Developmental Psychology

QUESTIONS STUDY GUIDE

1. Which of the following reflects Socioeconomic status

enculturation? ● Identifier based on shared levels of education, income, and occupation
a. Mila was born in the Philippines. Growing ● People of similar SES are often similar in other ways (e.g, parenting styles, where they live,
up, she was influenced by American stressors)
culture of her dad. ● Higher SES associated with more control and less stress
b. Jeric was born in the Philippines. He ● Lower SES associated with poorer health and lower life expectancy due to poor diet, dangerous
was taught “po” and “opo”. jobs, lack of medical care, etc
c. Angelica was born in the Culture
[Link] they migrated to USA, ● Totality of shared language, knowledge, material objects, and behavior
she eventually learned calling elders by ● Ideas about right and wrong
their first names. ● Social interaction behaviors
d. Brandon was born in the US. His mother ● Food, music, and activity preferences
is a Filipina and they decided to stay for ● Beliefs about achievement and success
good in the Philippines. Brandon learned ● Culture is learned from the people around us
how to play Sipa and Tumbang Preso ● Helps members function in their society
Ethnocentrism — Belief that one’s own culture is superior to other cultures
Cultural relativity
● Appreciation for cultural differences
● Understanding that cultural practices are best understood from the standpoint of that particular
culture

ENCULTURATION VS ACCULTURATION
ENCULTURATION - Born in a particular culture and learned on its own native country
● Refers to the process of learning and internalizing their culture’s values, norms, beliefs, and
behaviors.
● Example: Raised in Missionary faith, a young girl is instilled with traditional Christian values and
beliefs

ACCULTURATION - Born in this culture then learn a different one

● The process of cultural exchange when people from different cultures come into sustained contact.
● Example: A woman from Mexico moves to the United States and learns English to communicate
with her new neighbors.

2. As a psychology major studying Development cannot be predicted, but it can be inferred.

developmental psychology, you are aware that EX: Jean Piaget - SCHEMA
several theories of human development are in - A child learned that the dog has 4 legs
place in order to explain the origins and - However, when a child sees another animal which also has 4 legs, he concludes that it’s a
functions of human behavior and mental dog
activity. You should know that a substantial - Cow = dog
theory of human development should provide - Later on, he learns that a cow and dog is different despite having the same 4 legs
explanations for: *Growth = change of schema due to new information
 a. How certain change and growth in certain What do we expect from a theory of human development?
areas of development become random ● What is the direction of change over the lifespan?
b. How development remains unthreatened ● What are the mechanisms that account for growth from conception through old age
by several factors ● How relevant are early experiences for later development?
c. How early life experiences influence ● How do the environment and social contexts affect individual development?
later development ● What factors are likely to place the person at risk for specific periods of the life span?
d. How growth and development only take ● What are the practice implications of the theory for prevention, intervention, or education?
place in infancy stretching into
adolescence

3. Telomere, a certain part of chromosomes, is Exposure to stressors can increase biological age.
related to what concept of age? Conceptions of Age
a. Biological age ● Chronological age - The number of years since your birth
b. Social age ● Biological age - How quickly your body is aging
c. Psychological age ● Psychological age - Psychologically adaptive capacity compared to others of our chronological
d. Chronological age age
● Social age - Based on the social norms of our culture and the expectations our culture has for
people of our age group

4. Why are those born between 1946 and 1964 Generation Born between
called Baby Boomers?
a. They were born burning during the Silent Generation 1928 and 1945
Korean War Baby Boomers 1946 and 1964
b. They were born post World War II Generation X 1965 and 1980
c. They were born with the discovery of Millennials 1981 and 1996
firecrackers and fireworks and fireworks Generation Z 1997 and 2012
d. They were born with booming technology Alpha Gen 2013 and 2025

5. Which of the following is Darwin’s The Law of Natural Selection

conception of the law of natural selection?
a. It refers to the reproductive success of ● The Law of Natural Selection predicts that behavior is adapted to the environment in which it
the species from one generation to occurs. It operates via organisms’ reproductive success from one generation to the next.
another ● The law of natural selection has been referred to by Spencer as the principle of survival of the
b. It is referred to as survival of the fittest, in fittest.
which organisms who are stronger and at
the top of the chain has the better chance
of surviving -Herbert Spencer
c. It refers to the gradual change within the
species over time
d. It refers to the process of breaking away
from an earlier evolutionary lineage and
establishment of a new branch in the
phylogenetic tree - SPECIATION

