced a fraction as much as possible, the fraction is then in lowest terms.
When both the top and bottom numbers end with 0’s, cross out the 0’s, a zero at the top for a zero at the
bottom. Then check to see if you can continue to reduce.

20
EXAMPLE 3: Reduce
30

Cross out one zero on the top and one on the 20 2

=
bottom. 30 3

Reduce each fraction to lowest terms:

6 32 70 42
1. 2. 3. 4.
12 36 200 56

18 26 4 14
5. 6. 7. 8.
32 39 200 42

19
RAISING FRACTIONS TO HIGHER TERMS
An important skill in addition and subtraction of fractions is raising a fraction to higher terms. This is
the opposite of reducing a fraction to lowest terms.
2
EXAMPLE 1: Reduce to 20ths.
5 4
5 20
Step 1. Divide the old bottom number into the new one.

Step 2. Multiply the answer (4) by the old top number (2). 2 4 8
× =
5 4 20

Check: Reduce the new fraction to see if you get the 8÷4 2
=
original fraction. 20 ÷ 4 5

4 ?
EXAMPLE 2: =
9 27 3
9 27
Step 1. Divide the old bottom number into the new one.

Step 2. Multiply the answer (3) by the old top number (4). 4 3 12
× =
9 3 27

Check: Reduce the new fraction to see if you get the 12 ÷ 3 4

=
original fraction. 27 ÷ 3 9

Raise each fraction to higher terms by filling in the missing top number

4 ? 9 ? 1 ? 5 ?
1. ____ = 2. ____ = 3. ____ = 4. ____ =
5 30 10 20 6 18 8 32

4 ? 1 ? 2 ? 9 ?
5. ____ = 6. ____ = 7. ____ = 8. ____ =
7 35 2 36 3 21 11 66

5 ? 3 ? 7 ? 1 ?
9. ____ = 10. ____ = 11. ____ = 12. ____ =
9 45 4 44 12 60 3 45

20
CHANGING IMPROPER FRACTIONS TO WHOLE OR MIXED NUMBERS
An improper fraction is a fraction with a top number that is as big or bigger than the bottom number. An
improper fraction is equal to or larger than one whole.
Suppose a group of people order two pizzas each of which has been cut into seven equal parts. Each
slice is then 1 7 of the whole pizza. If two people eat seven slices between them (or 7 7 ), they have
eaten one whole pizza ( 7 7 = 1 ). If those two people had eaten eight slices between them (or 8 7 ), they
would have eaten one whole pizza plus 1 7 of another pizza ( 8 7 = 1 1 7 ).
You can change any improper fraction, such as 8 7 , into a mixed number by dividing the bottom number
into the top number and writing the remainder, if any, over the original bottom number.
21
EXAMPLE: Change to a mixed number.
9 2
9 21
Step 1. Divide the bottom into the top.
18
3
Step 2. Write the remainder as a fraction over the original 3
bottom number. 2
9

3÷3 1
Step 3. Reduce the remaining fraction. =
9 ÷3 3
1
The answer becomes 2 .
3

Change Each Fraction To A Whole Or Mixed Number.

Be sure to reduce any remaining fractions.

14 33 14 30 12
1. = _____ 2. = _____ 3. = _____ 4. =_____ 5. = _____
8 6 5 7 3

30 26 18 36 16
6. = _____ 7. = _____ 8. = _____ 9. = _____ 10. = _____
9 8 6 10 8

13 45 45 32 42
11. = _____ 12. = _____ 13. = _____ 14. = _____ 15. = _____
12 9 6 12 9

21
CHANGING MIXED NUMBERS TO IMPROPER FRACTIONS
An important skill in multiplication and division of fractions is changing a mixed number, such as 2 ¼,
to an improper fraction. One whole is equal to 4 4 , 2 is equal to 8 4 . Adding the extra ¼, we get 9 4 .

Study the following examples to see how mixed numbers are changed to improper fractions.

1
EXAMPLE 1: Change 2 to an improper fraction.
4

Step 1. Multiply the bottom number by the whole number. 4× 2 = 8

Step 2. Add the result to the top number. 8 +1 = 9

9
Step 3. Place the total over the bottom number.
4
2
EXAMPLE 2: Change 5 to an improper fraction.
3

Step 1. 3 × 5 = 15

Step 2. 15 + 2 = 17

Step 3. Place 17 over 3.

2 17
Answer: 5 =
3 3

Change Each Mixed Number To An Improper Fraction.

3 4 1 2 3
1. 2 = 2. 1 = 3. 5 = 4. 6 = 5. 4 =
4 7 3 7 5

1 5 9 3 5
6. 9 = 7. 7 = 8. 2 = 9. 8 = 10. 3 =
2 8 10 4 9

1 2 5 7 1
11. 10 = 12. 11 = 13. 4 = 14. 6 = 15. 12 =
3 5 12 8 4

22
ADDING FRACTIONS WITH THE SAME BOTTOM NUMBERS
To add fractions with the same bottom numbers, add the top numbers, and put the total over the bottom
number.

2 3
EXAMPLE: + =
7 7

Step 1. Add the top numbers. 2+3=5

5
Step 2. Place the total (5) over the bottom number.
7
Add the following:

2 3 4 5 4
9 7 8 12 13
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
3 1 3 2 6
+ + + + +
9 7 8 12 13

3 5 2 8 2
11 9 15 17 19
1 2 7 2 9
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
11 9 15 17 19
2 1 4 5 5
+ + + + +
11 9 15 17 19

4 25 6 103 5 114 8 137

11. 12. 13. 14.
+ 3 15 + 8 106 + 4 115 + 6 134

3 92 6 114 7 72 9 103
15. 5 19 16. 9 112 17. 8 72 18. 2 105
+ 4 59 + 2 113 + 5 72 + 4 101

23
SUBTRACTION FRACTIONS WITH THE SAME BOTTOM NUMBERS
To subtract fractions with the same bottom numbers, subtract the top numbers and put the total over the
bottom number.

5 1
EXAMPLE: − =
12 12

Step 1. Subtract the top numbers. 5 −1 = 4

4
Step 2. Place the total (4) over the bottom number.
12

Step 3. Reduce the answer. 4 4 1

÷ =
12 4 3

Subtract and reduce the following:

5 7 5 4 9
9 10 8 13 11
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
2 6 1 1 3
− − − − −
9 10 8 13 11

13 15 23 11 17
15 16 24 19 20
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
8 9 11 8 13
− − − − −
15 16 24 19 20

8 76 10 85 7 89 13 109
11. 12. 13. 14.
− 5 72 − 4 85 − 6 59 − 9 105

15 167 11
14 12 18 139 23 56
15. 16. 17. 18.
− 7 163 − 5 125 − 9 134 − 7 16

24
FINDING A COMMON DENOMINATOR

Here are some ways of finding a common denominator when the largest denominator in an addition
problem doesn’t work:

A. Go through the multiplication table of the largest denominator.

B. Multiply the denominators together.

2 5 3 2 4 8
EXAMPLE 1: + + = × =
3 6 4 3 4 12
5 2 10
× =
6 2 12
Step 1. Go through the multiplication table of the 6’s.
3 3 9
6 x 1 = 6, which cannot be divided by 4. + × =
6 x 2 = 12, which can be divided by 3 and 4 4 3 12
27
Step 2. Raise each fraction to 12ths. 12
Step 3. Add.

Step 4. Change the answer to a mixed number and reduce. 27 3 1

=2 =2
12 12 4

2 3
EXAMPLE 2: + =
5 4

2 4 8
Step 1. Multiply the denominators. × =
5 4 20
5 x 4 = 20. 20 is the LCD.
3 5 15
+ × =
Step 2. Raise each fraction to 20ths. 4 5 20
23
Step 3. Add as usual.
20

23 3
Step 4. Change the answer to a mixed number. =1
20 20

25
 ADDING FRACTIONS WITH DIFFERENT BOTTOM NUMBERS
If the fractions in an addition problem do not have the same bottom numbers (denominators), you must
rewrite the problem so that all of the fractions have the same bottom number (called a common
denominator). This will mean raising at least one of the fractions to higher terms.

A common denominator is a number that can be divided evenly by all of the denominators in the
problem. The smallest number that can be divided evenly by all of the denominators in the problem is
called the lowest common denominator or LCD. Sometimes the largest denominator in the problem will
work as the LCD.

3 4
EXAMPLE: + =
5 15
9
Step 1. Since 5 divides evenly into 15, 15 is the LCD 15
4
Step 2. Raise 3
to 15ths. 3
× 55 = 159 +
5 5 15
Step 3. Add the new fractions. 13
15
Add and reduce:
3 2 7 5 5
4 3 8 6 9
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
+1 +5 +3 +1 +2
2 6 4 3 3

3 1 2 2 3
8 6 5 3 5
6. 3 7. 5 8. 1 9. 5 10. 1
4 12 2 12 3
+1 +3 +9 +1
4 +4
2 4 10 15

3 2 5 4 7
4 3 24 9 10
11. 1 12. 5 13. 3 14. 5 15. 1
2 6 8 6 3
+3 +1 + 1 +7 + 11
20 2 3 18 30

14 4 5 7 59 9 12 3 37
16. 17. 18. 19.
+ 7 815 + 6 1118 + 5 15 24 + 18 31 42

7 23 8 58 6 12 4 34
20. 3 1 2 21. 5 1 4 22. 2 910 23. 8 512
+ 9 56 + 4 316 + 7 45 + 3 56

26
SUBTRACTION FRACTIONS WITH DIFFERENT BOTTOM NUMBERS
If the bottom numbers in a subtraction problem are different, find the LCD and raise the fractions to higher
terms. Then follow the rules on page 21.
5 1
EXAMPLE: − =
8 3

Step 1. The LCD is 8 × 3 = 24 .

Step 2. Raise each fraction to the 24ths.

Step 3. Subtract. 15 − 8 = 7
Subtract and reduce:

3 5 5 3 1
4 8 6 4 2
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1 1 1 3 3
− − − − −
2 4 3 16 10

2 4 3 5 5
3 5 4 6 9
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
1 1 2 3 1
− − − − −
4 3 7 5 6

11
8 12 9 57 12 45 11 34
11. 12. 13. 14.
− 2 83 − 3 12 − 5 29 − 8 107

13 74 21 89 9 56 20 119
15. 16. 17. 18.
− 7 83 − 6 14 − 2 25 − 8 23

27
BORROWING AND SUBTRACTING FRACTIONS
In order to have a fraction to subtract from, you sometimes have to borrow from a whole number. Look at
the examples carefully.
3
EXAMPLE 1: 9−6 =
5

Step 1. Borrow 1 from the 9 and change the 1 to 5ths because

5 is the LCD.

