MARANA GLOBAL
SERVICES LTD
Rc: 1305260
Training Guide for
Fire Prevention and Control
Use only for personal study.
For other purposes, obtain written consent from Marana Global Services Ltd.
Last revised: January 2023
Website: [Link], Accredited Training Provider for
[Link] Institute of Safety Professionals of Nigeria
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Phone: +2348110141960, 08138591811
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Training
Understand the fire triangle and
Objectives tetrahedron
Know the causes of fire and how to prevent
them
Know how to use portable fire extinguishers
to extinguish small fires
Gain knowledge of fire risk management
Lay foundations for further studies on fire
safety.
Definition of Fire
• A spontaneous chemical reaction
between combustible materials and
oxygen to produce light and heat.
The Fire Triangle and Tetrahedron
What happens next after the fire starts?
Types of Fuels
The materials that can burn are called fuels
and can generally be grouped into:
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gaseous
These are also referred to as combustible or
flammable materials.
Combustible Materials
• Certain types of substances can ignite at relatively
low temperatures or pose a risk of catastrophic
explosion if ignited (flammables) while others
simply burn when exposed to sufficient heat or
ignition (combustibles).
• Your workplace may contain these substances as
you operate on daily basis.
Flash point: the minimum temperature at
Basic Terms which a liquid gives off vapor within a test
vessel in sufficient concentration to form an
in Fire ignitable mixture with air near the surface of
the liquid. The flash point is normally an
indication of susceptibility to ignition.
Fire point: is the lowest temperature at which
the heat from the combustion of a burning
vapour is capable of producing sufficient
vapour to sustain combustion.
Ignition temperature: is the lowest
temperature at which the substance will
ignite itself even in the absence of external
ignition sources.
Fire Triangle
Basic Terms in Fire
• Boiling point: the temperature at which a liquid will boil at
a pressure of 760 millimeters of mercury (760 mmHg),
which is equivalent to 14.7 pounds per square inch
absolute (psia). The lower the boiling point, the greater
the vapor pressure at normal ambient temperatures and
consequently, the greater the fire risk.
• Flammable liquid and vapours: is any liquid having a
flashpoint at or below 93 °C. Flammable liquids are
divided into four categories as follows:
Categories of Flammable Liquids and
Vapours
Liquid Flash Point °C Boiling Point Remarks
Category °C
Category 1 <23 <35 Danger: Extremely
flammable liquid or
vapour
Category 2 <23 >35 Danger: Highly
flammable
Category 3 23 and up to 60 Warning: Flammable
Category 4 >60 and up to Warning: Combustible
93
Source: OSHA Hazard Communication Standard
Basic Terms in Fire
• Explosive (flammable) limits:
upper explosive limit (UEL) is
the maximum concentration of
a flammable substance above
b UEL
which explosion cannot occur
% Concentration of
because the mixture of the
substance in air is not in the
vapour in air
Flammable
right proportion. range
• Lower explosive limit (LEL) is
the concentration below which
a flammable substance will not
cause an explosion. At LEL, the a LEL
concentration is simply too
little to burn in air.
Flammability of Hydrocarbons
Gas % LEL % UEL
Ammonia 15 28
Acetone 2.6 13
Acetylene 2.5 100
Benzene 1.3 7.9
Butane 1.8 8.4
Ethane 3 12.4
Ethanol 3.3 19
Ethylene 2.7 36
Gasoline 1.2 7.1
Hydrogen 4 75
Methane 5 17
Propane 2.1 9.5
[Link]
Properties of Some Flammable Substances
Autoignition
Fuel Flash point
temperature
Ethanol (70%) 16.6 °C 363 °C
Naphtha (White
−4 °C 215 °C
Gas)
Gasoline (petrol) <21 °C 280 °C
Diesel (2-D) >52 °C 210 °C
Jet fuel (A/A-1) >38 °C 210 °C
Kerosene >38–72 °C 220 °C
Vegetable
327 °C 424 °C
oil (canola)
Biodiesel >130 °C
Acetylene -18.15 °C 305 °C
Methane -188°C 537 °C
Causes of Fire
Causes of fire can be grouped into the
following:
1. Carelessness
2. Accident
3. Natural disaster
4. Arson
Two Kinds Combustion
• Flaming combustion
• Smouldering combustion
Three Phases of Combustion
• Incipient: when the fire is just starting
• Free burning phase: rapid burning phase
• Smothering: fuel almost exhausted, no more flames
but fire is covered by ashes.
Four Classes of Fire
Fire is often classified based on the material that
is burning.
1. Class A: involving combustible solids
2. Class B: involving combustible liquids or
liquefiable solids
3. Class C: involving combustible gases
4. Class D: involving combustible metals
Fire Hazards
Knowledge of hazards is important to
eliminate/manage fire risks and control fire at
workplace.
