MATERIALS TESTING
IMPACT TEST
Impact test
An impact test is a technique used to determining the
behavior of material subjected to shock loading in
bending, tension or torsion.
The impact test is a method for evaluating the
toughness, impact strength and notch sensitivity of
engineering materials.
It is a destructive test which requires a specially
prepared specimen.
This test is designed to determine whether the
material is tough or brittle.
Dynamic, when the load increases rapidly as in an
impact.
Application Areas
Impact testing is required by many industries in
manufacturing products, including steel hull plate
for ships, nuclear plant pressure vessels and
forgings for electric power plant generator rotors.
Manufacturing industries that use the impact test
include oil and gas, Aerospace, Power generation,
Automotive, Nuclear.
It is mostly used to test the toughness of metals,
but similar tests are used for polymers, ceramics
and composites.
Types of impact testing
Impact Testing of materials is performed to
determine the impact resistance or toughness of
materials by calculating the amount of energy
absorbed during fracture.
Impact
drop
pendulum
weight
tensile
Charpy Izod,
impact
Pendulum Testing
This is done by means of a swing pendulum. A
pendulum of a known weight is hoisted to a
known height on the opposite side of a pivot
point.
By calculating the acceleration due to gravity the
weight falling from a set height will contain a
certain amount of impact energy at the bottom
of the swing.
weight of the hammer =30.4 kg
velocity of strike = 5.2 m/s
The pendulum will continue to swing up after the
break event to a height somewhat lower than that
of a free swing. The engineer can use this lower
final height point to calculate the energy that was
lost in breaking the specimen. E = m.g.(h-h ')
Latest pendulum machines will incorporate a
pointer and energy reading device so that
calculation is NOT required.
Impact testing machine
Loading condition
Impact testing machine
Neutral condition
CHARPY TEST
The Charpy specimen has a square cross section
and contains a notch at the center of its length
V notch & U notch is used.
square cross section 10×10 mm
Specimen Horizontally placed & load applied
opposite face of notch
The impact of a heavy swinging pendulum
The amount of energy absorbed by the material
during fracture is measured
Charpy test
IMPACT TEST
Izod test
The Izod specimen is either circular or square in cross section and
contains a V notch near one end.
The specimen is clamped vertically
Load applied same face of the notch
The impact of a heavy swinging pendulum
IZOD IMPACT TEST
Izod vs charpy test
Izod method Charpy method
Materials tested Plastics and metals Only metals
Types of notches V notch U notch and V notch
Striking point In the Izod method, the In the Charpy method,
striking point is on the the striking point is in
sample’s upper tip the sample’s middle
Position of the vertical horizontal
specimen
Dimension of the 64×12.7×3.2 mm ( plastic) 55×10×10 mm
specimen 127×11.43 mm round bar (
metal)
Transition-temperature curves
It is also important to examine the fracture
surface to determine whether it is fibrous (shear
failure) or granular (cleavage fracture).
The notched-bar impact test is most meaningful
when conducted over a range of temperature so
that the temperature at which the ductile-to-
brittle transition takes place can be determined
Transition-temperature curves
The energy absorbed decreases with decreasing
temperature but that for most cases the
decrease does not occur sharply at a certain
temperature.
With Increasing DBTT decreasing notch
toughness or impact energy
Transition-temperature curves
for two steels
The material with the lowest transition temperature is to be preferred.
NDT FATT FTP
Upper shelf
50%
FTP: FRACTURE TRANSITION PLASTIC.
FATT: FRACTURE APPEARANCE TRANSITION TEMPERATURE.
NDT: NIL DUCTILITY TEMPERATURE.
FTP(T1) : Above this temperature, fracture is
100 percent fibrous( zero percent cleavage).
From this point start to change some amount
brittle fracture.
FATT(T2) : 50 % brittle + 50% ductile.
NDT(T3) : below this point 100 % brittle
fracture
Metallurgical Factors Affecting
Transition Temperature.
The chemical composition of the steel
Microstructure of the steel
Grain size
BRITTLE FRACTURE OR CLEAVAGE
FRACTURE
No plastic deformation
sudden failure
Ductile fracture or fibrous fracture
plastic deformation
no sudden failure.
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