Step 2. Subtract the top numbers and the whole numbers.

3 6
EXAMPLE 2: 12 − 8 =
7 7

Step 1. Borrow 1 from 12 and change the 1 to 7ths because 7

is the LCD.

7 3
Step 2. Add the to .
7 7

Step 3. Subtract the top numbers and the whole numbers.

1 3
EXAMPLE 3: 8 − 4 =
3 4

Step 1. Raise each fraction to the 12ths because 12 is the LCD.

Step 2. Borrow 1 from the 8 and change the 1 to 12ths.

12 4
Step 3. Add the to .
12 12

Step 4. Subtract the top numbers and the whole numbers.

28
Subtract and reduce.

8 4 12 9 10
1. 5 2. 3 3. 1 4. 2 5. 8
− − − − −
6 7 2 5 11

12 9 7 6 10
6. 3 7. 2 8. 7 9. 5 10. 5
−8 −5 −5 −2 −3
7 3 12 9 16

2 3 7 1
8 11 14 15
9 8 12 5
11. 12. 13. 14.
5 7 11 4
−4 −4 −6 −8
9 8 12 5

7 4 1 3
12 22 19 18
15 7 3 16
15. 16. 17. 18.
8 6 2 7
−7 −6 − 12 − 10
15 7 3 16

1 6 7 5
20 36 15 30
8 11 20 9
19. 20. 21. 22.
5 9 13 8
−9 −8 − 14 − 27
8 11 20 9

29
ADDING FRACTIONS
7 78 9 125 6 167 12 34
1. 2
3 2. 11 23 3. 1
2 4. 9 56
+ 4 12 + 49 + 8 58 + 23

6
9 12 7 4 125 11 78
5. 3 34 6. 15 35 7. 4
9 8. 5 73
+ 2 23 + 7 107 + 19 34 + 12

Addition problems generally ask you to combine figures or to find a total or sum. Be sure to reduce your
answers to lowest terms.

9. Karen is 62½ inches tall. Her mother is 5¾ inches taller. How tall is Karen’s mother?

10. Doing errands on Monday, Mrs. Manning drove 5½ miles to the supermarket, 3 7 10 miles to the
hardware store, 810 mile to the laundry, and 6 110 miles back home. How far did she drive all together?

11. Mr. Brown’s empty suitcase weighs 4¾ pounds. If the things put in the suitcase weigh 17 3 5 pounds,
what is the weight of the suitcase when it is filled?

12. When Lydia went shopping she bought 2 pounds sugar, 3¼ pounds of ground beef, 2⅔ pounds of
cheese, and a ⅞ pound can of soup. What was the total weight of her purchases?

13. Jerry spends his evenings trying to change his attic into an extra bedroom. Monday night he worked
3½ hours, Tuesday night 4⅓ hours, Wednesday 2¾ hours, and Thursday 3⅔ hours. How many hours
did he work on his attic that week?

14. When Cindy was sick, her weight went down to 116 15 pounds. By the time she recover she had
gained 12½ pounds. What was her final weight when she was well?

15. Linda talked on the phone for ½ hour in the morning, 3 5 of an hour in the afternoon and 1⅔ hours in
the evening. How much time did she spend on the phone that day?

30
SUBTRACTING FRACTIONS
28 16 15 34 30 14 19 113
1. 2. 3. 4.
−17 53 −8 78 −16 125 −18 12

17 72 35 14 13 92 24 163
5. 6. 7. 8.
−15 58 −18 53 −7 56 −9 23

Reduce all answers to lowest terms:

9. From a board 38½ inches long, Pete cut a piece 17⅝ inches long. How long was the remaining piece?

10. Jeff weighed 166 pounds. When he was sick he lost 11¾ pounds. How much did he weigh after this
loss?

11. Before leaving on a trip, Mr. Smith noticed that his odometer registered 20,245 310 miles. When he
returned, his mileage gauge registered 20,734 7 10 miles. How many miles did he drive?

12. Adam had a five-pound bag of flour. If he used 1 1 6 pounds of flour for a certain recipe, how much
flour did he have left?

13. Sandra bought a 10-pound bag of dog food. At his first feeding, her dog ate 1⅜ pounds of the food.
How much dog food was left?

14. If you change a turntable speed set at 45 rpm’s to 33⅓ rpm’s, how many revolutions per minute slower
does the turntable spin?

15. From a 100-pound bag of cement, Fran used 44⅝ pounds to make concrete. How much cement was left
in the bag?

16. Ethel had a ¾ pound bar of cooking chocolate. If she used ⅝ pound of chocolate to make a cake, how
much chocolate was left?

31
MULTIPLYING FRACTIONS
3 4
EXAMPLE: × =
5 7

Step 1. Multiply the top numbers.

Step 2. Multiply the bottom numbers.

Multiply and reduce:

2 4 5 2 1 7 3 5
1. × = 2. × = 3. × = 4. × =
3 5 7 9 8 10 11 8

1 1 4 4 5 5 9 1
5. × = 6. × = 7. × = 8. × =
3 5 7 9 6 8 10 4

7 2 3 7 1 5 8 2
9. × = 10. × = 11. × = 12. × =
9 5 8 8 6 6 9 9

With three fractions, multiply the top numbers of the first two fractions together. Then multiply that
answer by the third top number. Do the same for the bottom numbers.

3 1 3 5 1 1 2 1 5
13. × × = 14. × × = 15. × × =
5 2 4 7 3 2 3 3 9

4 4 1 2 7 1 1 4 2
16. × × = 17. × × = 18. × × =
5 5 3 5 9 3 3 7 3

32
CANCELING AND MULTIPLYING FRACTIONS

Canceling is a shortcut in multiplication of fractions. It is just like reducing. It means dividing a top and a
bottom number by a figure that goes evenly into both before actually multiplying. You don’t have to
cancel to get the right answer, but it makes the multiplication easier.

10 14
EXAMPLE: × =
21 25

Step 1. Cancel 10 and 25 by 5.

10 ÷ 5 = 2 and 25 ÷ 5 = 5 .

Step 2. Cancel 14 and 21 by 7.

14 ÷ 7 = 2 and 21 ÷ 7 = 3 .

Step 3. Multiply across by the new numbers.

2 × 2 = 4 and 3 × 5 = 15 .

Cancel and multiply:

4 3 5 9 7 11 5 9
1. × = 2. × = 3. × = 4. × =
9 8 12 10 22 14 6 10

15 12 7 32 21 13 19 25
5. × = 6. × = 7. × = 8. × =
16 25 24 35 26 28 45 38

3 18 5 11 5 8 9 20 7 6 21 4
9. × × = 10. × × = 11. × × = 12. × × =
20 25 6 12 11 15 16 21 10 17 40 45

19 7 3 4 5 11 16 14 3 15 7 12
13. × × = 14. × × = 15. × × = 16. × × =
36 10 7 11 12 15 21 15 4 28 16 45

33
MULTIPLYING FRACTIONS BY WHOLE NUMBERS
Any whole number can be written as a fraction with a bottom number of 1. For example, 5 is the same as
5
1 .
5
EXAMPLE: 9× =
6

Step 1. Write 9 as a fraction.

Step 2. Cancel 9 and 6 by 3.

Step 3. Multiply across by the new numbers.

Step 4. Change the improper fraction to a mixed number.

7 11 7 15
1. × 24 = 2. × 20 = 3. 32 × = 4. 12 × =
8 40 16 16

7 5 7 9
5. 35 × = 6. 16 × = 7. × 36 = 8. 2 × =
30 24 12 10

MULTIPLYING WITH MIXED NUMBERS

To multiply with mixed numbers, change every mixed number to an improper fraction.

1 5
EXAMPLE: 4 × =
2 6

Step 1. Change 4 12 to an improper fraction.

4 12 = 29 .

Step 2. Cancel 9 and 6 by 3.

Step 3. Multiply across by the new numbers.

Step 4. Change the improper fraction to a mixed number.

1 1 2 3 5 3 1 5
9. 2 × 1 = 10. 6 × 3 = 11. 3 × 4 = 12. 16 × 2 =
3 5 3 4 7 8 3 14

3 8 1 2 3 7 2 1 1
13. 3 × × 1 = 14. 2 × 3 × 2 = 15. 2 ×5 ×7 =
4 9 5 5 8 9 15 4 2

34
DIVIDING FRACTIONS BY FRACTIONS
Suppose a man owned a ½ acre piece of land that he wanted to
divide into ⅛ acre sections for resale. How many ⅛ acre
sections will he have to sell?
⅛ ⅛ ⅛ ⅛ ⅛ ⅛ ⅛ ⅛
To answer this question, you have to find out how many ⅛’s are
contained in ½.

You already know from the work that you’ve done with
fractions that 1 whole contains 8 8 ; therefore, there are four ⅛
acre sections in ½ acre.  
½
To calculate the answer to any division of fractions problem, there are two rules to remember:

1. INVERT the fraction to the right of the division sign (the divisor).
That is, turn the fraction upside down by writing the top number in the bottom position and the bottom
number at the top.
In the problem above 12 ÷ 18 , invert the 18 to become 81 .

2. Change the division sign to a multiplication sign and follow the rules of multiplication.
Thus the problem above becomes:

1 1 1 8 1 4
÷ = × = × = 4 sections
2 8 2 1 1 1

In other words, the rules for multiplication and division of fractions are exactly the same as soon as you
invert the fraction to the right of the division sign.

3 5
EXAMPLE: ÷ =
4 8

Step 1. Invert the fraction on the right and change the ÷ to a

×.

Step 2. Cancel 4 and 8 by 4.

Step 3. Multiply across by the new numbers.

Step 4. Change the improper fraction to a mixed number.

1 1 7 1 7 4 2 1
1. 4 ÷ 2 = 2. 6 ÷ 5 = 3. 9 ÷1 = 4. 8 ÷ 5 =
3 7 8 4 10 5 3 12

1 1 5 5 5 5 5 1
5. 7 ÷ 3 = 6. 3 ÷ 2 = 7. 5 ÷ 3 = 8. 10 ÷ 4 =
2 5 9 18 6 12 8 2

35
MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS: WORD PROBLEMS
Multiplication problems with fractions generally ask you to find a part of something or to figure out the
cost, weight, or size of several things when you have information about only one thing. Reduce all your
answers to lowest terms.