List five examples of fire hazards (things
that can cause fire).
How to identify fire hazards
• Workplace audit and inspection
• Supervision
• Training
• MSDS
• JHA
• Incident reviews
Fire Spread/Heat Transfer
During combustion, fire can spread through any
or combination of the following four means.
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
4. Direct flame contact
Briefly explain the above means of fire
spread and heat transfer.
Fire Extinguishers
Fire extinguishers and equipment
can be categorized as movable or
fixed extinguishers.
a. Movable Extinguishers: Portable Extinguisher
They can further be classified as:
(i) Portable (Hand Held) - These can
be carried by hand to the scene of
fire.
(ii) Mobile - These are usually on
wheels or trolleys and are pulled
or pushed to scene of fire. Fire
trucks can be viewed as mobile
extinguishers.
Mobile Extinguisher
b. Fixed Extinguishers
These are fixed to protect
specific facilities or areas.
They cannot be moved to
another location to extinguish
a fire.
They usually deliver larger
volumes of the extinguishing
medium being used to fight
the fire.
They can be both manual
Fixed Extinguisher
and automatic in the mode of
operation.
Examples include fire hydrant,
water sprinklers, etc.
Types of Extinguishing Materials
1. Water: suitable for class A fire. Do NOT use on
fire involving electricity.
2. Foam: suitable for class B. Do NOT use on fire
involving electricity
3. Carbon dioxide: suitable for class C and electrical
fire.
4. Dry chemical powder: suitable for class A,B,C.
Other Extinguishing Materials
Sand
Sand, like powder can be used to extinguish some
fires, especially metal fires. It can also be used for
fire prevention, absorption of spill, covering and
directing of spills.
Fire Blanket
Fires involving small spills or utensils in
workshops or kitchens can be handled by means
of asbestos blanket. They smoother the fire,
extinguishing it.
Fire Blanket for fighting kitchen fires Sand
Fire Extinguishing Techniques
Fire is extinguished by removing at least, one element
from the triangle.
1. Smothering: covering the fire to remove oxygen or
prevent oxygen supply to the fire.
2. Cooling: removing heat from the fire.
3. Starvation: removing fuel that can further spread
the fire.
Using the Fire Extinguishers
• Remember the PASS technique
Pull the pin
Aim at the base of the fire if
using DCP or CO2but at the
surface of fire if using foam
extinguisher.
Squeeze the handle to
release the content.
Sweep from side to side to
cover the burning area.
Colour Coding for Fire Extinguishers
Fire Detectors
Portable Detection Equipment:
i. Smoke detectors
ii. Heat detectors
iii. Flame detectors
iv. Gas detectors
Emergency Procedure
1.
• Raise alarm
• Attack the fire if safe to do so
• Evacuate the building. Use the
staircase. Do not use the
elevator when there is fire. 2.
• Contact your company fire
response team or designated
officers
3.
4.
Fire Prevention Tips
1. Practice good housekeeping (including proper
storage of chemicals and other fuels).
2. Ensure compliance with safety rules and
regulations.
3. Know the fire hazards and level of risk involved.
4. Strictly adhere to work permit for hot and
electrical works.
5. Regularly audit and inspect your facilities.
6. Ensure adequate supervision of work force.
7. Enforce NO SMOKING restrictions where fire
hazards exist.
Fire Prevention Tips
8. Install thunder arrestors, surge capacitors,
grounding etc where necessary.
9. Routine maintenance exercise can prevent
disasters.
10. Minimize the storage of combustible materials.
11. Make sure that doors, hallways, stairs, and other
exit routes are kept free of obstructions.
12. Keep combustible waste in covered, airtight,
metal containers.
13. Use and store flammable materials in well-
ventilated areas away from ignition sources.
14. Use only nonflammable cleaning products.
Fire Prevention Tips
15. Keep incompatible (i.e., chemically reactive)
substances away from each other.
16. Ensure that heating units are safeguarded.
17. Report all gas/liquid leaks immediately.
Responsible Person shall ensure that all gas leaks
are repaired immediately upon notification.
18. Replace worn out or defective electric
connections, like cables, extension boxes, sockets,
etc.
19. Do not overload or abuse electric connections.
• Be prepared to identify and control
sources of fire so as to prevent loss of life
and property damage.
Do you want to start the slide again from
beginning?
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Some quick links for revision
What is Fire?
The Fire Triangle and Tetrahedron
Basic Terminologies
Causes of Fire
Classes of Fire
Fire Extinguishers
Extinguishing Techniques
Emergency Procedures
How to Use an Extinguisher
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