6. According to John Bowlby, attachment JOHN BOWLBY'S ATTACHMENT THEORY

behavior serves a basic survival function of Attachment Behavior System — a complex set of reflexes and signaling behaviors that bring about
what? caregiving responses from adults.
a. Protection
b. Influence
c. Growth
d. Development THREE STAGES OF SEPARATION ANXIETY

1. PROTEST — upon the disappearance of the caregiver, the infant will cry, and will resist soothing from
others.
2. DESPAIR — when the separation is prolonged, the infant becomes quiet, sad, passive, and apathetic.
3. DETACHMENT -infants become emotionally / detached from other people.

7. According to attachment theorists, the Table 2.1 Five stages in the Development of Attachment
formation of attachment relationships
generally follows five stages. Which among
Stage Age Characteristics
the following reflect the fourth stage?
a. Infant seeks physical proximity and
1 Birth to 3 months Infant uses sucking, rooting grasping, siling
contact with objects of attachment
gating, cuddling, crying and visual tracing to
b. Infant forms internal mental
maintain closeness with caregivers
representation of object of attachment,
including expectations about the 2 3 to 6 months Infants are more responsive to familiar figures
caregiver’s typical responses to than to strangers.
signals of distress
c. Infant uses sucking, rooting, grasping, 3 6 to 9 months Infant seeks physical proximity and contact with
smiling, gazing, cuddling, crying, and objects of attachment.
visual tracking to maintain closeness with
caregivers 4 9 to 12 months Infant forms internal mental representation of
d. Infants are more responsive to familiar object of attachment including expectations
figures that to strangers. about the caregivers typical responses to
signals of distress

5 12 months and Child uses a variety of behaviors to influence the

older behavior of the objects of
attachment in ways that will satisfy needs for
safety and closeness

8. Which among the following is not one of the Strange Situation Experiment
patterns of quality of attachment using the ● By Mary Ainsworth
strange situation methodology? ● 20 minutes
a. Normal symbiosis 1. Mom and child enter the room
b. Secure attachment 2. Stranger also enters and interacts
 c. Disorganized attachmentment 3. Mom leaves
d. Anxious-avoidant (or ambivalent) 4. Stranger leaves

THE STRANGE SITUATION

FOUR PATTERNS OF QUALITY OF ATTACHMENT

1. SECURE ATTACHMENT - explore environment, and Interact with strangers while their mothers are
present. After the separation, the babies actively greet thelr mothers.

2. ANXIOUS AVOIDANT - infants stay calm when mother leaves, accepts the stranger, but avoids contact
with their mothers upon reunion.

3. ANXIOUS RESISTANT - become upset when their mother leaves the room. When the mother returns,
they seek contact, but reject soothing.

4. DISORGANIZED - behaves In contradictory, unpredictable ways that seem to convey feelings of

extreme fear or utter confusion.

9. Which of the following is not true about Gaining identity after separation
Mahler's conception of psychological birth? Polyphase - infants can sleep anytime
a. Psychological birth refers to how the child
become an individual separate from Mahler's Psychological Birth
his/her primary caregiver
b. The accomplishment of psychological STAGES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL BIRTH (NANSSI)
birth leads ultimately to a sense of identity 1 NORMAL AUTISM (birth to 3-4 weeks) - newborn infant satisfies various needs within the all powerful
c. Psychological birth takes place during protective orbit of a mother's care. Likened to an unhatched bird egg
the first 48 months of life of an infant ● Long periods of sleep and general lack of tension
(Should be 36) ● Period of absolute primary narcissism
d. The conception of Mahler's Theory was
based on her observation of the 2 NORMAL SYMBIOSIS (4-5 weeks to 4 to 5 months) - the infant behaves and functions as though he and
behaviors of disturbed children interacting his mother were an omnipotent system - a dual unity within one common boundary. The shell is now
with their mothers. beginning to crack

3 SEPARATION INDIVIDUATION (4-5 months to 30-36 months) - chidren becomes psychologically

separated trom their mothers, achieve a sense of individuation and identity

STAGES OF SEPARATION-INDIVIDUATION

1. DIFFERENTIATION — bodily breaking away from the mother-infant symbiotic relationship. Begins to
display responses indicative of recognition of the mother.