1. How much would 8 5 6 pounds of peas cost if they sell for $.60 per pound?

2. If Jack burns ¼ tank of gas per hour, how many tanks of gas will he use on an 8 ¾ hour trip?

3. If one cubic foot of water weighs 62½ pounds, how much do 3 15 cubic feet of water weigh?

4. For a bookcase, Thomas wants 6 shelves each 28½ inches long. What total length of shelving does he
need?

5. If one yard of material costs $2.00, how much do 5½ yards cost?

6. Robert makes $12.00 an hour when he works overtime. How much does he make for 3¼ hours of
overtime work?

7. Wilma gets $8.00 an hour where she works. For overtime she gets “time and a half” (1½ times her
regular wage). How much does she get for one hour of overtime work?

8. A tailor needs 3 1 6 yards of material to make a suit. How much material does he need to make three
suits?

36
DIVISION OF FRACTIONS: WORD PROBLEMS
Problems with division of fractions are tricky because you have to be sure that you invert the right
number. An important hint to remember when you are setting up the problem is that the thing being
divided or cut or shared or split should be written to the LEFT of the division sign. For example, if
5½ pounds of sugar is going to be divided evenly among 4 people, the 5½ should be written first, then the
division sign, then the 4: 5½ ÷ 4. The number to the RIGHT is always the one that gets inverted.
Reduce all your answers to lowest terms.

1. How many pieces of wood each 7½ inches long can be cut from a board that is 45 inches long?

2. Sandy baked 4½ pounds of cookies. If she divides the cookies evenly among herself and two friends,
how many pounds of cookies will each person get?

3. If a tailor needs 3⅔ yards of material to make a suit, how many suits can be made from 22 yards of
material?

4. How many 1½ pound loaves of bread can be made from 9 pounds of dough?

5. How many ¾ pound cans of tomatoes can be filled from 24 pounds of tomatoes?

6. A piece of molding 75 inches long is to be cut into small strips each 8⅓ inches long to make picture
frames. How many strips can be cut from the long piece?

7. Julie needs 2¼ yards of material to make a dress for her daughter. How many dresses can she make
from 10½ yards of material?

37
SOLVING WORD PROBLEMS USING PROPORTIONS
Proportions are made up of two ratios that are used to show the relationship of one item to another item.
One ratio is referred to as the known ratio, and the other is called the unknown ratio. The known ratio
shows the given relationship between the items. The unknown ratio shows a change in one item and
requests that the solver find the change in the other item while maintaining the same relationship as the
known ratio.

Example 1:
Pete’s Pet Shop keeps a maximum of 10 birds for every 3 cages it owns. If Pete just expanded
his store to hold 15 cages, what is the maximum number of birds he can keep?

Set up the proportion. Cross-multiply and divide.

10 birds x birds 3 x = 150

=
3 cages 15 cages x = 150 ÷ 3 = 50 birds

In this problem, the increase in cages resulted in an increase in birds.

When solving proportions, remember we are dealing with fractions. Fractions you can often reduce.
With proportions you can also cancel side to side.

Cancel up and down, side to side, but NEVER diagonally.

Example 2:
Joe spent $4.00 in driving 68 miles. How much would he spend in driving 85 miles?

Set up the proportion. Cross-multiply and divide.

$4 = x 68 x = 4 × 85
68 miles 85 miles 68 x = 340
x = 5

OR
Cancel 4 into 4 and 68 1
4/ x
=
68 85
17

1 x
Cancel 17 into 85 = x=5
17 85/
1 5

38
 Ratio / Proportion Problems
1. If Bob earns $100 in 5 days, at the same rate how much will he earn in 4 days?

2. If Paul can walk 15 miles in 6 hours, how far can he walk in 8 hours at the same speed?

3. A horse walks 20 miles in 7 hours. At the same speed, how long will it take to walk 30 miles?

4. Tom runs 50 yards in 6 seconds. At the same speed, how long will it take him to run 75 yards?

5. A recipe calls for 1 3/8 cups of sugar to make 2 dozen cupcakes. How much sugar is needed to make
60 cupcakes?

6. Joe spent 64 cents for gas in driving 68 miles. How much would he spend in driving 85 miles?

7. If a car uses 6 gallons of gas to go 80 miles, how much gas will be needed to go 100 miles?

8. A train is traveling at the rate of 75 miles per hour. At the same speed, how far will it travel in 40
minutes? (Change the 1 hour to minutes)

9. Peter can walk 3 miles in 1 hour. At the same rate, how long will it take him to walk 10 miles?

10. At the rate of 4 items for 30 cents, how much will 24 items cost?

11. A basketball player scored 128 points in 5 games. If he continues to score at this rate, how many
points will he have at the end of 30 games?

12. If 3 gallons of paint cover a surface of 825 square feet, how many gallons will be needed to cover a
surface of 1925 square feet?

13. A building casts a shadow of 28 feet when a boy 6 feet tall casts a shadow of 2 feet. Find the height
of the building.

14. A recipe calls for 2 cups of flour and 8 tablespoons of shortening. How many cups of flour are
needed if 12 tablespoons of shortening are used?

15. Bill can read 425 words per minute. At the same rate, how long will it take him to read 2,975 words?

16. Tammy types 141 words in 3 minutes. How many words can she type in 5 minutes if working at the
same speed?

17. The rock group Hashers charges $789 for a 45 minute concert. If they only play 30 minutes, how
much would they charge?

18. The scale of a map is 1 3/5 inches = 150 miles. On the same map, 500 miles is how many inches?

19. The ratio of the car length to the width is 3 to 1. The car length is 27 feet. What is the width?

20. If Bobby bought 7 crates of grapefruit for $68.25, how much does 1 crate cost?
39
FRACTION WORD PROBLEMS: PART, WHOLE, FRACTIONAL EQUIVALENT
The proportion set-up will be used to solve these problems. The proportion is not the only method for
working these problems; however, it does provide a simple and quick method for understanding the
concept. You may utilize other methods, but make sure you are using a method that is consistent and
accurate. DON’T PLAY A GUESSING GAME!

Part Fractional
=
Whole Equivalent

Two steps are used to solve a proportion problem:

1. Cross multiply (multiply diagonally)
2. Divide both sides of the equation by the number that is multiplied by the variable (alphabet).

REMEMBER—YOU CANNOT CANCEL NUMBERS UNLESS

THEY ARE SEPARATED BY A MULTIPLICATION SIGN!

FINDING THE FRACTIONAL EQUIVALENT

HINT: What part of indicates that you are looking for the fractional equivalent

EXAMPLE 1: The baker baked 15 pies and sold 6. What part of the pies did he sell?

Part that he sold 6 2

= =
Whole (total number of pies) 15 5

EXAMPLE 2: Jack traveled 50 miles and had 25 more miles to travel. What part of the distance had he
traveled?

Part that he traveled 50 2

= =
Whole (total distance) 75 3

40
FINDING WHAT PART ONE NUMBER IS OF ANOTHER
1. What part of a class attended school on a certain day if 39 pupils of the 42 enrolled were present?

a. 6
7 b. 11
12 c. 13
14 d. Not given

2. Terri missed 5 examples in an arithmetic test of 25 examples. What part of the test did she get right?

a. 1
5 b. ½ c. 4
5 d. ¾

3. In 24 times at bat, Joe hit safely 9 times. What part of the time did he hit safely?

a. ¾ b. 3
7 c. 3
10 d. ⅜

4. The Pine Forest School team won 9 games and lost 6. What part of the games played did it win?

a. ⅔ b. 3
5 c. ⅓ d. 2
5

5. What part of her annual income of $15,000 does Elsa save if she deposits $125 each month in her
savings account?

a. 1
9 b. 2
15 c. 1
10 d. Not given

6. There are 16 boys and 20 girls in a class. What part of the class is boys? What part girls?

7. If 175 out of 200 freshmen passed their physical exams, what part passed?

8. On the final report 6 students in the history class received A. The teacher also announced there were
12 B’s, 10 C’s, 8 D’s, and 4 E’s. What part of the class received A? B? C? D? E?
9. Johnson made two errors in 25 fielding chances. What part of his chances did he field the ball
cleanly?
10. Carol Mather, a pitcher, won 8 games and lost 4. What part of the games did she win?

11. At bat 36 times, Sullivan made 7 singles, 2 doubles, 1 triple and 2 home runs. What part of the time
did he hit safely?
12. If brass contains 3 parts copper and 2 parts zinc, what part of brass is copper? What part is zinc?

13. A certain hydrochloric acid solution contains 4 parts acid and 8 parts water. What part of the solution
is acid? How many quarts of acid are there in 18 quarts of the solution?

14. A. What part of a dollar is a dime? B. 50 minutes is what part of an hour? C. 3 is what part of a
dozen? D. 12 ounces is what part of a pound E. What part of a bushel is a peck? F. 6 inches is what
part of a foot?

41
FINDING THE WHOLE
NOTE: In order to find the whole you must have a part and the fractional equivalent that represents the
given part. Remember there is more than one part and more than one fractional equivalent; therefore,
always make sure that the ones given in the problem are the same.

EXAMPLE 1: Joe ate 12 pieces of candy from the box. When he finished he realized
that he had eaten 4 5 of the box. How many total pieces of candy were
in the box?
The part is 12 and it represents what Joe ate.
The fractional equivalent is 4 5 and it represents what Joe ate.
Both amounts are representing what Joe ate, so they can be used to find the whole.

Set up the proportion. 12 4

=
W 5
Two steps are used to solve a proportion.
4W = 12 × 5
a. Cross multiply.
4W 12 × 5
=
b. Divide by the number attached to the variable. 4 4

Solve W = 15

EXAMPLE 2: Mary bought a dress on sale for $30.00. The dress was discounted at ⅔
off the regular price. What was the regular price of the dress?

The part is $30.00 and it represents what she paid.

The fractional equivalent is ⅔ and it represents the discount.
The part and the fractional equivalent are not the same.

We cannot exchange the part, but we can exchange the fractional

equivalent. If 2 out of 3 parts were taken off as a discount, only 1 of the
3 parts is left. So the fraction that she paid was ⅓.

Set up the proportion. 30 1

=
W 3
Two steps are used to solve a proportion.
1W = 30 × 3
a. Cross multiply.
1W 30 × 3
=
b. Divide by the number attached to the variable. 1 1

Solve W = $90.00

42
FINDING THE WHOLE WHEN A FRACTIONAL PART IS KNOWN

1. Charlotte received 5 6 of all votes cast in the election for school treasurer. If she received 885 votes,
how many students voted?
a. 1,054 students b. 1,062 students c. 1,065 students d. Not given

2. Donna bought a pair of ice skates at a sale for $18. What was the regular price of the skates if they
were reduced one third?
a. $36 b. $54 c. $18 d. $27

3. If the school baseball team won 16 games or ⅔ of the games played, how many games were lost?
a. 6 games b. 7 games c. 8 games d. 9 games

4. If 138 students or ⅜ of the graduating class selected the college preparatory course, how many pupils
were in the graduating class?

5. The school athletic association sold 1,295 student membership tickets. If ⅞ of the school became
members, what is the school enrollment?

6. Herbert, being paid at the rate of 3

20 of his sales, received $51 commission. What was the amount of
his sales?

7. How much does a pound of each of the following cost if:

a. ½ lb. of pretzels costs 49 cents?
b. ¾ lb. of margarine costs 69 cents?
c. ⅞ lb. of chicken costs 84 cents?

d. 15
16 lb. of peppers costs 45 cents?

8. Roberta is saving to buy a pair of ice skates. She has saved $14.50 which is ¾ of the cost of the
skates. What is the price of the skates?

9. Thirty-six boys make up 3

5 of Robert’s scout troop. How many boys are there in the troop?

10. In a shop ⅔ of the workers were given wage increases. If 14 did not receive an increase, how many
people worked at the shop?

43
FINDING THE PART
NOTE: In order to find the part you must have the whole and the fractional equivalent. Remember there
is more than one fractional equivalent, so always make sure that the fractional equivalent given in the
problem is the one that represents the part you want to find.

EXAMPLE 1: Joe invested 5 6 of his savings. If he had $36,000.00 in his savings,

how much did he invest?

The whole is $36,000.00 and it represents Joe’s savings.

The fractional equivalent is 5 6 and it represents what Joe invested.
Since we are trying to find the part that Joe invested we will use 5 6 .

Set up the proportion. P 5

=
36, 000 6
Two steps are used to solve a proportion.
6 P = 36, 000 × 5
a. Cross multiply.
6 P 36, 000 × 5
=
b. Divide by the number attached to the variable. 6 6

Solve P = $30, 000

EXAMPLE 2: There are 144 students enrolled in the BSEP Class. If ⅝ of the students
were absent on the training holiday, how many students were present?

The whole is 144 and it represents total number of students.

The fractional equivalent is ⅝ and it represents the absent students.
Since we are trying to find the students present we cannot use ⅝.

We exchange the fractional equivalent. If 5 out of 8 parts were absent,

then 3 parts are left. So the fraction that was present was ⅜.

Set up the proportion. P 3

=
144 8
Two steps are used to solve a proportion.
8 P = 144 × 3
a. Cross multiply.
8 P 144 × 3
=
b. Divide by the number attached to the variable. 8 8

Solve P = 54

44
FINDING THE PART WHEN A FRACTIONAL PART IS KNOWN
1. A family has an income of $4,860 per month. The family spends ⅓ of its income on rent. How much
is left after the rent is paid?

2. A student worked ⅛ of a math assignment incorrectly. How many problems were worked correctly
out of 168 problems?

3. A family has an income of $5400 each month. The family spends 1

10 of its income on food. How
much does the family spend on food each year?

4. In one season a baseball team played 140 games and lost ¼ of them. How many games did they win?

5. John’s father paid $50,000 for an old house. If he paid 1

5 of this amount for repairs, how much did
he pay for repairs?

6. A man working as a radio inspector examined 25 radios. Of this number 4

5 passed; how many
passed the inspection?

7. During one season a second-baseman fielded the ball 125 times. She made an error 1
5 of the time.
How many times did she field the ball correctly?

8. Two men went into business and invested $12,000 altogether. Mr. Adams invested 7
20 of the total
and Mr. Blake invested the remaining amount. How much did each man invest?

9. Joe purchased 150 crates of oranges. He sold 15 of them on the first day at the market and sold
10 of them the second day. How many crates did he sell?
1

10. Henry took 18 shots at the basket. If he missed ⅓ of the time, how many times did he hit?

45
FRACTION WORD PROBLEMS

1. A baseball team won 25 games and lost 15. 11. In a high school there are 768 students. Of
What part of the games played did they win? these 3 8 are girls. If 5 6 of the girls are below
the senior class, what is the number of senior
girls?
2. The Benson family spends ⅜ of their income
for rent. If they spend $360 per month for rent,
what is their annual income? 12. A bushel basket contains 150 pieces of fruit
consisting of apples and pears. If there are 85
apples, what part of the bushel is pears?
3. Mario picked 230 quarts of strawberries for his
father. This was 5 7 of the crop. What was the
total crop of strawberries? 13. A coat on sale for $90 is ⅓ off the regular
price. What is the regular price?

4. ⅜ of the students were absent today. If there

were 648 students enrolled in the school, how 14. Sandy had $35 and spent $15 of it. What part
many students were present? of her money did she have left?

5. Of the 21 men sent out on a problem in 15. What part of a mile is 220 feet?
maneuvers, 15 succeeded in reaching their
objective. What part of the group succeeded?
16. Sara answered 8 questions incorrectly on a test.
If she answered 5 7 of the questions correctly,
6. In sorting a basket of tomatoes, a cook threw how many questions were correct?
away 24 that were spoiled. If this was ⅜ of all
there were, how many tomatoes were there?
17. 460 people attended the preview of a new film.
The theater was ⅔ full. What’s the capacity of
7. A truck heading for an objective 54 miles away the theater?
has traveled 30 miles. What part of the
distance has been covered?
18. If 15 of a unit is on pass and the other 96
members of the unit are at the unit, how many
8. A bolt is 12 inches thick. If it is reduced by ¼ soldiers are in the unit?
of its thickness, how thick will it be?

19. A furniture dealer put 20 items on sale. He

9. The basketball team of Erie High School won sold 15 of them the first day and ¼ of the
12 games of the first 15 games. It then won the
remainder the second day. How many were
next three games. What part of the games did it
left?
win?

20. A coat is on sale for ¼ off. If the sale price is

10. Bob answered 17 20 of a test correctly. If he
$72, then how much is saved by buying the
answered 34 questions correctly, how many coat on sale?
questions were on the test?

46
45
 WHAT ARE PERCENTS?
Percent is a very common term in the everyday world. Commission, interest, mark-up, and tax rates are
all written with percents. Discounts, raises, paycheck deductions and credit card charges are all figured
with percents.

Percent is another way to describe a part or fraction of something, but it is an even more special type of
fraction. The only denominator (bottom number) it can have is 100. This denominator is not written, it is
shown by a percent sign (%). For example, 49 parts out of 100 can be written as 49/100 which is read as
forty-nine hundredths, or as .49 which is also read as forty-nine hundredths, or as 49% which is read as
forty-nine percent.

CHANGING PERCENTS TO DECIMALS

To change a percent to a decimal, move the decimal point two places to the left.

EXAMPLES: Percent Decimal

.08% .0008
12 ½ % .12 ½
50 % .50

Change Each Percent To A Decimal:

1. 33 1/3% 2. 2.5% 3. 9% 4. 25% 5. .08%

CHANGING DECIMALS TO PERCENTS

To change a decimal to a percent, move the decimal point two places to the right and write the percent
sign (%). If the point moves to the end of the number, it is not necessary to write the point.

EXAMPLES: Decimal Percent

.35 35%
.8 80%
.04 4%
.0008 .08%

Change each decimal to a percent:

6. .005 = 7. .37 ½ = 8. .08 1/3 = 9. .32 = 10. .0016 =

47
CHANGING PERCENTS TO FRACTIONS
To change a percent to a fraction, write the percent as a fraction with 100 as the bottom number and
reduce.
EXAMPLE 1: Change 85% to a fraction.
85
Step 1. Write the percent as a fraction with 100 as the bottom
number. 100

Step 2. Reduce. 85 5 17
÷ =
100 5 20
EXAMPLE 2: Change 8 ⅓% to a fraction.

Step 1. Write the percent as a fraction with 100 as the bottom 8 13

number. 100
Step 2. You can rewrite this fraction as a division problem. 8 13 ÷ 100 =

Step 3. Change the mixed number to an improper fraction.

25 100
÷ =
3 1

Step 4. Invert the divisor and multiply, canceling where 25 1 1 1 1

× = × =
possible. 3 100 3 4 12

Change each percent to a fraction:

1. 12% = 2. 99% = 3. 66 ⅔% = 4. 4 ½ % =

5. 80% = 6. 33 ⅓% = 7. 4% = 8. 41 ⅔% =

CHANGING FRACTIONS TO PERCENTS

There are two ways to change a fraction to a percent as shown below.
3
EXAMPLE: Change to a percent.
4
3 100 75
Method 1. Multiply the fraction by 100%. × = = 75%
4 1 1
Method 2. Divide the bottom number of the fraction into the top .75
3
number and move the point two places to the right. = 4 3.00 = 75%
4
Change each fraction to a percent:
9. 5/8 = 10. 4/9 = 11. 3/7 = 12. 9/20 =

13. 4/25 = 14. 3/10 = 15. 3/5 = 16. 9/50 =

48
EXCHANGING FRACTIONS, DECIMALS, AND PERCENTS
You have seen how fractions can be changed to decimals and decimals to percent. Also you have
changed decimals to fractions. All percents can be changed to fractions; many percents can be changed to
very simple fractions. Complete the chart below by showing the three equivalent forms—fraction,
decimal, and percent—in the problems below.

FRACTIONS DECIMALS PERCENTS

1. .375

2. 72%

3. 4
5

4. 8%

5. 3
5

6. .125

7. 100%

8. .003

9. 1
6

10. 87.5%

11. 7
50

12. 166⅔%

13. .2

14. ⅝

15. 3.5

49
PERCENT WORD PROBLEMS
The concept used in percent word problems is very similar to the concept involving fractions on pages 38-
44. The proportion setup is also used to solve percent word problems, however instead of utilizing a
fractional equivalent you will utilize a percent.

In percent word problems you will be asked to find the percent, the whole or the part. Remember there is
more than one part and more than one percent; therefore, always make sure that the ones given in the
problem are the same.

Part %
=
Whole 100*

*The whole or total amount is always 100%

FINDING THE PERCENT

EXAMPLE 1: Rachel has been sick 8 days out of the past 50 days. What percent of
the time has she been sick?