2, PRACTICING — Infants begin to move away from their mothers by crawling and walking
 3. RAPPROACHMENT — children desire to bring their mother and themselves back together. Likely to
show separation anxiety

4. LIBIDINAL OBJECT CONSTANCY — children must develop a constant inner representation of their
mother so that they can tolerate being physically separate from her

10. The developmental stage in the process of

achieving individuation was likened by Mahler
with a completely unhatched bird egg who
relies on the food supply enclosed in its shell
a. Rapprochement
b. Normal Symbiosis (False Symbiosis, only
benefits the child)
c. Normal Autism
d. Separation-individuation

11. Which of the following reflects secondary Operations - logical / reasoning

circular reactions following Piaget's stages of
cognitive development?
a. Myle's, a 3-month-old, started to put his
fingers in his mouth, until later on, he
started to put his whole fist inside his
mouth
b. George, a 7-month-old, likes to pull hid
father's beard, because he expects his
dad to say, “ouch”
c. Kathleen, an 11-month-old, pushes away
the hand of her mother who holds a
spoon of vegetables. This means, she
doesn't want vegetables
d. Jerry, a 16-month old , uses his spoon as
a drumstick in his toy drums

Stages in the development of Sensorimotor Causality

Stage Age Characteristic Example

1 Reflexes 0-1 Reflexive response to Sucking, rasping etc

month specific
 stimuli

2 Primary circular 1-4 Reflexive responses are Stuff their whole fist in
reactions months used to explore a wide their mouth, vocalizations
(first habits) range of stimuli

3 Secondary 4-10 Connecting actions with Pull dad's beard & expect
circular reactions months expected outcomes to hear an "ouch”

4 Coordination of 10- 12 Use familiar actions or Push your hand to avoid a

Means and months means to spoon of vegetables
Ends achieve new outcomes

5 Tertiary Circular 12-18 Explores the world in a Throw the ball down the
Reactions months trial-and stairs & see what
error manner happens

6 Beginning of 18-24 Able to solve problems Create a new toy by

representational months using combining/ manipulating
thought mental strategies his other achieve new
outcomes toys

12. Jessica when asked why is it raining, she Artificialism

response that it's raining because the sky is Animism - projecting a lifelike quality to the non-living objects
sad. In what stage of Piaget's cognitive
development is Jessica in?
a. Sensorimotor
b. Preoperational
c. Concrete operational
d. Formal operational

13. The following situations reflect the Can't pay attention at 2 things at the same time, everything can change
characteristics of formal operational thought Thought reframing sheet - irrational vs. Irrational thoughts - EVALUATE
except: Characteristics of Formal Operational Thought
a. Jaime believes that his high school
friends will be his friends until sunset ● Adolescents are able to manipulate mentally more than two categories of variables at the same
years time.
b. Lisa believes that she can be a good ● Adolescents are able to think about things changing in the future.
engineer as she does well in mathematics ● Adolescents are able to hypothesize about a logical sequence of possible events.
c. Jose fears that if he would have a bad ● Adolescents are able to anticipate consequences of their actions.
high school record, he might not be able ● Adolescents have the capacity to detect the logical consistency or inconsistency in a set of
to get into the university he's desiring statements
d. Criza understand that the statement “all ● Adolescents are able to think in a relativistic way about themselves, other individuals, and the
people are equal before the law” is world
 logically inconsistent

14. During prenatal period, teratogens pose Mothers who got pregnant 30 years old and above have higher risks and defects on children
threat to the developing child. The following
factors influence prenatal risks, except: Teratogens
A. Timing of exposure ● Environmental factors that can contribute to birth defects
B. Intent of use ● Effects depend on:
C. Amount of exposure Timing — Earlier Is usually worse Number — Teratogens may Interact Exposure — More is
D. Number of teratogens usually worse Genetics — Sex, genetic vulnerability