8 x
=
50 100

50 x 8 × 100
=
50 50

x = 16%

EXAMPLE 2: The team played 16 games and lost 4. What percent of the games did
they win?
12 x
=
16 100

16 x 12 × 100
=
16 16

x = 75%

50
FINDING WHAT PERCENT ONE NUMBER IS OF ANOTHER: WORD PROBLEMS
When you are finding what percent one number is of another, always be careful to put the part over the
whole.

1. There are 24 tenants in a community block association. If only 18 of them came one night, what
percent of the association was there?

2. Joan makes $150 a week. If she gets a raise of $12 each week, what percent of her original salary
was her raise?

3. Terrence wants to buy a coat that costs $48. If he has already saved $30, what percent of the price of
the coat has he saved?

4. Matthew got 36 problems right out of a total of 40 problems on a test. What percent of the problems
did he get wrong?

5. On a loan of $350, John had to pay $28 of interest. The interest represents what percent of John’s
loan?

6. Carl weighed 180 pounds. After two months of dieting and exercising, he now weighs 171 pounds.
What percent of his weight did he lose?

7. Margaret is reading a book that is 288 pages long. If she has already read 96 pages, what percent of
the book has she read?

8. The Johnson family spends $810 a month on rent. If their monthly income is $5400, what percent of
their income is left?

9. In an office of 20 employees, there are 11 men. What percent of the office is made up of men?

10. Carlos owed $2,000 to the bank. If he has paid back $1,250, what percent of the loan does he owe?

51
FINDING THE WHOLE

EXAMPLE 1: Mike has driven 2,550 miles on his way from New York to San
Francisco. If this is 85% of the total distance, what is the distance from
New York to San Francisco?

The part is 2,550 and represents the miles he has driven.

The percent is 85 and refers to (if this) the miles he has driven.
Both the part and percent represent the miles he has driven.

2,550 85
=
W 100

85W 2,550 × 100

=
85 85

W = 3, 000

EXAMPLE 2: The team won 24 games and lost 25%. How many games did they
play?

The part is 24 and represents the games won.

The percent is 25 and represents the games lost.
The part and percent are not the same, so they cannot be used to find the
whole.

If the whole is 100% and 25% of the games were lost, then the other
75% of the games were won.

24 75
=
W 100

75W 24 ×100
=
75 75

W = 32

52
FINDING A NUMBER WHEN A PERCENT OF IT IS GIVEN
Word Problems
In problems of this type, always divide the percent (in either decimal or fraction form) into the number
that you have. Your answer will usually be larger than the original number.

1. Morris has saved $80 toward buying an air conditioner. If the $80 is 50% of the total price, what is
the price of the air conditioner?

2. Bill got 27 problems right on a math test. If he missed 10% of the problems, how many problems
were on the test?

3. Pat owes $2000 on a used car. If she paid 20% of the price of the car, find the price of the car.

4. The Helton family spends an average of $156 a week for food. If this is 33⅓% of their weekly
budget, what is the amount of their weekly budget?

5. Benny had to pay $4.80 in tax for a new suit. If the sales tax in Benny’s state is 8%, what was the
price of the suit?

6. 78 members came to a club meeting. If 35% did not come, how many members are in the club?

7. Trudy made $85 in commissions one week for selling shoes. If her commission rate is 5% of the total
amount that she sells, what was the value of the shoes she sold that week?

8. When the Browns bought their house, they made a down payment of $5,100, which was 5% of the
total cost of the house. Find the cost of the house.

9. After dieting for two months, Sonia lost 18 pounds and is now 92% of her original weight. What was
her original weight?

10. 3,000 people came to hear a presidential candidate speak in Center City. If 83⅓% of the people who
live in Center City did not come, how many people live there?

53
FINDING THE PART

EXAMPLE 1: 540 workers belong to the local electrician’s union. If 65% of them
went to the last meeting, how many members went to the meeting?

The whole is 540 and represents the whole.

The percent is 65 and refers to the members who attended.
Since we are trying to determine the number who attended, we use the
65%.

P 65
=
540 100

100 P 65 × 540
=
100 100

P = 351

EXAMPLE 2: Joe was supposed to work 250 days last year. He was absent 4% of the
time because he was sick. How many days did he work?

The whole is 250 and represents the total.

The percent is 4 and represents the times he did not work.
Since we are trying to find the days he worked we do not use 4%.

If the whole is 100% and he was out 4% of the days, he worked the
other 96%.

P 96
=
250 100

100 P 96 × 250
=
100 100

P = 240

54
FINDING A PERCENT OF A NUMBER
Word Problems
When you are finding a percent of a number, you are always looking for a part of that number. Be sure to
label your answers with the same units as given in the problem.

1. During a period of 30 working days, Deborah was late 20% of the time. How many days was she on
time?

2. For selling their house, Mr. and Mrs. Martin had to pay the real estate agent a commission of 5%. If
their house sold for $135,000, how much commission did the real estate agent receive?

3. A coat originally selling for $48 was on sale at 20% off. How much will someone pay by buying the
coat on sale?

4. If the sales tax rate in a certain state is 6%, how much tax would you owe for a scarf that cost $2.50?

5. How many answers did Linda leave blank if she left out 15% of the questions on a job application with
a total of 40 questions?

6. Elizabeth makes $118 a week. If she gets an 8% raise, how much more will she make each week?

7. A portable television regularly selling for $160 was on sale for 12 ½% less. How much can be saved
by buying the television on sale?

8. Ruby is now at 93.5% of her original weight. How many pounds did she lose if she used to weigh 150
pounds?

9. Ellen, who made $15,000 a year, got a raise of 8.5%. How much more will she make in a year?

10. Kate gets a 15% discount on the price of anything in the store where she works. How much will she
pay for a dress that is priced at $28?

55
SPECIALTY PERCENT PROBLEMS

PERCENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE

In problems requesting the percent of increase or percent of decrease (sometimes referred to as percent of
profit, percent of loss, rate of increase, rate of decrease), we must determine which amount represents the
whole and which represents the part.
The whole is the original or starting amount.
The part is the difference in the amounts.

EXAMPLE 1: Last month apples cost $2.50 per bag. This month they cost $3.00 per
bag. What was the percent of increase in price?

.50 X
=
2.50 100

X = 20%

EXAMPLE 2: Joe owned 25 Great Danes two months ago. He now has five. What
percent represents his decrease?

20 X
=
25 100

X = 80%

WHEN THE PART EXCEEDS 100%

EXAMPLE: Sue purchased a hat that sold for $47.25. This price included a store
mark-up of 26%. What was the price that the store paid for the hat?
(Hint: The seller gets 100%.)

Sue paid two percents: 100% cost of hat plus 26% mark-up equals 126%.

We are looking for the price the store (the seller) paid for the hat.
The price Sue paid cannot be the whole because it has exceeded 100%.

47.25 126
=
X 100

X = $37.50

56
 SPECIALTY PERCENT PROBLEMS

1. A store buys men’s suits for $60. If it operates on a 45% mark-up, what will be the selling price of the
suits?

2. Find the rate of discount if the price of an article falls from $4.00 to $3.68.

3. What is the rate of increase when the price of an article changes from $8.00 to $10.00?

4. The Wares bought a house for $60,000 and sold it after 10 years for $80,000. What was the percent of
profit made on the house?

5. Henry bought a used car. After using it for two days, he sold it for $350. He lost $50 in the
transaction. What was his percent of decrease?

6. Jake paid $69.55 for a coat. The $69.55 included a sales tax of 7%. What was the original cost of the
coat?

7. Mrs. Carlin sewed aprons that cost her $1.00 apiece. She sold each one for $2.50. What was the
percent of profit?

8. The price of a pair of shoes was reduced from $10.98 to $6.98. To the nearest percent, what percent of
decrease is this?

9. If the number of birds counted is 300 one year, and this is an increase of 50 over the previous year,
what is the rate of increase?

10. At the dealership, a car is priced at $20,000. The dealership is going to make a $4,000 profit. What
was the percent of mark-up on the car?

57
PERCENT WORD PROBLEMS

1. If a debt of $480 is reduced by 20%, find the new debt.

2. Bad weather caused a 12% reduction in Farmer Green’s wheat crop this year. If Mr. Green
harvested 20,000 bushels last year, how many will be harvested this year?

3. Mr. Black’s pay increases by 15% when he gets an increase of $24. What was Mr. Black’s original
pay?

4. The Dallas Cowboys won 12 out of 16 games they played during the season. What percent of the
games did they win?

5. What is the amount of a sale if the commission is $80 and the rate of commission is 4%?

6. A wholesale florist offers a 15% discount to anyone buying over 100 of the same plant. What will
be Mrs. Plum’s discount on a purchase of 200 Christmas plants at $.50 per plant?

7. Tommy bought a bike for $36 at a sale. The original price was $45. What was the percent of
discount on the bike?

8. During one season a second baseman fielded the ball 125 times and made 10 errors. What is his
fielding percent?

9. During one year the Smiths spend $3000 on rent. If this is 20% of their yearly income, what is their
yearly income?

10. If 70% on an exam is passing, how many questions must be correct on a 60-question exam in order
to pass?

11. Mr. Johnson has been adding a new fertilizer to the soil on his farm. If his crop increased from 220
bushels to 275 bushels per acre, what was the percent of increase in yield?

12. Roberta is saving to buy some ice skates. She has saved $97.50, which is 75% of the cost of the
skates. How much do the skates cost?

13. If a dealer sold 80 cars in one year and 48 had automatic shifts, what percent of the cars sold did not
have automatic shifts?

14. On a TV quiz show, 21 contestants made a score of more than 85%. These 21 people were 70% of
the number of contestants. How many contestants were there on the show?

15. A jewelry store purchased necklaces for $15.00 and sold them for $135.00. What was the percent
of mark-up on the necklaces?

58
SIMPLE INTEREST
Interest is money paid for the use of money. The money borrowed or invested, and on which interest is
paid, is called principal. Interest paid on the principal only is called simple interest. The interest charged is
generally expressed as a percent of the principal. This percent is called the rate of interest. The rate of
interest is usually understood as the rate per year unless specified otherwise. The sum of the principal and
the interest is called the amount.

To find the interest, multiply the principal by the rate of interest per year by the time expressed in years.
Formula: i = prt

When using the formula, first write the formula, then substitute the given quantities, and finally compute as
required.

The rate may be expressed as a decimal and, when cancellation is possible, as a common fraction.