15. Piaget extends the application of cognitive

development to moral reasoning. Which Piaget's Moral Reasoning
among the situations reflect autonomous
mortality? Moral Reasoning - the application of principles of logic to moral issues in order to decide which actions are
a. The child believes that a person who right or wrong, just or unfair.
stole money from his dad's pocket
despite being told not to do that Heteronomous morality — rules are understood as fixed, unchangeable aspects of social reality
should be punished more that the (subordination to authority figures). - MORAL REALISM
person who vandalized the white wall
of a barangay hall. Autonomous morality — children see rules as products of cooperative agreements. - MORAL
b. The child believes that a person who RELATIVISM (Vs. validating law)
vandalized the white wall of a barangay
hall should be punished more that the
person who stole money from his dad's
pocket despite being told not to do that.
c. The child believes that both persons
reflected in the situation above should
punished equally.
d. A child believes that both persons
reflected in the situation above should not
be punished.

16. One characteristic of adolescence is that

they tend to engage in risky behaviors, and
they are more focused on the reward, and may
fail to think through consequences of their
actions. In neuroscience, this can be
explained by what?

a. No avalable explanation for now

b. Prominence of limbic system
functions (amegadala and emotions)
and immature frontal lobe (personality)
c. Can be determined by the genetic make
up they inherited from their parents
 d. Decrease of dopamine activity in the
dopamine

17. According to Baumrind, what is the best Baumrind’s Parenting Styles

parenting style? ● Based on two dimensions: Control/expectations
a. Authoritative Warmth/ responsiveness
b. Authoritarian ● Each dimension can be high or low
c. Permissİve (rich parents who have no
time = spoiler children) Authoritative — High control and high responsiveness
d. Uninvolved ● Emphasis on communication, appropriate negotiation
● Associated with children’s competence and confidence
Authoritarian - High control and low responsiveness
● Parents may be overly strict and aloof
● Children may fear rather than respect parents
Permissive - Low control and high responsiveness
● Parents provide little structure and allow child to make the rules
● Associated with insecurity, poor self discipline
Uninvolved - Low control and low responsiveness
● Associated with worst outcomes for children

Parenting styles and culture

Baumrind’s model assumes authoritative is best

● Creates qualities valued in individualistic cultures
● Creates qualities valued in middle-/upper-class SES
Some groups value authoritarian parenting
● Collectivistic - Obedience and compliance more valued
● SES — Working-class jobs emphasize obedience and compliance; parents may encourage these
qualities

18. Adolescents are capable of inferring Piaget’s formal operational stage

relationship,among elements following a ● Understand abstract principles with no physical reference (c.g., beauty, freedom, morality)
logical sequence. This characteristic ● Hypothetical-deductive reasoning -Developing hypotheses based on what might logically occur
formal operational thought is called: ● Understand transitivity — A relationship between two elements is carried over to other elements
a. Transitivity logically related to the first two
b. transductive reasoning (past: had a fight, ● If A<B and B<C, then A<C
assuming that the fight is related to the
reason of other situations) Adolescent egocentrism
c. Conservation ● Heightened self focus
d. seriation ● Imaginary audience -Belief that those around them are as concerned and focused on their
appearance as they themselves are
● Personal fable- Belief that one is unique, special, and invulneráble to harm
 Consequences of formal operational thought
● Greater introspection - thinking about one’s thoughts or feelings
● idealistic- Insisting on high standards of behavior
● Hypocrisy-Pretend to be what they are not
● Pseudostupidity - Approach problems at overly complex level and fall because the tasks are too
simple

19. The experiential learning theory

emphasizes the central role of experience in
the learning process. ELT outlines two
different ways in grasping experience. Which
of the two talks about knowledge gained
through reading or being taught about
something?
a. Concrete experience
b. Abstract conceptualization
c. Active experimentation
d. Reflective observation

20. The experiential learning theory believes

that individuals have their preferred ways of
gaining and using knowledge. The theory call
them as learning styles. Which of the
following situations reflect the learning style
of assimilating?
a. Javi who likes to do field work, and to test
out different approaches in completing a
 task.
b. Marge who likes to listen with an open
mind and receive personalized feedback.
c. Chris who prefers readings and
lectures.
d. Clarity who prefers laboratory
experiments and stimulations.