Problem Solving:
1. Mr. Jones bought a house for $96,000. He paid 33⅓% down. If he got a mortgage at 12% interest for
the remainder, how much interest should he pay semi-annually?

2. Find the interest Mrs. LaGrone owes if she borrowed $730 on her life insurance policy at 6% for 36
days.

3. Rodriguez owns a $1,000 bond bearing 12.95% interest. How much interest does he receive every 6
months?

4. What is the amount due on $420 borrowed at 15% and repaid at the end of 2 years 8 months?

5. What is the annual rate of interest if the principal is $3,600 and the annual interest is $108?

6. Find the annual rate of interest when the interest for 4 years on $1,600 is $288.

7. Mrs. Pitchford receives $160 interest each year on an investment of $4,000. She also receives $180
semi-annual interest on an investment of $9,000. On which investment does she receive a higher rate of
interest?

8. What sum, invested at 8%, will earn $20,000 per year?

9. Mrs. Jackson invested $20,000 at 8% interest for three years and nine months, and she also invested
$12,000 at 6½% interest for two years. What is the total amount of interest earned on both
investments?

10. SPC Wilson is halfway through making payments for his car. It listed for $16,000, the interest rate was
7%, and he calculated that the total interest paid would amount to $5600. How many months does he
have left to pay? (Monthly payments are all equal.)

59
DISTANCE FORMULA
The distance formula shows the relationship between time, rate of speed, and distance traveled. d = rt
means that distance equals the rate times the time.
Solve the following problems:

EXAMPLE 1: If we averaged 45 miles per Solve the following problems:

hour for 4 hours, how far did
1. A passenger plane makes the flight from
we go?
Milwaukee to Detroit, a distance of 330 miles,
in 1 hour and 6 minutes. What is its speed?
d = rt
d = 45 x 4
d = 180 miles
2. From Chicago to New York via one airline is
900 miles. The flight is made in 2 hours and
30 minutes. What is this speed?
EXAMPLE 2: The distance from Dallas to
New York by road is 1,648
miles. A team of drivers drove 3. An airplane flew the 630 miles from
this distance and averaged 41.2 Cleveland to Memphis and averaged 360
miles per hour. How many miles per hour. How many hours did the
hours did the trip take? flight take?

d = rt
1,648 = 41.2 × t 4. The distance from Phoenix to El Paso is 400
The missing factor is time. miles by road. How many hours are needed
d to make the trip if you average 50 miles per
t=
r hour?
1,648
t= = 40 hours
41.2
5. On our vacation we averaged 45 miles per
hour. At this rate, how far did we travel in 8
hours and 20 minutes?

EXAMPLE 3: An airplane flew 500 miles in 1 6. The maximum speed of a certain airplane is
hour and 15 minutes. What 600 miles per hour. If the plane flew at this
was its speed or rate? (Change speed for 15 minutes, how far would it travel?
15 minutes to .25 hr.) ( 15 min. = ¼ hr.)
d = rt
500 = r ×1.25
7. From Louisville to Chicago by road is 300
The missing factor is rate.
miles. If we averaged 50 miles per hour, how
d
r= long did the trip take?
t
500
r= = 400 miles per hour
1.25 8. How far can you travel in 10 hours if your
average speed is 43.6 miles per hour?

60
 GEOMETRY FORMULAS
SQUARE RECTANGLE

s w

l
s
P = l +l + w+ w
P = 4s
P = 2l + 2w
A = s 2 (s 2 = s × s)
A = lw (lw = l × w)

TRIANGLE CIRCLE

d
a c
r

h
b
C =πd (π d = π × d )
P = a+b+c
C = 2π r (2π r = 2 × π × r )
base × height
A= A =πr 2
(π r 2 = π × r × r )
2
1 A = π ( d2 ) 2
or A = × b × h
2

RECTANGULAR CYLINDER CUBE

SOLID
r

h s
h
w s
s
l
V = lwh V = π r 2h V = s3
(lwh = l × w × h) (π r 2 h = π × r × r × h) (s 3 = s × s × s)

61
PERIMETER
Perimeter means the distance around any geometric figure. If the sides are of the same unit, then the sides
may be added and the result is the perimeter.

SQUARE
The square is a four sided figure with all sides equal. The four angles are also equal and are 90 degrees.
Since all sides are equal, you can multiply one of the sides by 4 and get the perimeter. In most cases this is
quicker and easier than adding. Perimeter equals four times one side of a square or as a formula:
P = 4S
EXAMPLE: One side of a square is 3 feet, find the perimeter of this square.
P= 4 × 3 feet
P=12 feet
If you are given the perimeter of a square you can find the length of one side by dividing the perimeter by 4
since all sides are equal.
EXAMPLE: If the perimeter of a square is 60” what is the length of each side?
60 divided by 4 = 15. Therefore 15 would be the length of each side.

RECTANGLE
A rectangle is also a 4 sided figure, but has two sets of equal and parallel sides. The longer sides are called
the lengths and the two shorter sides are called the widths. To find the perimeter of a rectangle multiply
one length by 2 and multiply one width by 2 and add the results.
P = 2L + 2W
EXAMPLE: A rectangle with a 12 foot length and a 9 foot width would have a perimeter of 42 feet
because P = 2 (12 feet) + 2 (9 feet) then P = 24 feet + 18 feet and then P = 42 feet.
If you are given one length and the perimeter then you are looking for the width. The formula becomes:
P – 2L = 2W.
If we substitute the perimeter value and the length value, which are provided, we can get the answer. If
P = 60” and L = 20” then substituting in the formula P – 2L = 2W we get 60”– 2 (20”) = 2 W OR
60” – 40” = 2W then we solve by saying 20 = 2W then divide each side by 2 so 10 = W. The same is true
if you are looking for length. P – 2W = 2L

TRIANGLE
A triangle is a three sided geometric figure with three angles that total 180 degrees. To find the perimeter
of a triangle you must simply add all three sides together. If the three sides are called a, b, and c then the
formula would be:
P = a + b + c.
An equilateral triangle means that all sides are equal, if one side of an equilateral triangle is 4” then all 3
sides are 4” therefore the perimeter would be 12”. An isosceles triangle means that 2 of the 3 sides are the
same measurement. For example an isosceles triangle may have sides of 4 feet, 4 feet, and 5 feet. That
means the perimeter would be 13 feet. If you are given the perimeter of an equilateral triangle you can find
the length of the sides by dividing by 3. If the perimeter and one side of an isosceles triangle is given, you
can find the other 2 sides. If the perimeter of an isosceles triangle is 8” and one of the equal sides is 3” then
the other equal side must also be 3” and 6 subtracted from 8” would leave 2” for the third side. Or if an
isosceles triangle had a perimeter of 8” and the unequal side was 2” subtract that from the perimeter and
that would give you 6 which is 2 times the length so you would just divide the result by 2.

62
PERIMETER OF RECTANGLES, SQUARES, AND TRIANGLES
In problems 1 – 10 find the perimeter as requested. Notice that words such as “enclose”, “surround”,
“wrap”, and “around” indicate that you are to solve for the perimeter.

1. How much tape do you need to go around one side of a box 7⅔ inches long and 3 inches wide?

2. How much weather stripping will you need to go around a window shaped like an isosceles triangle that
has legs of 6.875 feet and is 4.25 feet across the bottom?

3. How many inches of picture frame molding are needed to go around a picture that is 11 inches long and
8½ inches wide?

4. Mr. King’s garden is 6.2 meters long and 5.8 meters wide. How many meters of fencing are needed to
enclose the garden?

5. Find the perimeter of a triangle that measures 2 ½ inches on each side.

6. Find the perimeter of a tabletop that is 62½ inches long and 30¼ inches wide?

7. What is the perimeter of a photograph that is 10.3 inches long and 4.6 inches wide?

8. How much fencing would be needed to enclose a four-sided garden that measures 6¼ yards on every
side?

9. Mrs. Cyrus plans to close off a corner of her yard with a pretty border to make a triangular flowerbed.
It measures 20 ⅔' on one side, 15 ½' on another, and 18 3 5 ' on the third side. Find the perimeter.

10. What is the perimeter of a square tile that measures 1.75 feet on every side?

63
AREA
Area is the distance or surface covered inside of a geometric figure. Area is always expressed in square
units of measure because area is found by multiplying. Multiplying feet times feet gives you SQUARE
feet, inches times inches equals SQUARE inches etc.
Area will always be a multiplication problem and the answer will always be given in square units of
measure.

SQUARE
To find the area of a square, multiply one side by the other.
EXAMPLE 1: If the side of a square is 8 inches, what is its area? 8 inches times 8 inches =
64 square inches because area is always answered in square units so this
would be square inches.
EXAMPLE 2: If one side of a square is 2 ½ feet then what is the area? You must multiply 2
½ by itself. You can change 2 ½ to 5 2 and multiply that by itself for the
answer of 25 4 which is simplified to 6 ¼ square feet.
If you are given the area of a square and asked to find one of the sides, you must find the square root of the
area. When you square a number you multiply it by itself—to find the square root of a number you find
what 2 numbers multiplied together will produce that number. For instance the square root of 25 is 5
because 5 times itself will give you 25. If the area of a square is 64 square feet, then each side is 8 feet
since 8 times 8 = 64. If the area is 9 square yards then the sides equal 3 yards because 3 times 3 = 9.

RECTANGLE
The formula for the area of a rectangle is A = L × W or area equals length times width. If the length of a
rectangle is 12 feet and the width is 9 feet then the area would be: 12 feet × 9 feet = 108 square feet. The
units of measure on both sides must be the same; if they are not the same then you must change one of
them so that they are the same.
EXAMPLE: If one side is 2 feet and the other side is 6 inches you must either change the 6 inches to
½ feet and multiply 2 feet times ½ feet which equals 1 square foot OR you must change
the 2 feet to 24 inches and then multiply 24 inches times 6 inches which equals 144
square inches (this is equivalent to 1 square foot).
If you need to find the length when the area and width are given to you then you must divide the area by the
width. Or if the length is given, you must divide the area by the length to give you the width.
A
LW

TRIANGLE
The formula for finding the area of a triangle is A = ½ b h which reads: area equals one-half base times
height. The base of a triangle is the side on which it is sitting. The height is the distance of a straight line
drawn from the base to the tallest point. If a triangle had a base of 3” and a height of 4” you would find the
area by multiplying 1 2 (3"× 4") or 1 2 (12") = 6 square inches.

64
AREA: FINDING THE AMOUNT OF SPACE TAKEN UP BY SOMETHING
Rectangles And Squares
When you buy carpeting, you have to know how much space you want to cover with it. To figure out the
answer to problems like this, you need to find area. Area is the amount of space or surface of a flat figure
like a floor. Area is measured in square inches, square feet, square yards, etc. to find the area of a
rectangle, you multiply the length by the width. As a formula the rule is: A = lw. A stands for the area; l
stands for the length; and w stands for the width. Notice that l and w written next to each other means that
they should be multiplied together. The length and the width must be in the same unit of measure before
they can be multiplied. If they are not, you must convert one of them to the same unit of measure as the
other.
EXAMPLE: How much shelf paper do you need to cover a shelf that is 4 ½ feet long
and 1 ¼ feet wide?
4 1 2 × 1 1 4 = 9 2 × 5 4 = 45 8 = 5 5 8 square feet.

1. How many square feet of shelf paper are needed to cover four shelves, each 3½ feet long and 1¼ feet
wide?

2. How many square feet of fabric are needed to make a tablecloth that measures 70 inches long and 54
inches wide?

3. Nell wishes to cover one side of a pillow with silk. The pillow measures 24 inches by 28 inches. How
many square inches of material does she need?

4. The mainsail of a boat is shaped like a right triangle that has a 5 foot base and a 12 foot height. What is
the area of the sail?

5. How much would it cost to carpet a room that measures 18 feet by 12 feet if carpeting sells for $21.95
per square yard?

6. One gallon of paint covers 300 square feet. How much paint is needed to cover the ceiling of a room
that measures 10 feet by 9 feet?

7. A rectangle has a width of 9 feet and an area of 108 square feet. What is its length?

8. A square has an area of 225 square feet. What is the length of one of its sides?

9. A triangle whose base measures 2.4 inches has an area of 3.6 square inches. What is its height?

10. How much would it cost to paint the four walls of a room that measures 20 feet long, 18 feet wide and 8
½ feet high if paint sells for $12 per gallon and 1 gallon covers 200 square feet?

65
CIRCLES
As you know, the curved figure to the right is a circle.
All points on the outside of a circle are at an equal distance from the Diameter
center. This distance is called the radius. The symbol for radius is
“r.” The diameter is the distance across the circle. As you can see,
the diameter passes through the center of the circle and is equal to
twice the radius. The symbol for diameter is “d.”
In symbols we write: d = 2r or r = ½d. Radius
The distance around the circle is called the circumference. The
symbol for circumference is “C.”

CIRCUMFERENCE
The circumference of a circle is given by a formula: C = πd
π has the approximate value of 3.14 or 3 1/7, usually written as 22/7.

To find the circumference, multiply the value of π by the diameter. Use the π value 22/7 when the diameter
is given as a whole number evenly divisible by 7 or a fraction. Use the π value 3.14 when the diameter is
given as a mixed decimal or a whole number not evenly divisible by 7.
EXAMPLE 1: Find the circumference of a circle that has a diameter of 14 inches. Find the
circumference by multiplying 22 7 by 14.
22 × 14 = 44
7
Answer: 44 inches or 3 feet 8 inches
EXAMPLE 2: Find the circumference of a circle that has a diameter of 9.1 feet. Find the
circumference by multiplying 3.14 by 9.1.
3.14 × 9.1 = 28.574
Answer 28.574 feet rounded off to 28.6 feet

In problems 1 – 6, find the circumference. Notice that the words “distance across” are often used to
indicate diameter, and the words “distance from center to edge” and “half the distance across” are used to
indicate radius.

1. Green Reservoir is in the shape of a circle. If the distance across the reservoir is 4 miles, what is its
circumference?

2. The distance between the center and the edge of a circular race track is .2 miles. What is the distance
around the track?

3. To the nearest foot, find the circumference of a circular swimming pool that has a radius of 6 ft.

4. Tom measured the widest distance across the top of a circular paint can to be 14 inches. What is the
distance around the rim of the can?

5. Diane plans to add a border around her circular tablecloth. How long a piece does she need if the
diameter of the tablecloth is 4.5 feet?

6. Half the distance across a circular garden measures 7 feet. How many feet of fencing material will be
needed to enclose the garden?

66
AREA OF A CIRCLE

The area of a circle is given by a formula:

A = πr2 which means A = π × r × r
To find the area of a circle, multiply the radius times itself and radius (r)
then multiply this product by π. As a first step, write the three
numbers separated by times signs to see if cancellation is
possible. Cancellation can greatly simplify multiplication.

EXAMPLE 1: What is the area of a circle that has a radius of 7 inches?

22
Step 1. Substitute 22
for π and 7 for r in the area formula A= × 7× 7
7 7
22
Step 2. Cancel the first two “7’s”. A= × 7 × 7
7
Step 3. Multiply 22 by 7. Answer: 154 square inches. A=22 × 7=154

EXAMPLE 2: What is the area of a circle that has a radius of 2.1 feet?

Step 1. Substitute 3.14 for π, and 2.1 for r in the area formula. A=3.14 × 2.1× 2.1

Step 2. Multiply 2.1 by 2.1. 2.1× 2.1=4.41

Step 3. Multiply 3.14 by 4.41. Answer: 13.85 square feet. A=3.14 × 4.41=13.8474
NOTE: The answer is rounded off to two decimal
places. Do the same for your answers to the problems
below unless otherwise indicated.

1. Find the area of a circle that has a radius of 3.5 yards.

2. What is the area of a circle whose diameter is 28 meters?

3. A bandstand in the shape of a circle is to be 21 feet across. How many square yards of flooring will be
required?

4. The circular canvas net used by fire fighters has a radius of 2.1 yards. What is the area of the net?
Round answer to the nearest tenth.

5. A gallon of paint covers 40 square yards. How many gallons of paint will be needed to cover a circular
floor that is 66 feet in diameter? Round answer to nearest whole number.

6. The top of a piston is a circle. It has a radius of 4.2 centimeters. What is the area of the top of the
piston? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth if needed.

67
VOLUMES
You know that area measures the surface of a figure. Volume is the space enclosed (capacity) within a
three-dimensional figure, such as a bin, a box, or a room. Area is measured in square units. Volume is
measured in cubic units. The problems below will help you understand cubic measurement.
The formula V = lwh is used to find the volume of a rectangular solid (box,
bin, room). The formula means the volume equals the length times the h=4m
width times the height.

EXAMPLE: Find the volume of a box which measures l=15m

10m by 15m by 4m.
V = l × w× h w=10m
V = 15 ×10 × 4
V = 600 cubic meters

Use the volume formula to solve the following word problems. Pay attention to the units of measure!

1. Cindy is adding ten bags of compost to her sandy garden. How many cubic feet of top soil are in
the garden if it measures ten feet wide by 24 feet long by three feet deep?

2. Jeff is pouring a concrete slab for a new heat pump foundation. How many cubic yards of concrete
will he need for a slab with the following dimensions: 6′ wide, 15′ long, 9″ deep?

3. An Olympic swimming pool holds 2500 cubic meters of water. Find the length of the pool given
the width of 25 meters and the depth of 2 meters.

4. A passenger elevator measures 81″ wide, 54″ deep, and 108″ high. How many cubic yards of air
are contained in the elevator? (Round answer to nearest whole cubic yard.)

5. Monica has a box in the shape of a cube holding 64 cubic inches of mini M&Ms. What are the
dimensions of the box?

6. Guidelines suggest that piranha fish be kept in aquariums with a minimum of 20 gallons per fish in
order to avoid cannibalization. How many fish can be safely housed in a tank which is five feet
long, 25 inches wide, and three feet ten inches tall? (Note: One gallon is 230 cubic inches.)

68
THE CYLINDER
This figure is called a cylinder. You have seen many cylinders, such as cans,
tanks, pipes and the like. A cylinder has two bases which are parallel and equal. d
A cylinder differs from a circle in that it has height (or altitude). Since the bases
of a cylinder are equal and parallel, the height is the perpendicular distance
between the bases. The height will be the same whether measured in the center
h
or on the outside edge.

One person’s definition of a cylinder was “a stack of equal circles.” This

r
definition gives a good clue to finding the volume of a cylinder. We know how
to find the area of a circle (A = πr2 ). If we multiply this base area (the base is a
circle) by the height, we shall have the volume of the cylinder. Therefore, the formula for finding the
volume of any cylinder is V = πr2h. Using this formula, find the volume of the cylinders in the problems
below.

EXAMPLE: Find the volume of a cylinder that has a radius of 7 feet and a height of 10 feet.

V = π r 2h
22
V= × 7 × 7 ×10
7
V = 22 × 7 × 10
V = 1,540 cubic feet

22
Solve these problems. Use π = .
7
1. A water standpipe is 60 feet high and has a diameter of 14 feet. What is the volume of the standpipe (in
cubic feet)?

2. A water tank the shape of a cylinder has a diameter of 15 feet and is 35 feet high. How many cubic feet
of water will it hold?

3. A gasoline storage tank has a diameter of 28 ft. and a height of 30 ft. If 1 cu. ft. holds about 7.5
gallons, how many gallons will the tank hold?

4. A tank with a diameter of 14 ft. is filled to a depth of 20 ft. with water. How many cubic feet of water
does it contain?

5. Two cylinders have the same height—20 ft. One has a 7 ft. radius; the other has a radius of 14 ft. The
volume of the second cylinder is how many times that of the first? (Do not guess or you will be fooled.
Doubling the radius increases the volume how many times?)

6. A can in the shape of a cylinder is 6 in. wide (diameter) and 12 in. high. What is the volume, or
capacity, of the can in cubic inches?