21. Referring to question 20, who among them

displays the learning style of dverging?
a. Javi who likes to do field work, and to test
out different approaches in completing a
task.
b. Marge who likes to listen with an open
mind and receive personalized
feedback.
c. Chris who prefers readings and lectures.
d. Clarity who prefers laboratory
experiments and stimulations.

22. Mancel was made to look at a beaker that Elements Of Preoperational Thought
contains 20ml liquid, and a graduated cylinder ● Pretend play- Learn and represent learning
that also contains 20ml ● Egocentrism -Belief that other people have same thoughts/perceptions
liquid. If Maricel is 5 years old, and would be ● Centration-Focusing on only one characteristic of an object to the exclusion of others
asked which contains more liquid, she would ● Animism-Attributing life-like qualities to objects
answer: ● Transductive reasoning- Inferring connections between unrelated situations
a. The graduated cylinder
b. The beaker Sensory capacities
c. She would not answer ● Vision- poorly đeveloped at birth
d. They both have the same amount of ○ Newborn range of vision 8-16 inches
liquid ○ Prefer larger pattern, contrasting colors
○ Depth perception presented by 6 months
○ Experience very important for proper development
● Hearing- Almost fully developed at birth
○ Present by 7th month of prenatal development
■ "Cat in the Hat" study
○ Recognize familiar voices and sounds
● Touch and pain - Fully developed at birth
● Smell and taste -Fully developed at birth
○ Newborns prefer sweet tastes
○ Newborns recognize and prefer their mother’s scent

23. Evaluate the statements below:

1st: The reflex used to by researchers to
conclude that hearing is almost fully
developed at birth is moro reflex,
2nd: Negative babinski sign indicates normal
development.
3rd: Smell and taste are not developed at
birth.
it
a. Only the first statement is correct
b. Only the 2d statement is correct
c. All statements are correct
d. All statements are wrong

24. Which among the following developmental Theorists who propose STAGES don’t believe that development is CONTINUOUS.
theorists believe
that development is continuous? Albert Bandura - behaviorists - gradual development
a. Sigmund freud
b. Erik erikson What is development psychology?
c. Albert Babdura ● Scientific study of how peopie change
d. Jean piaget ○ Multiple areas (cognition, emotional, control)
○ Also concerned with what causes changes
○ May focus on specific age group or entire lifespan
○ May also look at how people don’t change

Qualitative or quantitative differences?

● Do children think differently than adults or just have less knowledge
Continuous or discontinuous?
● Is change gradual or marked by distinct stages
Nature or nurture?
● Is development innate or affected by experience?

Issues in development Nature and nurture

● Question about causes of development - Why are we the way we are?
○ Nature perspective - Heredity plays the most important role in causing a trait/behavior
○ Nurture perspective - The environment is most significant in shaping the way we are
● Many things are caused by interaction of nature and nurture

Continuity vs discontinuity
● Question about the course of development - Gradual process or abrupt change?
CONTINUOUS
● Development in a slow and gradual process
DISCONTINUOUS
● Developmental change often occurs in distinct changes
 ● Stages are qualitatively different from each other
● Stages occur in a set, universal sequence

25. She was the author of the Strange Karen Horney - oppose the idea of penis envy from Sigmund Freud; WOMB ENVY OF MALES TO
Situation Experiment FEMALES

a. Margaret Mahler Melanie Klein - Anna Freud is close with her son, developed anger / jealousy; OBJECT RELATIONS
b. Mary Ainsworth THEORY - bad vs. good breast, experiences - association
c. Karen horney
d. Melanie klein

26. According tọ Erikson, when the toddler Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
always hears “NO” from his/her caregiver, he Chum relationship
will more likely:
a. Develop mistrust in the worid
b. Have low self-esteem
c. Will become isolated
d. Will be confused with his identity

27. These are unusual events that have a NORMATIVE AND NONNORMATIVE INFLUENCES
major impact on individual lives because they ● Normative - Characteristic of an event that occurs in a similar way for most people in a group
disturb the expected sequence of the life ● Normative age graded influences are highly similar for people in a particular age group. The
cycle. timing of biological events is fairly predictable within a normal range. For example, people don't
a. Nonnormative influences experience puberty at age 35 or menopause at 12
b. Normative history-graded ● NormatIve history graded influences - are significant events (such as World War Il or the
c. Normative age-graded (menarche) COVID 19 pandemic) that shape the behavior and attitudes of a historical generation.
d. Nonnomative history-graded ● Nonnormative influences - are unusual events that have a major impact on individual lives
because they disturb the expected sequence of the cycle. They are cither typical events that
happen at an atypical time of life (such as the death of a parent when a child is young) or atypical
events (such as surviving a plane crash)

28. WEIRD societies are the type of societies

from which research samples are typically
drawn. WEIRD stands for
what?
a. Western, educated, industrialized, rich,
and democratic
b. Which emanates interrelationship right
and demandable
c. Warsaw, England, India, Russia, and
Denmark
d. Weird means odd or nonnormative

29. As you may have noticed, a newborn

baby’s head is disproportionately large at
birth. The head becomes proportionately
smaller as the child grows in height and the
lower parts of the body develop. This is
consistent with what principle in early
physical development?
a. Proximodistal principle
b. Nutritional growth principle
c. Vertical principle
d. Cephalocaudal principle

30. When an individual reaches the,

adoleScence stage, there are certain physical
changes that are taking place. For instance,
the increase in size of the females breasts and
the broad shoulders for males., These
changes are what call?
a. Primary sex characteristics (sex organs)
b. Secondary sex characteristics
c. Tertiary sex characteristics
 d. None of the above

31. The ______ is the belief by adolescents

that they are special, their experience is
unique, and they are not subject to the rules
that govern the rest of the world.
a. Imaginary audience
b. Private logic
c. Personal fable
d. Social expectation

32. Harry and Margaret Harlow are well-known

for what research? ● For many years, developmental psychologists assumed the reason
a. Model of stages or moral development infants become attached to their parents was because their parents provided them with food
(Lawrence Kohlberg) ● However, a series of experiments conducted by Harry Harlow (Harlow & Harlow 1962) showed
b. Model of stages of cognitive development that this view of attachment was incorrect
(Jean Piaget) ● In these experiments baby rhesus monkey were separated from their
c. Model of stages of identity formation mothers 6 to 12 hours after birth. The infant monkeys were put into cages with two kinds of surrogate
(James Marcia) “mother” aplain, cylindrical wire mesh form offered food and a form covered with tery cloth that offered
d. A monkey model of the role of comfort nothing but a cuddly figure to cling to. The baby monkeys spent the majority of their time clinging to the
in development terry-cloth mother

33. This refers specifically to a widely FACING DEATH AND LOSS

observed decline in Cognitive abilities shortly ● Terminal drop. or terminal decline - refers sperifcally to a widely observed decline in cognitive
before death, even when factors abilities shortly before death, even when factors such as demographics and health are controlled
such as demographics and health are for
controlled for. ● Near Death Experiences - some people who have come close to dying report near death
a. Terminal drop experiences NDE often involving a sense of being out of the body or sucked into a tunnel and
b. Terminal decline visions of bright lights or mystical encounters
c. Terminal state ● Hospice Care - personal patient and family centered care for a
d. Both a and b Person with a terminal illness
● Palliative Care - Care aimed at relieving pain and suffering and owing the terminally ill to die in
peace, comfort, and dignity

34. Melisa who just lost her husband rnay be Grief - Emotional response experienced in the early phases of bereavement.
at what stage of the classic grief work model? Grief Work - Working out psychological issues connected with grief
a. Shock and disbelief
b. Preoccupation with memory of the dead 5 Stages of Grief:
person 1. Denial
c. Resolution 2. Anger
d. Bargaining 3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance

THE CLASSIC GRIEF WORK MODEL

1. Shock and disbelief.
 Immediately following a death. survivors often feel lost and confused. As awareness of the loss sinks in,
the initial numbness gives way to overwhelming
feelings of sadness and frequent crying. This first stage may last several wecks
especially after a sudden or unexpected death
2. Preoccupation with the memory of the dead person.
In the second stage, which may last 6 months to 2 years or so, the survivor tries to come to terms with the
death but cannot yet accept it These experiences diminish with time, though they may recur-perhaps for
years
3. Resolution
The final stage has arrived when the bereaved person renews interest in everyday activities, Memories of
the dead person bring fond feelings mingled with sadness rather than sharp pain and longing.
35. Theoretical model of personality,
developed and tested by Costa and McCrae,
based on the 'Big Five" factors
underlying clusters of related personality
traits: neuróticism, extraversion, openness to
experience, conscientiousness, and
agreeableness.
a. Five-factor model
b. Timing-of-events model
c. Psychoanalytic model
d. D. Cognitive model

36. Which of the following situations reflect

the,moratorium as outlined by
Marcia's theory of identity development? Marcia’s Theory of Identity Development
a. Jomari is sometimes rebellious
towards his mother, but sometimes,
Identity Status Exploration Commitment Behavior
he's obviously wanting to be taken
care of
Identity Diffusion X - have not X Have distant relationship with
b. Gabriel, as a college student, has set his
their parents, whom they see
short-term and long-term goals, and able
as indifferent and rejecting
to cope with the changing environmental
demands. Foreclosure X - have not / Tend to be rigid and
c. Michelle is a very grade-conscious authoritarian and have
student. Her being achievement-oriented difficulty coping with change
render him inflexible when faced with
challenges. Moratorium / Vague Hold ambivalent views towards
d. Jessica just enjoys being with her "kanto" authority figures, alternately
friends the whole day, and has a very rebelling and needing
distant relationship with her parents. guidance from them

Identity / resolved / Strong ego identity, stable,

 Achievement concerned with resist, goals,
and able to cope with
changing environmental
demands

37. Following question 36, which of the

situations reflects Identity achievement?
a. Jomari is sometimes rebellious towards
his mother, but sometimes, he's obviously
wanting to be taken care of
b. Gabriel, as a college student, has set
his short-term and long-term goals,
and able to cope with the changing
environmental demands.
c. Michelle is a very grade-conscious
student. Her being achievement-oriented
render him inflexible when faced with
challenges.
d. Jessica just enjoys being with her "kanto"
friends the whole day, and has a very
distant relationship with her parents.

38. Following question 36, which of the

situations reflects identity diffusion?
a. Jomari is sometimes rebellious towards
his mother, but sometimes, he's obviously
wanting to be taken care of
b. Gabriel, as a college student, has set his
short-term and long-term goals, and able
to cope with the changing environmental
demands.
c. Michelle is a very grade-conscious
student. Her being achievement-oriented
render him inflexible when faced with
challenges.
d. Jessica just enjoys being with her
"kanto" friends the whole day, and has
a very distant relationship with her
parents.

39. According to recent research results,

which among the following is strongly
correlated with the adolescents'
imaginary audience ideation?
Use of drugs
c. Use of books
d. Use of money
[Link] of social media

40. In what stage of Erik Erikson's

psychosocial development, a person is, when
he has conflict about building intimate
connection or isolating himself
a. Trust vs mistrust
b. Generativity vs stagnation
c. intimacy vs isolation
d. Initiative vs guilt

41. Generally, studies found that spanking:

a. Is ideal for discipline
b. Leads to lower academic performance
c. Produce disciplined adults
d. Shows children who are goal-oriented
when they grow up

42. This principle of life-span development

approach states that many abilities, such as
memory, strength, and endurance, can be
improved significantly with training and
practice, even late in life.
a. Development is influenced by the
historical and cultural context
b. Development shows plasticity
(malleable)
c. Relative influences of biology and culture
shift over the lifespan
d. Development is multidirectional
43. Mary, a 7-year old girl always plays with
her siblings when she's at home. In school,
she was awarded with a friendship award,
because she has a very good interpersonal
relationship with her classmates. Mary's
classmates and siblings form part her _____
according to bioecological theory
a. Mesosystem- between 2 microsystems
(ex: mom and school)
b. Microsystem- Interact directly
c. Her siblings are within her mesosystem,
while her classmates are within her
microsystem
d. Her siblings are within her macrosystem,
while her classmates are within her
exosystem.