69
 ANSWER KEY
PAGE 13: PAGE 17: 11. 35 17. 20 6/7
1. .051 1. 5/12 12. 15 18. 15 9/10
2. 2.678 2. 47/100 PAGE 21: PAGE 24:
3. 70 3. 9/16
1. 1¾ 1. 1/3
4. 150.1065 4. 23/36
2. 5½ 2. 1/10
5. .11 5. 7/12
3. 2 4/5 3. ½
6. .04255 6. 8/25
4. 4 2/7 4. 3/13
7. 1.9 7. 43/60
5. 4 5. 6/11
8. .0429 8. 1351/2000
6. 3 1/3 6. 1/3
9. .014 9. 2/5
7. 3¼ 7. 3/8
10. 22.7 10. 63/100
8. 3 8. ½
11. .324 11. 3/4
9. 3 3/5 9. 3/19
12. 130.6 12. 113/150
10. 2 10. 1/5
13. 34.8779 13. 77/280
11. 1 1/12 11. 3 4/7
14. 1.0094
PAGE 18: 12. 5 12. 6
15. .40275
1. I 13. 7½ 13. 1 1/3
16. 206.857
2. P 14. 2 2/3 14. 4 2/5
17. .19803
3. M 15. 4 2/3 15. 8¼
18. 7.3
4. I 16. 9½
19. 110.6936 PAGE 22:
5. P 17. 9 5/13
20. 57.3685 1. 11/4
6. I 18. 16 2/3
PAGES 14 – 15: 2. 11/7
7. I PAGE 26:
3. 16/3
1. $99.00 8. M
4. 44/7 1. 1¼
2. $1,438.08 9. M
5. 23/5 2. 1½
3. 18 months 10. P
6. 19/2 3. 1 5/8
4. $.48 11. P
7. 61/8 4. 1 1/6
5. $841.00 12. I
8. 29/10 5. 1 2/9
6. 1.683 in. 13. P
9. 35/4 6. 1 5/8
7. 102 gal. 14. I
10. 32/9 7. 1 1/3
8. $562.51 15. M
11. 31/3 8. 1 4/5
9. 3 shelves 16. P
12. 57/5 9. 1 1/3
10. 84 mi.
PAGE 19: 13. 53/12 10. 1 1/5
11. $164.00
1. 1/2 14. 55/8 11. 1 2/5
12. $6.25
2. 8/9 15. 49/4 12. 2
13. $537.50
3. 7/20 13. 11/12
14. $6,277 PAGE 23:
4. 3/4 14. 1 2/3
15. $13.05 1. 5/9
5. 9/16 15. 1 2/5
16. $1,945.67 2. 4/7
6. 2/3 16. 22 1/3
17. $1,897.61 3. 7/8
7. 1/50 17. 14 1/6
18. $296,100 4. 7/12
8. 1/3 18. 15 1/8
19. 22,331 5. 10/13 19. 22 1/6
20. $7,128.00 PAGE 20: 6. 6/11 20. 21
PAGE 16: 1. 24 7. 8/9 21. 18 1/16
2. 18 8. 13/15 22. 17 1/5
1. 1/6
3. 3 9. 15/17 23. 17
2. 1/8
4. 20 10. 16/19
3. 3/4 PAGE 27:
5. 20 11. 7 3/5
4. 3/8
6. 18 12. 14 9/10 1. ¼
5. 2/5
7. 14 13. 9 9/11 2. 3/8
6. 4/9
8. 54 14. 14 11/13 3. ½
7. 5/6
9. 25 15. 12 8/9 4. 9/16
8. 2/3
10. 33 16. 17 9/11 5. 1/5
9. 5/9
70
6. 5/12 2. 6 7/8 3. 14 14. 3
7. 7/15 3. 13 5/6 4. 11 ¼ 15. 7
8. 13/28 4. 17/22 5. 8 1/6 16. 235
9. 7/30 5. 1 37/56 6. 3 1/3 17. $526
10. 7/18 6. 16 13/20 7. 21 18. 5 1/3
11. 6 13/24 7. 5 7/18 8. 1 4/5 19. 9
12. 6 3/14 8. 14 25/48 9. 2 4/5 20. $9.75
13. 7 26/45 9. 20 7/8 in. 10. 25
14. 3 1/20 10. 154 ¼ 11. 16 ¼
PAGE 41:
15. 6 11/56 11. 489 2/5 12. 38 ½ 1. C
16. 15 23/36 12. 3 5/6 13. 4 2. C
17. 7 13/30 13. 8 5/8 14. 22 ½ 3. D
18. 12 5/33 14. 11 2/3 15. 84 4. B
15. 55 3/8 5. C
PAGE 29: 16. 1/8 lb.
PAGE 35: 6. 4/9, 5/9
1. 7 1/6 1. 2 1/45 7. 7/8
2. 3 4/7 PAGE 32: 2. 1 13/42 8. 3/20, 3/10, ¼,
3. 11 ½ 1. 8/15 3. 5 7/18 1/5, 1/10
4. 8 3/5 2. 10/63 4. 1 43/61 9. 23/25
5. 9 3/11 3. 7/80 5. 2 11/32 10. 2/3
6. 3 4/7 4. 15/88 6. 1 23/41 11. 1/3
7. 3 1/3 5. 1/15 7. 1 29/41 12. 3/5, 2/5
8. 1 5/12 6. 16/63 8. 2 13/36 13. 1/3, 6
9. 3 4/9 7. 25/48 14. (A) 1/10
10. 6 11/16 8. 9/40
PAGE 36: (B) 5/6
11. 3 2/3 9. 14/45 1. $5.30 (C) ¼
12. 6½ 10. 21/64 2. 2 3/16 (D) ¾
13. 7 2/3 11. 5/36 3. 200 lbs. (E) ¼
14. 6 2/5 12. 16/81 4. 171 (F) ½
15. 4 14/15 13. 9/40 5. 11
16. 15 5/7 14. 5/42 6. $39.00 PAGE 43:
17. 6 2/3 15. 10/81 7. $12.00 1. B
18. 7¾ 16. 16/75 8. 9½ 2. D
19. 10 ½ 17. 14/135 3. C
PAGE 37: 4. 368
20. 27 8/11 18. 8/63
21. 7/10 1. 6 5. 1,480
22. 2 2/3
PAGE 33: 2. 1½ 6. 340
1. 1/6 3. 6 7. (a) 98
PAGE 30: 2. 3/8 4. 6 (b) 92
1. 13 1/24 3. ¼ 5. 32 (c) 96
2. 21 19/36 4. ¾ 6. 9 (d) 48
3. 15 9/16 5. 9/20 7. 4 2/3 8. $19.33
4. 23 ¼ 6. 4/15 PAGE 39: 9. 60
5. 15 11/12 7. 3/8 10. 42
6. 24 11/70 8. 5/18 1. 80
7. 24 11/18 9. 9/100 2. 20 PAGE 45:
8. 17 45/56 10. 2/9 3. 10 ½ 1. $3,240
9. 68 ¼ 11. 3/8 4. 9 2. 147
10. 16 1/10 12. 7/425 5. 3 7/16 3. $6,480
11. 22 7/20 13. 19/120 6. 80 cents 4. 105
12. 8 19/24 14. 1/9 7. 7½ 5. 10,000
13. 14 ¼ 15. 8/15 8. 50 6. 20
14. 128 7/10 16. 1/16 9. 3 1/3 7. 100
15. 2 23/30 10. $1.80 8. Adams $4,200
PAGE 34: 11. 768 Blake $7,800
PAGE 31: 1. 21 12. 7 9. 45
1. 10 17/30 2. 5 ½ 13. 84 10. 12
71
PAGE 46: 5. .6, 60% 9. 20% 4. 30 sq. ft.
1. 5/8 6. 1/8, 12.5% 10. 25% 5. $526.80
2. $11,520 7. 1, 1 6. 3/10
8. 3/1000, .3% PAGE 58: 7. 12 ft.
3. 322
9. .16 ⅔, 16 ⅔% 1. $384.00 8. 15 ft.
4. 405
10. 7/8, .875 2. 17,600 9. 3 in.
5. 5/7
11. .14, 14% 3. $160.00 10. $38.76
6. 64
12. 1 2/3, 1.66 2/3 4. 75%
7. 5/9 PAGE 66:
13. 1/5, 20% 5. $2000.00
8. 9 in.
14. .62 ½, 62 ½ % 6. $15.00 1. 12.56 miles
9. 5/6
15. 3½, 350% 7. 20% 2. 1.256 miles
10. 40
8. 92% 3. 38 feet
11. 48 PAGE 51: 9. $15,000.00 4. 44 inches
12. 13/30
1. 75 10. 42 5. 14.13 feet
13. 135
2. 8 11. 25% 6. 44 feet
14. 4/7
3. 62 ½ 12. $130.00
15. 1/24 PAGE 67:
4. 10 13. 40%
16. 20 1. 38.47 sq. yd.
5. 8 14. 30
17. 690 2. 616 sq. m.
6. 5 15. 800%
18. 120 3. 38.47 sq. yd.
7. 33 1/3
19. 12 PAGE 59: 4. 13.8 sq. yd.
8. 85%
20. $24 1. $3840. 5. 7 gallons
9. 55
PAGE 47: 10. 37 ½ 2. $4.32 6. 55.39
3. $64.75
1. .33 1/3 PAGE 53: PAGE 68:
4. $588
2. .025 1. 720 cubic feet
1. 160 5. 3%
3. .09 2. 2 1/2 cubic yards
2. 30 6. 4.5%
4. .25 3. 50 meters
3. $2500 7. same
5. .0008 4. 10 cubic yards
4. $468 8. $250,000
6. .5% 5. 4″ x 4″ x 4″
5. $60 9. $7,560
7. 37 ½% (L x W x H)
6. 120 10. 30 months
8. 8 1/3% 6. 15 piranha
7. $1700
9. 32% PAGE 60:
8. $102,000 PAGE 69:
10. .16% 1. 300 mph
9. 225
10. 18,000 2. 360 mph 1. 9,240 cubic feet
PAGE 48:
3. 1¾ 2. 6,187 ½ cubic ft.
1. 3/25 PAGE 55: 3. 138,600 gallons
4. 8 hrs.
2. 99/100 4. 3080 cubic ft.
1. 24 5. 375 miles
3. 2/3 5. 4 times
2. $6750 6. 150 miles
4. 9/200 6. 339 3/7 or
3. $38.40 7. 6 hrs.
5. 4/5 339.43 cu. In.
4. 15 cents 8. 436 mi.
6. 1/3
5. 6
7. 1/25 PAGE 63:
6. $9.44
8. 5/12 1. 21 1/3 in.
7. 20
9. 62 ½% 2. 18 ft.
8. 9.75
10. 44 4/9% 3. 39
9. $1275
11. 42 6/7% 4. 24
10. $23.80
12. 45% 5. 7 1/2 in.
13. 16% PAGE 57: 6. 185 ½ in.
14. 30% 1. $87.00 7. 29.8 in.
15. 60% 2. 8% 8. 25 yd.
16. 18% 3. 25% 9. 54 23/30 ft.
PAGE 49: 4. 33 1/3% 10. 7ft.
5. 12 ½%
1. 3/8, 37 ½% PAGE 65:
6. $65.00
2. 18/25, .72 1. 17 ½
7. 150%
3. .8, 80% 2. 26 ¼
8. 36%
4. 2/25, .08 3. 672
72