44. John was a new-bon baby. and her mother BIOECOLOGICAL THEORY
took care of him for a couple of months after The microsystem consists of the everyday environment of home, work, school, or neighborhood. It
his birth. This is because the government includes face to-face interactions with siblings,
recognizes the importance of the presence of parents, friends, classmates, or later in life., spouses.
the mother to the infant after birth, thus work colleagues, or employers
providing options for maternity leave for The mesosystem involves relations between
women who just gave birth. This microystems or connections between contexts
a particular scenario surrounding John form The exosystem consists of interactions between a
part his ______ according to bioecological microsystem and an outside system or institution
theory.
a. Microsystem The macrosystem consists of overarching cultural patterns, such as
b. Macrosystem dominant belhefs, ideologies, and economic and political systems. For
c. Chronosystem example, individuals are affected by the type of political system they live
d. Exosystem in, and they might reasonably have different experiences tf raised in an
 open democratic society versus an authontarian regime with limited
irecdoms.
Last. the chronosystem represents the dimension of time. Thme marches
on, and as it does, changes occur. These can include changes in family
composition las when a new child is born or a divorce occursl. place of
residence, or parents employment, as well as larger events such as wars,
1deological shifts, or economic cyeles.

45. Following retirement, older adults have the

desire to remain active and involved. What
theory states that those who remain active
even after retirement generally become more
satisfied with their life?
a. Involvement Theory
b. Generativity Theory
c. Senescence Theory
d. Activity Theory

46. The cerebrum, the largest part of the brain,

is divided into right and left halves, or
hemispheres, each with specialized
funcions. This specialization of the
hemispheres is called:
a. Lateralization
b. Opposition
c. Growth
d. Maturation

47. When a baby extends his legs, arms, and Early Human Reflex
fingers after hearing a loud noise, the baby is
showing what early human reflex?
a. Moro (startle reflex)
b. Darwinian
c. Tonic neck
d. Rooting

48. This model of grief states that following

the death of a loved one, an individual moves
back and forth on two orientations: loss and
restoration..
a. Disenfranchised model of grief - not
conventional death
b. Five stages of grief
c. Complicated grief model - prolong
d. Dual -process model of grief
 49. Which of the following is an example of
non-normative life influences?
a. Menarche - age
b. World War 2
c. COVID-19
d. Death

50. Atchley (1994) identífied several phases that Retirment Stages: Atchley ( 1994) identified several phases that individuals ago through when they
individuals go through when they retire. Which of retired:
these phases is characterized by retirees doing ● Remote pre-retirement phase includes fantasizing about what one wants to do in retirement
activities that they could not do during the time ● Immediate pre-retirement phase when concrete plans are established
that they are working? ● Actual retirement
a. Actual retirement ● Honeymoon phase when retirees travel and participate in activities they could not do while
b. Honeymoon phase working
c. Disenchantment phase ● Disenchantment phase when retirees experience an emotional let-down
d. Reorientation phase ● Reorientation phase when the retirees attempt to adjust torelirement by making less hectic plans
and getting into a regular routine

Not everyone goes through every stage, but this model demonstrates that retirement is a process

THE LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENTALAPPROACH

Development is lifelong. Development is a lifelong process of change. Each period of the life span is affected by what happened before and will
affect what is to come. Each period has unique characteristics and value. No period is more or less important than
any other.

Development is multidimensional.
It occurs along multiple interacting dimensiong biological, psychological, and socia leach of which may develop at varying rates.

Development is multidirectional.
As people gain in one area, they may lose in another, sometimes at the same time. Children grow mostly in one direction-upboth in size
and in abilities. Then the balance gradually shifts. Adolescents typically gain in physical abilities, but their facility in learning a newlanguage tvpically
decline.

Relative infuences of biology and culture hit

over the life span. The prucess of development is influenced by both biology and culture, but the balance between thee infuences changes
Biological abjlities, such as sensory acuity and muscular strength and oordinatsons, wealken with uge, but cultural supporta soch as education,
relationships, and technologically age friendly environment, may help campe

Development involves changing resource

allocations. lndividuals choose to invest their resources of time, onergy, talent, noney, and social sUpport in varying ways, Resourees may be used
for growth (or example, learning to play an instrument or improving one's skill), tor maintenance or recovery (practicing to maintain or regain
protieieney), or for dealing with loss when mantenanee and recovery are not possible,